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The New 
Tinsmith’s Helper 

and 

Pattern Book 


A TEXTBOOK AND WORKING GUIDE 
for the ambitious apprentice, busy me¬ 
chanic or trade school student, giving a practical 
explanation of the properties of circles, the 
mensuration of surfaces and solids, simple geo¬ 
metrical drawing, the forming of seams, laps and 
joints, and one hundred problems on the layout 
and cutting of Conical Vessels, Elbows and Pip¬ 
ing, Furnace Fittings, Ducts, Gutters, Leaders 
and Roofing, Tinclad Fireproof Doors, Cornice 
and Skylight Work; with ninety-two tables 
and many shop kinks, recipes, and formulas. 


By , 

Hall V. Williams 



Fifth Edition 

New York 

U. P. C. Book Company 
231-249 West 39th Street 

Nineteen Hundred and Twenty-two 









Copyrighted 1917, 1920, 1922 

BY 

U. P. C. Book Company, Inc. 


i 

« • 

€ 




DEC 14 *22 


©Cl A«!>802:t 


I 


"U4 



PREFACE 


For many years “The Tinsmith’s Helper and 
Pattern Book” has been one of the most popular 
books on tinsmithing and elementary sheet metal 
work. It is to be found in the majority of the 
shops, because it explains the elements of pattern 
drafting and shows how the rules of mensuration 
are applied to the problems which come up daily. 
This New Helper is an outgrowth of that practical 
guide. 

At first it was intended to merely revise the old 
book, but it soon became apparent that an entirely 
new treatment of the subject was necessary in order 
to cover the ground. This book is new with the 
exception of the chapter on Mensuration, which has 
been re-arranged and amplified, and possibly some 
fifty pages of problems and tables which are classi¬ 
fied according to the phase of the work they cover. 

The present work has 360 pages, 248 figures and 
92 tables as against the 120 pages, 53 figures and 
24 tables contained in the former work. 

The additional matter covers simple geometry and 
every phase of modern pattern cutting, from the 
making of every type of seam, lap and joint, to 
conical problems and tinware, elbows, piping, ducts, 
gutters, leaders, cornice and skylight work, and 
furnace fittings. The use of triangulation in the 
development of pattern problems is simply ex- 

3 


4 


PREFACE 


plained. Information is also included on tin roof¬ 
ing, corrugated iron work, laying metal shingles, 
tile, slate, etc. 

The chapter of tables contains practically all the 
data the sheet metal worker requires, from the 
weight of iron and steel, copper, brass and aluminum 
sheets and bars, to the capacities of cylinders and 
rectangular tanks hi U. S. gallons. Our Canadian 
and English friends will find complete tables of 
capacities based on their standard Imperial gallon. 
The metric equivalents of all our measures are 
also given. 

The chapter on Recipes and Formulas gives the 
mixtures for all the soft and hard solders, solder¬ 
ing fluxes, cements, putties, inks for making sheet 
metal work, rust preventives, etc. 

It is the belief of the editor and publishers that 
this handy little volume is the most complete text¬ 
book and guide for the apprentice or trade school 
student, as well as an up-to-date reference book for 
the mechanic and shop foreman. Anyone who fails 
to find the information which he thinks ought to be 
in the book will confer a favor by writing the pub¬ 
lishers. 

A more comprehensive treatment of the sub¬ 
ject is given in “The New Metal Worker Pattern 
Book,” and “The Advanced Tinsmith’s Helper, 
and Pattern Book” just published. 


Table of Contents 


, Chapter I pagb 

Mensuration . i 

Chapter II 

Simple Geometrical Problems.20 

Chapter III 

Conical Problems and Tinware.38 

Chapter IV 

Elbows and Piping.74 

Chapter V 

Furnace Fittings. 96 

Chapter VI 

Leadei.6 and Gutters.119 

Chapter VII 

Cornice Problems.146 

Chapter VIII 

Skylights.168 

Chapter IX 

Seams, Joints and Processes. 186 

Chapter X 

Roofing Slates and Tiles.223 

Chapter XI 

Handy Receipts and Formulas.229 

Chapter XII 

Useful Tables.256 

5 

















THE NEW 

TINSMITH'S HELPER 


CHAPTER I 

Mensuration 

Mensuration is that branch of mathematics which 
is employed in ascertaining the extension, solidities 
and capacities of bodies capable of being measured. 


Definitions of Arithmetical Signs 

= Sign of Equality, and signifies as 4 + 6=10. 
+ “ Addition, “ as 6 + 6=12, 

the Sum. 

— “ Subtraction, “ as 6 — 2= 4, 

Remainder. 


X “ Multiplication, “ 

~ “ Division, 

V “ Square Root, “ 

6 2 “ to be squared, “ 

7 3 “ to be cubed, 


as 8X3 = 24 . 

Product, 
as 24 -r- 3 = 8. 
Extraction of 
Square Root, 
thus 8 2 = 64. 
thus 3 3 = 27. 


1 


9 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


SURFACE MENSURATION 

The Square, Rectangle, Cube, Etc. 

1. Tlie side of a square equals the square root of 
its area. 

2. The area of a square equals the square of one 
of its sides. 

3. The diagonal of a square equals the square 
root of twice the square of its side. 

4. The side of a square is equal to the square root 
of half the square of its diagonal. 

5. The side of a square equal to the diagonal of 

a given square contains double the area of the given 
square. v 

6. The area of a rectangle equals its length multi¬ 
plied by its breadth. 

7. The length of a rectangle equals the area 
divided by the breadth; or the breadth equals the 
area divided by the length. 

To Measure or Ascertain the Quantity of Surface in 
Any Right Lined Figure Whose Sides are 
Parallel to Each Other. 

Rule: Multiply the length by the breadth or per¬ 
pendicular height, and the product will be the area 
or superficial contents. 

Example: The sides of a square piece of iron 
are inches in length, required the area of this 
sheet of iron. 

Ans.: Decimal equivalent to the fraction 7 /i = 
.875, and 9.875 X 9 875 = 97 - 5 * etc., square inches, 
the area. 

Example: The length of a roof is 60 feet 4 


MENSURATION 


3 


inches and its width 25 feet 3 inches; required the 
area of the roof. 

Ans.: 4 inches = .333 and 3 inches = .25 (see 
table of equivalents), hence, 60.333 X 25.25 = 
I 5 2 3*4 square feet, the area; or, to convert back to 
feet and inches, 1523 square feet and S 7 3 A square 
inches. 

Triangles 

1. The complement of an angle is its defect from 
a right angle. 

2. The supplement of an angle is its defect from 
two right angles. ' 

3. The three angles of every triangle are equal 
to two right angles: hence the oblique angles of a 
right angled triangle are each other’s complements. 

4. The sum of the squares of two given sides of 
a right angled triangle is equal to the square of the 
hypothenuse. 

5. The difference between the squares of the 
hypothenuse and given side of a right angled tri¬ 
angle is equal to the square of the required side. 

6. The area of a triangle equals half the product 
of the base multiplied by the perpendicular height 
of the triangle. . 

To Find the Area of a Triangle When the Base and 
Perpendicular are Given. 

Rule: Multiply the base by the perpendicular 
height and half the product is the area. 

Example: The base of the triangle is 3 feet 6 
inches in length and the height 1 foot 9 inches; 
required the area. 


4 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Ans.: 6 in. = .5 and 9 in. = .75, hence, 


3-5 X i -75 

2 


30625 


square feet, the area. 


To Find the Hypothenuse When the Base and Perpen¬ 
dicular are Given. 

Rule: 'Add the square of the base to the square 
of the perpendicular and the square root of the sum 
will be the hypothenuse. 1 

Example: The base of the triangle is 4 feet and 
the perpendicular 3 feet; required the hypothenuse. 

Ans.: 4 2 -(- 3 2 = 25 , V 2 5 = 5 feet, the hypothe¬ 
nuse. 


To Find the Perpendicular When the Hypothenuse and 

Base are Given. 

Rule: From the square of the hypothenuse sub¬ 
tract the square of the base, and the square root of 
the remainder will be the perpendicular. 

Example: The hypothenuse of the triangle is 5 
feet and the base 4 feet; required the perpendicular. 

Ans.: 5 2 — 42 = 9, and \/ 9 = 3, the perpen¬ 
dicular. 


To Find the Base When the Hypothepuse and Perpen¬ 
dicular are Given. 

Rule: From the square of the hypothenuse sub¬ 
tract the square of the perpendicular, and the square 
root of the remainder will be the base. 

Example: The hypothenuse of a triangle is 5 
feet and the perpendicular is 3 feet, required the 
base. 

Ans.: 5 2 — 3= = 


16 and V 16 = 4, the base. 



MENSURATION 


5 


Polygons 

The side of any regular polygon multiplied by its 
apothem or perpendicular, and by the number of its 
sides, equals twice the area. 

To Find the Area of a Regular Polygon. 

Rule: Multiply the length of a side by half the 
distance from the side to the center, and that prod¬ 
uct by the number of sides; the last product will 
be the area of the figure. 

Example: The side of a regular hexagon is 12 
inches, and the distance therefrom to the center of 
the figure is 10 inches; required the area of the 
hexagon. 

10 . 

Ans.: — X 12 X 0 = 300 square inches = 2 l / 2 
' 2 

square feet. 

To Find the Area of a Regular Polygon When the Side 

Only is Given. 

Rule: Multiply the square of the side by the 
multiplier opposite to the name of the polygon in 
the ninth column of the following table, and the 
product will be the area. 

Example: A hexagon side is 12 inches, required 
its area. 

Ans.: 12 2 = 144 ; 144 X 2.598076 = 374.1229 

square feet. 

Table of Angles 

Table of angles relative to the construction of 
Regular Polygons with the aid of the sector, and of 
coefficients to facilitate their construction without 


6 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


it; also, of coefficients to aid in finding the area of 
the figure, the side only being given. 


*5 



Triangle. it 120 60 

Squui. 4 90 90 

Pentagon. 5 72 108 

Hexagon. 6 60 120 

Heptagon. 7 513-7 1284-7 

Octagon. 8 4S 135 

Nonaxon. 9 40 140 

Decagon .10 36 144 

Undecagon. 11 328-11 1473-11 

Dodecagon. 12 30 150 


. 

•e~ 

c'i . 

k 1 

iff 

p 

f- s p s - 

K 

ts 

.28868 1.782 .5773 2 

.433012 

.5 

1.414 .7071 

1 414 

1. 

.6882 

1 175 .8506 

1.238 

1 720477 

.866 

1 1. 

1.156 

2 598076 

1 03S2 

.8672 1 152 

1.11 

3 (>33912 

1 2071 

.7654 1.30(5 

1 08 

4.828427 

1 3737 

.684 1.4619 

1 06 

6.181824 

1 5388 

.618 1.618 

1 (15 

7.694208 

1.7028 

5<i34 1 7747 

1 04 

9 36564 

l 866 

.5176 1.9318 

1.037 11.196152 


Note.— “Angle at center” means the angle of 
radii passing from the center to the circumference 
or corners of the figure. “Angle at circumference” 
means the angle which any two adjoining sides make 
with each other. 

The Circle 

1. The radius of a circle is a straight line drawn 
from the center to the circumference. 

2. The diameter of a circle is a straight line 
drawn through the center and terminating both 
ways in the circumference. 

3. A chord is a straight line joining any two 
points of the circumference. 

4. 1 he versed sine is a straight line joining the 
chord and the circumference. 

5. An arc is any part of the circumference. 

6. A semicircle is half the circle cut off by a 
diameter. 

7. A segment is any portion of a circle cut off 
by a chord. 












MENSURATION 7 

8. A sector is a part of a circle cut off by two 
radii. 

9. The circle contains a greater area than any 
other plane figure bounded by an equal perimeter 
or outline. 

10. The areas of circles are to each other as the 
squares of their diameters. Any circle twice the 
diameter of another contains four times the area 
of the other. 

11. The circumference of a circle equals its diam¬ 
eter multiplied by 3.1416. 

12. The diameter of a circle equals its circumfer¬ 
ence multiplied by .31831. 

13. The area of a circle equals the square of its 
diameter multiplied by .7854. 

14. The square root of the area of a circle mul¬ 
tiplied by 1.12837 equals its diameter. 

15. The diameter of a circle multiplied by .8862, 
or the circumference multiplied by .2821, equals the 
side of a square of equal area. 

16. The side of a square multiplied by 1.128 
equals the diameter of a circle of equal area. 

17. The number of degrees contained in the arc 
of a circle multiplied by the diameter of the circle 
and by .038727, the product equals the length of 
the arc in equal terms of unity. 

18. The length of the arc of a sector of a circle 
multiplied by its radius equals twice the area of 
the sector. 

19. The area of the segment of a circle equals 
the area of the sector, minus the area of a triangle 


8 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


whose vertex is the center and whose base equals 
the chord of the segment. 

20. The sum of the diameters of two concentric 
circles multiplied by their difference and by .7854 
equals the area of the ring or space contained be¬ 
tween them. 

To Find the Circumference of a Circle Whose Diameter 

is Given. 

Rule: Multiply the diameter by 3.1416. 
Example: The diameter of a circle being 5 feet 
6 inches, required its circumference. 

Ans.: 5.5 X 3*1416= 17.27880 feet, the circum¬ 
ference, or, converting back to feet and inches, 17 
feet and 35/16 inches. 

To Find the Diameter of a Circle When the Circumfer- 

» 

ence is Given. 

Rule: Multiply the circumference by .31831. 
Example: A straight line or the circumference 
of a circle being 17.27880 feet, required the circle’s 
diameter corresponding thereto. 

Ans.: 17.27880 X *3 1 831 =5.5000148280 feet, di¬ 
ameter, or actually 5]/ 2 feet. 

To Find the Area of a Circle When the Diameter is 

Given. 

Rule: Multiply the square of the diameter by 
• 7854 • 

Example: The diameter of a circle is 9^ inches; 
what is its area in square inches? 

Ans.: 9.375* = 87.89, etc., X * 7^54 = 69.029, etc., 
square inches, the area. 0.29 feet equal about l /$ 
of a square inch. 


MENSURATION 


9 


To Find the Diameter of a Circle When the Area is 

Given. 

Rule: Extract the square root and multiply it by 
1.12837. 

Example: What must the diameter of a circle be 
to contain an area equal to 69.029296875 square 
inches ? 

Ans: V 69.02929, etc., = 8.3091 X 1.12837 = 
9-375» etc -> or inches, the diameter. 

Given the Diameter of a Circle to Find the Side of a 
Square of Equal Area to the Circle. 

Rule: Multiply the diameter by .8862. 

Example: The diameter of a circle is 15^ 
inches; what must each side of a square be to be 
equal in area to the given circle ? 

Ans.: 15.5 X .886 2— 13.73, etc., inches, length 
of side. 

Given the Side of a Square to Find the Diameter of a 

Circle of Equal Area. 

Rule : Multiply the side of the square by 1.128. 
Example: Each side of a square is 13.736 inches 
in length; what must the diameter of a circle be to 
contain an area equal to the given square ? 

Ans.: 13 736 X 1.128 = 15.49, etc., or 1^/2 
inches, the diameter. 

To F'ind the Diameter of a Circle Any Chord and 
Versed Sine Being Given. 

Rule: Divide the sum of the squares of the 
versed sine and one-half the chord by the versed 
sine; the quotient is the diameter of corresponding 
circle. 


10 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

Example: The chord of a circle equals 8 feet and 
the versed sine equals \]/ 2 \ required the circle’s 
diameter. 

Ans.: 8 2 + i.5 2 = 66.25 -f-1.5 = 44.16 feet, the 
diameter. 

Example: In the curve of a railway a stretched 
line is 80 feet in length and the distance from the 
line to the curve is found to be 9 inches; required 
the circle’s diameter. 

Ans.: 80 2 + 75* = 640.5625 -1-2 = 320.28, etc., 
feet, the diameter. 

To Find the Length of Any Arc of a Circle. 

Rule: From eight times the chord of half the arc 
subtract the chord of the whole arc, and one-third 
of the remainder will be the length, nearly. 

Example: Required the length of an arc, the 
chord of half the arc being S l / 2 feet and chord of 
whole arc 16 feet 8 inches. 

Ans.: 8.5 X 8 = 68.0 — 16.666 = ———— = 
17.1113/$ feet, the length of the arc. 

To Find the Area of the Sector of a Circle. 

Rule: Multiply the length of the arc by half the 
length of the radius. 

Example: The length of the arc equals g J / 2 inches 
and the radii equal each 7 inches; required the area. 

Ans.: 9.5 X 3.5 = 33.25 inches, the area. 

To Find the Area of a Segment of a Circle. 

Rule: Find the area of a sector by the rule given 
for sector of a circle, whose arc is equal to that of 



MENSURATION 


11 


the given segment, and if it be less than a semicircle 
subtract the area of the triangle formed by the 
chord of segment and radii of its extremities; but 
if more than a semicircle add area of triangle to the 
area of the sector, and the remainder or sum is the 
area of the segment. 

To Find the Area of the Space Contained Between Two 
Concentric Circles, that is to say, the Area of a Cir¬ 
cular Ring. 

Rule 1: Multiply the sum of the inside and out¬ 
side diameters by their difference and by .7854; the 
product is the area. 

Rule 2: The difference of the area of the two 
circles will be the area of the ring or space. 

Example: Suppose the ^external circle equals 4 
feet and the internal circle 2'/ 2 feet, required the 
area of space contained between them or area of a 
ring. 

Ans.: 4 -j- 2.5 = 6.5 and 4 — 2.5 =1.5, hence, 
6.5 X 1-5 X 7 8 54 = 7- 6 5 feet, the area; or, 

The area of 4 feet is 12.566; the area of 2.5 is 
4.9081. (See table of areas of circles.) 12.566 — 
4.9081 = 7.6579, the area. 

Cylinders 

The circumference of a cylinder multiplied by its 
length or height equals its convex surface. 

To Find the Convex Surface of a Cylinder. 

Rule: Multiply the circumference by the height 
or length, the product zoill be the surface. 

Example: The circumference of a cylinder is 6 


12 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


feet 4 inches and its length 15 feet, required the 
convex surface. 

Ans.: 6.333 X 15 = 94.995 square feet, the sur¬ 
face. 

Ellipses or Ovals 

1. The square root of half the sum of the squares 
of the two diameters of an ellipse multiplied by 
3.1416 equals its circumference. 

2. The product of the two axes of an ellipse 
multiplied by .7854 equals its area. 

To Find the Area of an Ellipse or Oval. 

Rule: Multiply the diameters together and their 
product by .7854. 

Example: An oval is 20 x 15 inches, what are 
its superficial contents ? 

Ans.: 20 X 15 X 7854 = 235.62 inches, the area. 

To Find the Circumference of an Ellipse or Oval. 

Rule: Multiply half the sum of the two diameters 
by 3.1416 and the product zvill be the circumference. 

Example: An oval is 20 x 15 inches, what is the 
circumference? 

20 -f- 15 

Ans.: --- = 17.5 X 3 -! 4 i 6 = 54-978 

inches, the circumference. 

Cones and Pyramids 

i. The curve surface of a cone is equal to half 
the product of the circumference of its base multi¬ 
plied by its slant side, to which, if the area of the 
base be added, the sum is the whole surface. 



MENSURATION 


13 


To Find the Convex Surface of a Right Cone or 

Pyramid. 


Rule: Multiply the circumference of the base by 
the slant height and half the product is the slant sur¬ 
face; if the surface of the entire figure is required, 
add the area of the base to the convex surface. 

Example : The base of a cone is 5 feet diameter 
and the slant height is 7 feet, what is the convex 
surface? 

Ans. : 5 X 3*1416 = 15.70 circumference of the 


15.70 X 7 

base and —--= 54.95 square feet, the con- 

2 

vex surface. Converting feet to inches, .95 square 
feet equal 136^ square inches. 


To Find the Convex Surface of a Frustum of a Cone or 

Pyramid. 

Rule: Multiply the sum of the circumference of 
the tzvo ends by the slant height and half the product 
zvill be the slant surface. 

Example: The diameter of the top of the frus¬ 
tum of a cone is 3 feet, the base 5 feet, the slant 
height 7 feet 3 inches; required the slant surface. 

25.12 X 7*25 

Ans.: 9.42 + 15.7 = —--— = 91.06 

2 

square feet, slant surface. To change to square 
inches, .06 square feet equal 10^4 square inches. 

Spheres 

1. The square of the diameter of a sphere multi¬ 
plied by 3.1416 equals its convex surface. 

2. The height of any spherical segment or zone, 
multiplied by the diameter of the sphere of which 




14 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

it is a part and by 3.1416, equals the area or con¬ 
vex surface of the segment; or, 

3. The height of the segment muliplied by the 
circumference of the sphere of which it is a part 
equals the area. 

To Find the Convex Surface of a Sphere or Globe. 
Rule 1 : Multiply the diameter of the sphere by 
its circumference and the product is its surface; or, 
Rule 2 : Multiply the square of the diameter by 
^.1416; the product is the surface. 

Example: What is the convex surface of a globe 
6y 2 feet in diameter? 

Ans.: 6.5 X 3.1416 X 6.5 = 132.73 square feet; 
or, 6.5* = 42.25 X 3.1416= 132.73 square feet, the 
convex surface. 

MENSURATION OF SOLIDS AND CAPACI¬ 
TIES OF BODIES 

1. The solidity of a cube equals the area of one 
of its sides multiplied by the length or breadth of 
one of its sides. 

2. The length of a side of a cube equals the cube 
root of its solidity. 

To Find the Solidity or Capacity of Any Figures in 

the Cubical Form. 

Rule: Multiply the length of any one side by its 
breadth and by the depth or distance to its opposite 
side, and the product is the solidity in equal terms 
of measurement. 

Example: The side of a cube is 20 inches; what 
is its solidity? 


MENSURATION 15 

Ans.: 20 X 20 X 20 = 8ooo cubic inches, or 
4.6296 cubic feet. 

Example: A rectangular tank is in length 6 feet, 
in breadth \ l / 2 feet and its depth 3 feet; required 
its capacity in cubic feet; also its capacity in United 
States standard gallons. 

Ans: 6 X 4-5 X 3= 81 cubic feet; 81 X 1728 = 
139,968 -f- 231 = 605.92 gallons. 

Cylinders 

1. The area of the end of a cylinder multiplied 
by its length equals its solid contents. 

2. The area of the internal diameter of a cylinder 
multiplied by its depth equals its cubical capacity. 

3. The square of the diameter of a cylinder mul¬ 
tiplied by its length and divided by any other re¬ 
quired length, the square root of the quotient equals 
the diameter of the other cylinder of equal con¬ 
tents or capacity. 

4. The capacity of a cylinder, 1 inch in diameter 
and 1 inch in length, equals .0034 United States 
gallon. 

5. The capacity of a cylinder, 1 inch in diameter 
and 1 foot in length, equals .0408 United States 
gallon. 

6. The capacity of a cylinder, 1 foot in diameter 
and 1 foot in length, equals 5.875 United States 
gallons. 

7. The capacity of any other cylinder in United 
States gallons is obtained by multiplying the square 
of its diameter by its length, or the capacity of any 
other sphere bv the cube of its diameter and by the 


16 


THE NEW TINSMITH'S HELPER 


number of United States gallons contained as above 
in the unity of its measurement. 

To Find the Solidity of Cylinders. 

Rule: Multiply the area of the base by the height 
ami the product is its solidity. 

Example : The base of a cylinder is 18 inches and 
height 40 inches. What is its capacity? 

Ans.: 18 2 X 7854 X 40 = 10,178.7840 cubic 

inches. 

To Find the Contents in Gallons of Cylindrical Vessels. 

Rule: Take the dimensions in inches and deci¬ 
mal parts of an inch. Square the diameter, multi¬ 
ply it by the height, then multiply the product by 
.0034 for untie gallons, or by .002785 for beer gal¬ 
lons. 

Example: How many United States gallons will 
a cylinder contain whose diameter is 18 inches and 
length 30 inches? 

Ans.: 18 2 X 3 ° = 97 2 ° X .0034 = 33.04, etc., 
gallons. 

Cones and Pyramids 

1. 'Hie solidity of a cone equals one-third the 
product of its base multiplied by its height. 

2. The square of the diameters of the two ends 
of the frustum of a cone added to the product of 
the two diameters, and that sum multiplied by its 
height and by .2618. equals its solidity. 

Nearly all appliances for measuring liquids are 
frustums of cones in shape, rather than cylinders; 
so it might be well to pay particular attention to 
gallon capacities in the examples for frustums. 


MENSURATION 


17 


To Find the Solidity of a Cone or a Pyramid. 

Rule: Multiply the area of the base by the per¬ 
pendicular height and one-third the product will be 
the solidity. 

Example: The base of a cone is 2 l /\ feet and 
the height is MA feet, what is the solidity? 

2.25 2 X - 7 8 54 X 375 


Ans.: 
solidity. 


= 4.97 cubic feet, the 


To Find the Solidity of the Frustum of a Cone. 

Rule: To the product of the diameters of the 
ends add one-third the square of the difference of 
the diameters; multiply the sum by .7854 and the 
product will be the mean area between the ends, 
which multiplied by the perpendicular height of 
frustum gives the solidity. 

Example: The diameter of the large end of a 
frustum of a cone is 10 feet, that of the smaller 
end is 6 feet and the perpendicular height 12 feet, 
what is its solidity? 

Ans.: 10 — 6 = 4 2 = i6-f-3 = 5.333 square of 
difference of ends ; and 10X6+ 5.333 — 65.333 X 
.7854 X 12 = 615.75 cubic feet, the solidity. . 

To Find the Contents in U. S. Standard Gallons of the 

Frustum of a Cone. 

Rule: To the product of the diameters, in inches 
and decimal parts of an inch, of the ends, add one- 
third the square of the difference of the diameters. 
Multiply the sum by the perpendicular height in 
inches and decimal parts of an inch and multiply 



18 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


that product by .0034 for wine gallons, and by 
.002785 for beer gallons. 

Example: The diameter of the large end of a 
frustum of a cone is 8 feet, that of the smaller end 
is 4 feet and the perpendicular height 10 feet; what 
are the contents in United States standard gallons? 

Ans.: 96 — 48 = 48 2 =2304 -4- 3 = 768; 96 X 48 
+ 768 = 5376 X 120 X .0034 = 2193.4 gallons. 


To Find the Solidity of the Frustum of a Pyramid. 
Rule: Add to the areas of the tzoo ends of the 
frustum the square root of their product, and this 
sum multiplied by one~third of the perpendicular 
height will give the solidity. 

Example: What is the solidity of a hexagonal 
pyramid, a side of the large end being 12 feet, one 
of the smaller ends 6 feet and the perpendicular 
height 8 feet ? 

Ans.: 374.122 X 93-53= V 34>99 I -63 = 187.06. 

, 654.712 X 8 

374.122 + 93.53 + 187.06 = -- = 

3 

1745.898 cubic feet, solidity. 


Spheres 

1. The cube of the diameter of a sphere multiplied 
by .5236 equals its solid contents. 

2. The capacity of a sphere 1 inch in diameter 
equals .002266 United States gallon. 

3. The capacity of a sphere 1 foot in diameter 
equals 3.9168 United States gallons. 

4. The solidity of any spherical segment is equal 
to three times the square of the radius of its base, 



MENSURATION 


19 


plus the square of its height, multiplied by its height 
and by .5236. 

5. The solidity of a spherical zone equals the sum 
of the squares of the radii of its two ends and one- 
third the square of its height, multiplied by the 
height and by 1.5708. 

To Find the Solidity of a Sphere. 

9 

Rule: Multiply the cube of the diameter by 
.5236 and the product is the solidity. 

Example: What is the solidity of a sphere, the 
diameter being 20 inches ? 

Ans.: 20 3 =8000 X .5236 = 4188.8 cubic inches, 
the solidity. 

The oblate spheroid, the prolate spheroid and a 
few other shapes have not been discussed because 
they are not generally used in the shop, and this 
manual has been boiled down so as to give the great¬ 
est amount of usable material in the space available 
herein. 

Further information on the practical application 
of mensuration to shop and outside problejns is 
given in Neubecker’s “Mensuration for Sheet Metal 
Workers.” 


( 


CHAPTER II 

Simple Geometrical Problems 

A knowledge of geometry is very useful, and 
while some of the mechanics who read this chapter 
may feel that they can do all that is required of 
them by rule of thumb, it is recommended that 
they study the methods given in these simple prob¬ 
lems. No one who hopes to become an expert pat¬ 
tern drafter should fail to study geometry, for it 
is the foundation on which all the principles of pat¬ 
tern cutting are based. 

The problems presented in this chapter have been 
selected for their importance, and a more compre¬ 
hensive treatment of the subject is given in “The 
New Metal Worker Pattern Book/’ 


To‘Erect a Perpendicular to a Straight Line 

In Fig. i A B is the 
straight line, and P the 
point at which perpendic¬ 
ular is to be erected. 
Take any point, C, out¬ 
side of line A B as cen- 
5 ter, and with radius C to 
P strike an arc. Draw a 

Fig. 1.—Erecting a Perpendicular, line from where arc CUtS 

line A B through C to arc 
again, thus establishing point F. A line drawn 
from F to P is the required perpendicular. 

20 





SIMPLE GEOMETRICAL PROBLEMS 


21 


To Erect a Perpendicular to an Arc 

In Tig. 2, A D B is the given arc. With A and 
then B as centers, with a radius greater than half 
the length of the arc A B, describe arcs X X 
and Y Y. Then draw a lyie, F D E, through the 
points where the arcs X X and Y Y cross each 
other and the result is the perpendicular required; 
always use extreme care in the operations. 



Fig. 2. —To Erect a Perpendicular to an Arc. Fig. 3. —To Divide a Straight Line 


To Divide a Straight Lihe into Equal Parts 

In Fig. 3, A B is the given line. With the points 
A and B as centers and with radius greater than 
one-half the length of A B, draw arcs X X and 
Y Y as shown. Then draw a line E F through the 
points where these arcs cross each other, thus 
dividing line A B into two equal parts at G. Inci¬ 
dentally E G or F G are perpendiculars to A B, so 
that this method will do for erecting perpendicu¬ 
lars, at G, to A B. 






22 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

To Find the Center of an Arc 

Let H K in Fig. 4 represent the given arc. Span 
dividers any convenient radius and describe small 
arcs, as at V and O, being sure to have the point of 
the dividers on the arc H K. Draw lines through 
them, as shown by dotted lines, and the intersec¬ 
tion, S, will be the center sought. Arc B from Y 
and O, bisects angle V S O. 



Fig. 4. —Finding the Center of Fig. 5. —Finding the Center 
an Arc. of the Arc. 

Having Chord and Height of Segment to Find 

Center of the Arc 

In Fig. 5 let A B be the chord and C D the height 
of the segment, then draw lines A D and B D. Bi¬ 
sect these lines as shown and extend the lines H L 
and I M until they intersect each other as at point 
E, then E is the center sought. Continuing line 
D C until it cuts either H L or I M is another 
method in which but one bisecting line, either H L 
or I M, is used. 






SIMPLE GEOMETRICAL PROBLEMS 


23 


To Bisect an Angle 

In Fig. 6 A C B is the given angle, and to bisect 
it strike an arc, to any convenient radius, using B 
as center and establishing points D and E. With 
the compass set to a radius more than half the dis¬ 
tance from D to E and with these points as centers 
strike intersecting arcs, thus producing point H. A 
line from H to B bisects the given angle ABC; 
in part, a similar procedure to that of Fig. 4. 



Arc and Radius Given, to Locate the Center 

In Fig. 7, assume that A B is the given arc and 
line M N the radius. Set the compass to radius 
M N and with any point on arc, say C, as center, 
describe a short arc. With any other point on arc 
A B, as D, for center describe another arc cutting 
the first one at T, which is the center of the given 
arc A B. 






24 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


To Draw a Straight Line Parallel to Another 

In Fig. 8, let AH be the given line. Select any 
two points on line A B as C and D and with com¬ 
pass set to radius equal to distance the parallel lines 
are to be apart, strike short arcs using points C and 
I) for centers as shown. Then draw a line touching 
these arcs as E F, and that line, E I 7 , will he paral¬ 
lel to, and the required distance from line A B. 



To Divide a Straight Line into a Number of 

Equal Parts 

In Fig. 9, assume that line A B is to be divided 
into nine equal spaces. From A draw another line, 
at any convenient angle. St«p this line off into nine 
equal spaces as shown on line A C by setting the 
dividers at will, hut trying to arrange it so the last 
swing will come near the end of the line A C. From 
C draw a line to II and then draw lines, parallel to 
line C B, from the points on line A C to intersect 
the line A B, giving points A 2°, 3 0 , 4 0 , 5 0 , 6°, 7 0 , 
8°, 9 and B. These spaces on A B are all equal 
and divide A B into nine spaces. Both problems 
on this page are very useful and the reader will do 
well to memorize them. 





SIMPLE GEOMETRICAL PROBLEMS 


25 


To Draw a Tangent to a Circle or Arc 

In Fig. io, let M D N be the given arc of the cir¬ 
cle and to draw a tangent at D set the compass to 
a convenient radius and with D as center describe 
arc cutting M DN at A B. Join points A and B. 
Then set compass to radius* equal to distance be¬ 
tween D and the line A B. With this radius and 
with B as center describe an arc above line A B. 
Then draw a line extend- -- 



ing through point D and 
touching the second arc 
as shown by E D H, 
which is the tangent. 


E D 


H 



B 


Fig. io. —Drawing the Tangent. Fig, ii. —A Triangle in a Circle. 

To Inscribe an Equilateral Triangle in a Circle 

In Fig. ii, let ADB be given circle, then with 
compass set to radius of the circle and from any 
point on it at will as E describe arc BCD cutting 
circle at points B and D and naturally passing 
through center of circle C. Draw line B D, which 
is one side of the triangle. With the compass set 
to a radius equal to space B D and with B and then 
D as centers describe arcs giving point A.. Draw 
lines from A to D and A to B completing the tri¬ 
angle. The same method of drawing a triangle 
may be followed when one side is given, as B D. 









26 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


'£ 

To Inscribe a Square in a Circle 

In Fig. 12, let T be given circle. Through its 
center A draw two diameter lines at right angles to 
each other as C D and E F. To be sure you have 
a square set your dividers to the distance between 
points C E and using that as a guide check the 
length of the other sides. Drawing lines from F to 
D, D to E, E to C and C to F completes the square. 



To Inscribe a Hexagon in a Circle 

In Fig. 13, let T be the given circle; choose any 
point for center, as A, on the circle and with a 
radius equal to that of the circle describe arc P B, 
P of course being the center of the circle T. Set 
dividers to space A B and step around circle as B C, 
C D and so on. In other words, the radius of the 
given circle equals one side of the hexagon, so all 
that is necessary to get the other five sides is to step 
off the length of the radius as often as possible on 
the circumference, beginning at A. The sixth point 
should be A. 










SIMPLE GEOMETRICAL PROBLEMS 


27 


o Inscribe an Octagon within a Given Square 

Draw diagonal lines from corner to corner and 
the intersection is the center H, as shown in Fig. 
14. With the compasses set to a radius from center 
to corner, and one foot set successively at each cor¬ 
ner, describe arcs, as shown. The points at which 
they cut the square, as K V, will be the corners of 
the octagon. Draw lines from point to point to 
complete the figure. 


K 


Fig. 14. —An Octagon Within a Fig. 15.—An Octagon Within a 
Square. Circle. 



To Inscribe an Octagon within a Given Circle 

Draw lines at right angles passing through center 
II as in Fig. 15. This divides the circle into four 
parts, which need only to be subdivided into equal 
parts again to form the corners for the octagon. 
This may be easily done by drawing the lines K V, 
and bisecting them, as shown, and drawing lines to 
the circle through the bisecting arcs locates desired 
points. 






28 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Heart with Square and Compass 

Draw line H K the breadth of the heart and de¬ 
scribe two semicircles on it as shown in I ; ig. 16. 
These semicircles should he of the same size and 
radius. About the best way to do this would he to 
divide line IT K into four equal parts and then use 
the first space point from H, and also from K, as 
centers describe a semicircle from H and then K. 
Span dividers from IT to K and with IT as center 
make sweep K to V. Then with same radius and 
K as center, make sweep H to V. 




Fig. i 6.—A Geometrical Heart. Fig. 17. —A Five Pointed Star. 

To Describe a Star 

With Y in Fig. 17 as center strike circle size of 
star desired. Divide circle in five parts and draw 
lines to points. 

T here is a rule for finding the points of a star 
other than stepping, hut it is not given here because 
it has been found that this mode is the quickest and 
most accurate; in fact, it is about the quickest way 
to draw any polygon. 







SIMPLE GEOMETRICAL PROBLEMS 


29 


To Describe an Oval or Ellipse with a Compass 
Draw horizontal line F K the length of the oval 
desired, as shown in Fig. 18, then span the divid¬ 
ers one-third the required major diameter F K, and 
from V and O as centers describe circles, as shown; 
then span dividers two-thirds entire length V to K, 



Fig. 18.—Quick Way to Draw an Oval. 


and, with one foot at the intersection of the circles, 
as S *md B, draw the arcs G H and l R, stopping 
them where they touch the circles drawn with O 
and V as centers, which of course is GH U and 
R, which completes the oval. 

The proportion of the diameters is about as three 
to four, and makes an oval—or, strictly speaking, 
an ellipse, that is satisfactory for all ordinary pur¬ 
poses. Drawing straight 1 ‘nes from G to II and 
from U to R describes an oval that is quite popular 
for furnace pipes. Or, draw a rectangle as wide 
as the required oval and as long as the distance 
from center to center of semicircular ends. Strike 
half-circles from the centers of the ends of the 
rectangle. 







30 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


To Describe an Oval Having Diameters as Five 
to Eight with a Square and Compass 
Draw horizontal line H K the length desired as 
shown in Fig. 19. Span compasses one-quarter 



Fig. 19.—Another Method of Drawing an Oval or Ellipse. 


the long diameter and describe three circles with 
that radius, as shown by diagram. Then draw lines 
through centers of outer circles and their intersec¬ 
tions with the inner circle as shown. The oval is 
completed by drawing the arcs, connecting the outer 
circles, from points Y and O as centers; the dotted 
lines being the terminus points. 

By comparing the diagram, Fig. 19, with the 
other diagram, Fig. 18, it will be seen that this 
method gives a more accurate ellipse. 





SIMPLE GEOMETRICAL PROBLEMS 


31 


To Describe an Oval with a Square and Compass. 

Third Method 

Draw horizontal line H K and erect line 
V O perpendicular to it as shown in Fig. 20. 



Fig. 20 .—A Third Method of Drawing an Oval or Ellipse. 

/ 

Let H K equal the long or transverse diam¬ 
eter, and S B the short or conjugate. Lay 
off the distance S B on the line H K, as from 
H to U. Divide the distance U K into three equal 
parts. From R, the center, set off two of the parts 
each side, as G F. On the line V O set off the dis¬ 
tance G F from R, as R V and R O. From V and 
Q draw lines passing through G and F, as shown. 
From the points V, O, G, F as centers describe the 
arcs that complete the ellipse. 

As may be observed, the foregoing procedure 
more nearly approaches the usual prescribed geo¬ 
metrical procedure. 











32 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


To Describe an Oval with a Square and Compass. 

Fourth Method 

Construct the parallelogram equal in length and 
width to the long and short diameters of the oval 



Fig. 21 .—A Fourth Method of Drawing: an Oval or Ellipse. 


desired, as shown in Fig. 21. Divide it into four 
equal parts by drawing lines through the center, 
crossing at H. Mark the points K and K one-third 
the distance from V to H, and draw lines from the 
corners through these points until they intersect, 
as shown at O. Then from O and O as centers de¬ 
scribe the arcs SUB and SUB; from K and K as 
centers the segments B V B and S V S; thus com¬ 
pleting the required figure. 











SIMPLE GEOMETRICAL PROBLEMS 


33 


To Describe Oval with String, Pins and Pencil 

Erect perpendicular line II K equal to short diam¬ 
eter and at right angles to it V O, as shown in 


K 



Fig. 22.—Drawing Oval with a String. 

Fig. 22. Span dividers one-half the length of the 
oval, and with H and K as centers describe the arcs 
S and B. Set pins at these points, and, with a string 
(one that will not stretch) tied around them so that 
the loop when drawn tight will reach H or K, as 
shown, draw the figure with pencil, keeping string 
equally tense while going around. The various 
rules for drawing ovals, or rather ellipses, by the 
use of dividers and other means have been given in 
this work for the benefit of the student and so the 
mechanic may select and use the one that seems easi¬ 
est to him. 

This is a mechanical process and there are many 
other mechanical devices for drawing ellipses. There 
are also numerous other geometrical processes like 
developing the oblique section of a cylinder. 






34 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


To Draw a True Oval 

Strictly speaking the foregoing problems are not 
ovals, but ellipses. A true oval is egg-shaped, and 



in Fig. 23 is shown a geometrical method of draw¬ 
ing such a figure. Draw a horizontal line A B the 
length of the narrowest dimension of the figure. 
Draw a vertical line C D the length of the longest 
dimension of the oval; line CD is to pass exactly 
in the center of line A B by method of Fig. 3, giv¬ 
ing point E. With E as center and ladius A de¬ 
scribe full circle. Draw lines from A and B through 
F indefinitely. With A and then B as centers de¬ 
scribe arcs A G and B H. With F as center and a 
radius equal to F G describe arc G D H, which will 
complete the oval. 





SIMPLE GEOMETRICAL PROBLEMS 35 

To Draw a Simple Spiral or Scroll 

The scroll or spiral is a typical geometrical prob¬ 
lem and, of the many different methods, the follow¬ 



ing one is recommended for its simplicity. Draw 
any polygon, for example a hexagon as in Fig. 13. 
Continue the various sides as shown in Fig. 24. 
Then with 2 as center and 2 to 1 as radius describe 
arc 1 A. With 3 as center and A to 3 as radius, de¬ 
scribe arc A B. With 4 as center and B to 4 as 
radius, describe arc B C. With 5 as center and C to 
5 as radius, describe arc C D. With 6 as center and 
D to 6 as radius, describe arc D E. With 1 as cen¬ 
ter and E to 1 as radius, describe arc E F, complet¬ 
ing revolution. As many revolutions as desired may 
be drawn by just continuing in this wise, as shown 
in the diagram. 







36 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Practical Application of Mensuration and 

Geometry 

This problem is presented in concluding the chap¬ 
ter on geometry to show the practical application of 
mensuration and geometry to actual shop problems. 
Fig. 25 illustrates an ordinary hip roof with a flat 
deck to be covered with tin. In handling work of 
this character the sheet metal worker is required to 
calculate the areas of flat surface for the tin, the 
length of the hips, etc. 



Fig. 25.—Sketch of Practical Fig. 26.— Method of Measuring 
Problem. Roof. 


Fig. 26 shows the steps followed in determining 
the area of the roof. This is one quarter of the 
plan with the cornice gutter omitted. The length 
is 40 feet on the eaves line for each side, or 40 feet 
6 inches over all for each side. 

1 he deck is 10 x 10 feet or 100 square feet of 
area. Now, the pitch of the roof, as usually figured, 
is 6 inches to 1 foot of horizontal line, that is to say. 
one-quarter of the span of the roof. Should this 
differ though from the reader’s idea of pitch, it is to 
































SIMPLE GEOMETRICAL PROBLEMS 


37 


be said that the mathematical operations as herewith 
expounded would he the same, simply a substituting 
of his rise per foot for that given here. As it is 
15 feet on the horizontal lines from eaves to deck, 
the rise of the deck above the eaves would he 15x6 
inches or 7 feet 6 inches. 

Draw the quarter plan to a convenient scale as in 
Fig. 26 which may he made y inches to the foot. 
Continue deck line to eaves as A B. At right angles 
to A B draw line A C, 7 feet 6 inches by scale. Con¬ 
nect B and C and scale, learning thereby that the 
line is 16 feet 9 inches, which is the slant measure¬ 
ment of the roof from eaves to deck. Determine the 
area of the roof by the rules given in the chapter on 
mensuration, viz.: Add the length of the deck to the 
length of the eaves, divide into one-half and multi¬ 
ply the result by the slant length of the roof, which 
in turn is multiplied by 4 (the number of sides of the 
roof). That is, 10 + 40=50; 50-^2 = 25; 

25 X 16 feet 9 inches = 418 feet 9 inches; 418 feet 
9 inches X 4 = 1675 square feet as the area of the 
hipped roof. 

The length of the hip A D is ascertained by draw¬ 
ing a line from A, at right angles to it, and seven 
feet six inches long, to scale, thus locating point E. 
Connect E and D. Scale and it will be found that 
the slant of the hips measures twenty-two feet seven 
inches from the eaves to the deck. 




CHAPTER III 

Conical Problems and Tinware 

Pattern for Cone 

In Fig. 27, II K V represents a cone for which an 
envelope is wanted. And by envelope is meant the 
surface of the cone, for pattern cutting is the 
science of the developing the surface of solids. 

Span the dividers from V to H and describe the 
arc O S. Set off the arc equal in length to the cir¬ 



cumference of the required cone. Draw the lines 
\ () and \ S, allowing for locks or laps, as shown 
by the dotted lines. 

For the circumference, refer to the tables in 
Chapter XII or obtain by some of the rules given 
in Chapter I. By using the rules familiarity with 
them is obtained, which is desirable. Of course, 
stepping around a circle of the required diameter 
would also do. 


38 





CONICAL PROBLEMS AND TINWARE 39 


The Old German Rule for Developing the 
Patterns for the Cone 

Take the slant height of the cone H K, in Fig. 28, 
as a radius, and describe a circle. Divide the diam- 



Fig. 28.—A German Rule for Cones. 


eter of the base of the cone K Y into seven equal 
parts and set off a space equal to twenty-two of 
these parts on the circle already struck. From the 
extremities thus measured off draw lines to the 
center. 

The dotted lines shown parallel to the solid lines 
from the center, represent allowances for locks for 
seaming after forming the metal into shape. Of 
course, these laps are allowed in accordance with 
the method used for making the seam and a lap 
should be allowed 011 the outer circle if required. 





40 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Steamer or Pitched Cover 

Strike circle i inch larger than rim burred. Draw 
line through center H, as shown in Fig. 29, and 
from either side cut 1 inch on circle to 1 inch 
from center K. Draw lines and cut out. Or, strike 
circle the same or larger. Draw line through cen¬ 
ter and cut on it to center. After burring put in 
rim; draw up and mark, cut out triangular piece 
and solder. The latter method is much quicker and 
equally as good as the first. 




Fig. 29. —A Pitched Cover. Fig. 30. —Measure Lip Pattern. 


A Measure Lip 

Draw line H K as shown in Fig. 30, and upon it, 
with V as center, describe a circle the size of meas¬ 
ure. With S, half the distance from V to H, as cen- 
ter, describe semicircle B U. Make R K the de¬ 
sired width. With V as center and the compass set 
to the radius V K, describe the arc G O; continuing 
the arc to both sides, until it intersects arc B U. 
Lut on arcs B l and G O to obtain the required lip 
pattern. 






CONICAL PROBLEMS AND TINWARE 


41 


Flaring Vessel in Three Pieces 

Draw line H K; then locate points V and O as 
far apart as the height of the vessel, as shown in 
Fig. 31. With the intersections Y and O for cen¬ 
ters, describe circles equal in size to the top and the 
bottom of vessel. These circles, or rather arcs, are 



Fig. 31. —Pattern in Three Pieces. 


to be described on both sides of line K H as shown 
in the diagram. Draw lines S H and B IT touching 
on or, more properly speaking, tangent to these arcs 
or circles. With intersection H as center and with 
the radius H Y, describe the segment U R. Then 
with the radius IT O describe the segment G F. 

Allow for locks, as shown by dotted lines. It is tc 
be understood; of course, that it takes three of these 
to make the girth or entire pattern; meaning, that 
for an entire pattern, arcs U V R and G O F are 
continued to both sides ahd made the same length 
as U to R, and G to F. Then lines are drawn to FL 



42 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Pattern for Frustum of a Cone 

Lay the square on your sheet and construct the 
right angle H K V, as shown in Fig. 32. Draw 
line O S parallel to K V, making the distance K O 



the altitude. On these lines lay off one-half the 
diameter of the large and small ends. Draw a 
line through points V and S to the intersection at 
H. Then, with H as the center, describe the semi¬ 
circles B U, R G. Lay off circumference of large 
end on line B U and draw lines to center H. Allow 
for all edges. For two sections take one-half of 
the piece, allowing edges on piece used for pat¬ 
tern. 







CONICAL PROBLEMS AND TINWARE 43 


Another Method of Developing the Pattern of a 

Frustum of a Cone 

Draw perpendicular line H K, as shown in Fig. 
33, and from K lay off diameter of large end, as 
V O. On the line H K lay off the height of frustum, 
as K S. Draw line parallel to V O, and on it lay 
off small diameter, as B U. Draw lines through 



points V B and O U until they intersect at H. With 
H V as radius draw large arc R G; and with H B 
as radius describe small arc. Make arc R G equal 
to the circumference of the large end and draw 
lines from R and G to center H. To find this cir¬ 
cumference refer to the tables, Chapter XII, or 
draw a circle with V O as diameter and step it with 
the dividers. 

Allow for all edges, wire, burr and locks as 
shown by the dotted lines. This forms a pattern 
in one piece. 






44 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


To Describe Pattern for Flaring Vessels 

For example, it is desired to describe pattern for 
pail 12 inches in diametei at top, 9 inches at bot¬ 
tom and 9 inches deep, which is a very common 
article in tinsmithing and the dimensions are the 
usual ones. 



Fig. 34 -—Flaring Vessels. 


Take the difference between large and small di¬ 
ameters (3 inches) for the first term, the height for 
the second and the large diameter for the third, 
thus, 3:91:12. 

12 x 9 -f- 3, this gives radius by which the pattern 
may be described. Span the dividers (or use beam 
compasses, piece of wire, straight edge or any con¬ 
venient device) 36 inches and strike large circle as 
in Fig. 34. With radius less the slant height of pail 
strike small circle. Ascertain the circumference re¬ 
quired and divide by the number of pieces to be 
used. Lay off on outer circle and draw lines to* 
center, as H K V. 

Allow for locks, burr and wire as may be re¬ 
quired according to the process of making pails. 






CONICAL PROBLEMS AND TINWARE 


45 


To Describe Patterns for Flaring Tinware 

In Fig. 35 is given a popular rule for flaring 
tinware. Let H K V O represent the elevation of 
an ordinary tin pan, constructed in four pieces, 
15L2 inches in diameter at the top. Below the ele¬ 
vation is shown the same in plan. The pan is a 



Fig. 35.—A Popular Rule for Flaring Tinware. 

frustum of a cone, and if the sides of the pan were 
continued down until they intersected at S, as 
shown, the cone would be complete. The radius of 
the envelope of the cone must be either S H or S K. 
To describe the section of the frustum which is re¬ 
quired, place one foot of the dividers at the center S, 
and with the radius S IT describe the arc K B. 
With the radius S V describe O U. This gives the 
width of the pattern and the proper sweep. 







46 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


To get the length of the piece, refer to the table 
of circumferences or find, by the rules given, the 
circumference of the article, which in this case is 
48)3 inches. There being four pieces, divide by 
four, which gives 12 5-32 inches. Span the divid¬ 
ers 1 inch, step off the 12 and add the fraction. 
Draw line from the center S to the point last ascer¬ 
tained ; which is S to B. 

Allow for locks, wire edge and burr; all as indi¬ 
cated on the pattern by the dotted lines. 

The pattern for the bottom is the smaller circle 
with edges allowed for seaming. 

Strainer Pail or Watering Pot Breast 

Strike a circle the size of the pail or pot desired 
as in Fig. 36. With the radius VK 1^ inches 



Fig. 3 6 *—Fail Breast Pattern. 

more or less than radius of circle described accord¬ 
ing to the pitch desired and with point V as center 
describe an arc. Draw the chord, making the seg¬ 
ment K O which is the pattern of the desired width. 
The breast may be cut out if preferred, as shown 
by dotted lines. 






CONICAL PROBLEMS AND TINWARE 47 


Can Breasts—First Case 

Draw horizontal line H K and, parallel to it, at a 
distance equal to the height of breast, draw line V 
O, as shown in Fig. 37. On H K lay off diameter of 
can, as S B. On V O lay off the size of opening, as 
U R. Then extend lines B R, S U, until they cross 
G. With G as center and G S as radius, describe 
outer circle. G to U as radius and G as center, de¬ 



scribe inner circle. Starting at B set off the outer 
circle, by stepping with the dividers, the length of 
the circumference of a circle having a diameter 
equal to space S to B. Of course, this circumfer¬ 
ence can be readily found by referring to the cir¬ 
cumference table herein. 

This is the usual procedure for all flaring articles 
and follows the general principles of all previous 
cone problems. The various laps and locks are pro¬ 
vided on the pattern as shown by the dotted lines 
on the pattern. 







48 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

Can Breasts—Second Case 

Can breasts, as a rule, mean the sloping tops of 
cylindrical cans. The small opening is usually fitted 
with a screw cap spun from zinc or brass; or else, 
a small inverted frustum of a cone is soldered on, 
and an ordinary cork is thrust into it for a stopper. 



Fig. 38.—Second Case of Breasts for Cans. 

• 

Draw the two horizontal lines, K V and O S, and 
perpendicular to them the line K H, as in Fig. 38. 
Set off on line I< V from the point K one-half the 
diameter of the can. On O S the point R is one- 
half the diameter of the opening. Produce the 
line U G, touching the points B and R, until it in¬ 
tersects H K. With U as center and the radius U 
B, describe the outer circle. With the same center 
and the radius U R, describe the inner. Then span 
from K to B and step six times on large circle to 
obtain size of breast. Draw line to center and allow 
for locks, as shown by dotted lines. 





CONICAL PROBLEMS AND TINWARE 


49 


Can Breasts—Third Case 

Describe a circle the size of can desired, as indi¬ 
cated by medium sized circle in Fig. 39. Draw line 
through center and mark point H at three-fourths 
of diameter. Then with the three-fourths of diam¬ 
eter as radius and with H as center strike circle 
K V. Span to diameter of can and step three times 
on large circle. 



Draw line from center to point K V, allowing 
for edges and locks as may be required by the 
process of making the can. For more or less pitch 
make circle K V larger or smaller. 

Small circle in center for opening in top. Hoods 
and pitched covers may be cut by same rule inas¬ 
much as they are like bodies. 

These problems are based on the principles of 
cone envelopes. The years of success of this 
treatise attest the usefulness of these problems and 
they are again presented for this reason. 




50 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

Rectangular Funnel 

Draw side of the rectangular funnel, as shown 
by H K V in Fig. 40. Continue side lines, as 
shown by dots. From point of intersection as cen¬ 
ter, describe arc and chord K V and H. Draw end 
OKS, producing lines to intersect at B. From B 



Fig. 40.—Pattern Process for Square Funnels. 


as center describe arc and chord O K and S. The 
other side and end obtained in the same manner, 
as shown in cut. Can be made in two or more 
pieces by dividing the pattern. It is to be under¬ 
stood that this funnel has sides of different dimen¬ 
sions. Should a square funnel be wanted the same 
procedure would apply. 

All locks and edges must be allowed for on the 
pattern piece, which are not, however, shown in 
the diagram. The provision for these depends on 
how the seam is to be made. 



CONICAL PROBLEMS AND TINWARE 51 


Flaring Square Vessel or Frustum of a Pyramid 

In Fig. 41 let K V and B U represent the width 
of the bottom and top of one of the sides, respec¬ 
tively, the distance between them being the slant 
height. Continue lines until they intersect at R. 
With radius R B strike circle U B G. With R as 


K 



Fig. 41. —Pattern for Square Vessel. 


center and R K as radius describe the outer cir¬ 
cle. Span dividers from K to V and set off on 
outer circle the distance, as V O, K S, etc.; draw 
lines through these points tending toward the cen¬ 
ter R, also the chords, as shown by dotted lines. 
Allow for edges. Can be made in two pieces by 
dividing and allowing for extra lock or seam at the 
place of division in the pattern. 

All three problems are interesting, as they show 
how cone developments can be employed for objects 
of rectangular or square shape. 






52 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Flaring Hexagon Article or Frustum of a 
Hexagonal Pyramid 

Let V O represent width of the bottom of one 
side and R G the width of the top of one side, the 
distance between the slant height. Produce side 
lines until they cross in the center, as shown by 
dotted lines. Span dividers from center to O, and 



Fig. 42. —Pattern of Hexagon Article. 


describe circle HOU; span to G and describe inner 
circle; span again from V to O and step on the 
outer circle three spaces each side from O, as K, 
H, B, S, U. Draw lines from these points tending 
toward center, and connect by chords as H K, K O, 
etc., as shown. 

Cut out piece H U, allowing for the locks, as 
shown in Fig. 42. Pattern for a pentagon article 
may be described by the same rule, in which case 
the pattern would have five parts. ; 






CONICAL PROBLEMS AND TINWARE 


53 


Tapering Octagon Article or Frustum of an 
Octagonal Pyramid 

Draw bottom K H and top V of one side, with 
distance between the slant height, and continue side 
lines until they intersect at O. With O as a center 
and the radii OV and OH, describe inner and 

H 



Fig. 43.—Pattern of Octagon Article. 


outer circles. Set off on them distances equal to 
H K and V, and connect by chords, shown dotted. 

Allow for locks and edges as in Fig. 43, and as 
stated in the other problems preceding this, the 
pattern can be subdivided along such lines as V K 
to suit requirements. 

All the foregoing problems like this one are of 
exceptional value in the tinsmith trade and the prin¬ 
ciples embodied therein are applicable to innumer¬ 
able cases. 






54 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Flaring Article with Square Top and Base a 
Rectangle. Two or Four Pieces 

Draw rectangular base H K and square top V 
in center of base. Draw perpendiculars O S and 
R U. Also place the height of the article O B and 


6 



Fig. 44. —Pattern of a Square Flaring Article. 


R G. Place the slant height B S on B 1 S 1 and draw 
lines a and b which intersect as shown, which gives 
pattern for end. Place G U on G 1 U l , draw lines 
a' and b' which intersect as shown, which gives pat¬ 
tern for side. Join half of end pattern to either side 
of side pattern as shown by similar letters, which 
gives half pattern as shown in Fig. 44. Naturally, 
if it was so required, the half of pattern G l U l 
a' b' could be attached to the end pattern B l S l 
a and b. 


















CONICAL PROBLEMS AND TINWARE 


55 


To Find Length of Sheet Required for Oval 
Boiler. Common Method 

The diagram, Fig. 45, represents the contour of 
the universal type of oval clothes boiler or like 
articles. First describe bottom, length and width 
desired, cut it out of the metal, then burr and from 
H as a starting point, first making a mark on the 



Fig. 45 - —Oval Boiler Bottom. 


bench where H was, roll on the bench to obtain the 
circumference. 

Some tinsmiths, however, do not first burr the 
metal but find the circumference by working a thin 
strip of tin around the bottom and then deduct from 
this the amount of take-up of the double-seam. If 
three pieces are to be used for the body of the boiler 
divide the circumference into three parts and allow 

T 

edges; if made in two pieces, divide by two. Al¬ 
ways divide the circumference by the number of 
pieces desired. Cut the cover the same size as the 
bottom, providing it is to be a flat cover; if pitched 
cover is wanted see the following problems. 






56 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

Rapid Method of Laying Out an Oval Boiler 

Cover 

In Fig. 46 is shown a rapid method for develop¬ 
ing the pattern of an oval boiler cover, hirst draw 
line A K, and from R as center describe circle G U, 
size of boiler outside of rod. Make A K equal to 
one-half of entire length of boiler, and K S three- 



eighths of an inch, or more if more pitch is desired. 
Through S draw the perpendicular line H V. Lay 
corner of square on line H, one blade at K, the other 
touching circle, describe lines UHK; in similar 
manner obtain K V G, completing the half pattern. 

In the diagram, the dotted lines at H K and K V 
are allowances for the groove seam to join the two 
halves of the cover. A double allowance along the 
line B G A U O should be made for the clinch edge 
by which the rim of the cover is fastened on. As 
a rule the cover is formed to shape by making slight 
bends on lines K A U to K and G to K, and round¬ 
ing up between bends before joining the halves. 




Conical problems and tinware 57 

To Describe Pattern for Oval Flaring Vessel. 

Four Pieces 

Describe bottom as by Fig. 21. Obtain length of 
arcs SUB and S V S of that diagram, also length 
of corresponding arcs at the top of vessel. Now, in 
Fig. 47, draw horizontal lines H K and V O, making 
the distance between the desired slant height. 



Make H K equal in length to that of the piece at 
the top, and V O to that of the bottom, for the 
sides. S B and U R for the end pieces. Produce 
lines through these points to intersect at G and G'. 
Describe the arcs from these points. 

Allow for all edges, locks, wire and burr, as indi¬ 
cated by the dotted lines: also carefully lay out the 
various notches, as poor or careless notching spoils 
otherwise good work. 







58 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


To Describe Pattern for Flaring Article with 
Straight Sides and Round Ends. 

Two Pieces 

Draw the outline of the bottom and side, as in 
Fig. 48. Erect two perpendicular lines, II V, K O, 
distance between the length of sides A B; at right 
angles to these, two lines, distance between the slant 



Fig. 48.—Pattern of Article with Round Ends. 

height of article C D. On H V and K O set off 
the radius C E as V and O. From V and O as cen¬ 
ters, with radii Y B, V H and OS, OK, draw the 
arcs B J, H G and S U, K R. Make the arcs H G 
and K R equal to one-half the circumference of 
the ends M N and draw lines to V and O. Allow 
for all edges, locks, wire and burr, as shown in the 
pattern at the right of the diagrams. 














CONICAL PROBLEMS AND TINWARE 59 

To Describe Pattern for Flaring Oval Vessel. 

Two Pieces 


Draw plan according to rule given in Fig. i8, 
or any other method. Construct right angle tri¬ 
angle T H 1 S 1 in Fig. 49, and parallel to H 1 S 1 , 



the distances H S and V S in plan and on H 1 O 1 
the distances H O and V O in plan. Draw 
lines through these points to intersect the line R 1 T 
at U and T. Using T as center draw the arcs O 1 K 1 
and S 1 R 1 , making the distance along the arc S 1 R 1 
equal to U R in plan. Draw line from R 1 to T. 
Take radius V 1 U on the lines R 1 T and S 1 T and 
obtain centers B and C, with which describe the arcs 
R 1 G 1 and S 1 G l , which make equal in length to 
G R or U B in plan. Draw lines to centers B and C. 











60 


THE NEW TINSMITH'S HELPER 


Flaring Article, Top and Base a Rectangle. 

Two Pieces 


Draw side elevation in Fig. 50, as H K, V O, of 
the longest side. Span dividers the difference be¬ 
tween the shortest side of the base and longest side 
of top. From V and O as centers describe arcs S 
and S. With blade of square resting on arcs and 
the corner at H and K, draw lines H B and K G. 
Set off H B and K G equal one-half of shortest 



Fig. 50. —Pattern of Transition Article. 


sides of base and draw lines B U and G R at right 
angles to H B and K G; also lines U V and R O at 
right angles to U B and G R. 

Allow for all edges, locks, wire and burr, as 
showi in the pattern at B U, R G of Fig. 50, by the 
dotted lines; notching, of course, is governed by 
the widths of locks, machines used and in general 
method followed in the particular shop; careful 
notching bespeaks the careful mechanic and en¬ 
hances the looks of the finished article. 

It is to be understood that this is a quick method, 
a more strictly accurate method is as shown by 
Fig. 44 - 




CONICAL PROBLEMS AND TINWARE 


61 


Round Base and Square Top Article. Two Pieces 

Referring to Fig. 51 for the procedure, first 
erect perpendicular line. Span dividers to three- 
quarters diameter of base and describe semicircle 
H K V. Make K V and K FI each equal to one- 
quarter the circumference of the round base and 
draw lines to center. Span dividers to three-quar¬ 



ters size of top from corner to corner and describe 
inner circle. Lay out sides of top, size required, on 
circle, as shown. 

Allow laps as shown by the dotted lines which 
are for the seam to join the two halves; other edges 
are to be provided in accord with the requirements 
of the article. This procedure is a quick rule, the 
more accurate method would be by the modern sys¬ 
tem of triangulation. Triangulation is a science of 
pattern cutting that is fast becoming the only 
method used for developing patterns for bodies of 
irregular shapes, and should therefore be studied. 









62 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Rectangular Base and Round Top Article. 

Two Pieces 

Referring to Fig. 52 for the procedure, first 
draw horizontal lines H K, V O. Make H K 
equal to the longest side of base, V O equal to one- 
fourth the circumference of the top, the distance 
between slant height; draw side lines through these 
points. With radii one-half the difference between 



Fig. 52 .— Rectangular Base to Round Top Pattern. 


^ O and the shortest side of the base, describe the 
arcs S, I’*; with blade of square resting on arcs, and 
corner at H and K, draw lines K R, H U, equal to 
one-half the short side; at right angles to K R, 
H L T , draw lines R G and U G; U G and R G pro¬ 
duced will intersect; from this point span dividers 
to line V O and describe the arc. 

Allow for locks and edges, as shown in the dia¬ 
gram, other edges depending on requirements. 
These methods are a rapid substitute for triangu¬ 
lation. 




CONICAL PROBLEMS AND TINWARE 63 


Square Base and Round Top Article. Two Pieces 

Referring to Fig. 53 for the procedure, first 
draw horizontal lines H K, VO; H K equal to 
the length of one side of the base, V O equal to 
one-fourth the circumference of the top, the dis¬ 
tance between the slant height; draw lines through 



Fig. 53. —Pattern for Article of Square Base and Round Top. 

these points. With radii one-half the difference 
between K H and O V, describe arcs; with blade 
of square resting on arcs and the corner at H and 
K, draw lines H S and K B, equal to one-half the 
base; at right angles to H S and K B draw S U 
and B R, produced to intersect at G. Span divid¬ 
ers from G to line Y O and describe the arc. 

The providing of edges for seams and other es¬ 
sentials can only be prescribed in a general way 
owing to conditions being different in each case. 
The dotted lines at B R and U S show laps. 




64 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Scale Tray or Scoop 

A sketch of the finished article is shown in Fig. 
54, it being made in two pieces with a seam at its 
cross center. As may be noticed, the problem em¬ 



braces the conical or flaring method of developing 
patterns, technically known as developing the sur¬ 
face of solids by radial lines. 

To develop the pattern but one section, O, Fig. 
54, need be drawn; so, as in Fig. 55, construct a 
sectional view as H K V and let H S B represent 
one-half elevation of it, or O in Fig. 54. Continue 
lines B S and K H until they cross at U. Divide 
HK V into any given number of spaces, continu¬ 
ing the same to the line H B,as shown by short lines. 

















CONICAL PROBLEMS AND TINWARE 65 

Draw lines from the division points on H B to the 
point U, thus obtaining the intersections on the 
line S H. With the T square at right angles with 
H U, drop the points thus obtained on H S, onto 
the line B S. 

With U as center and U B as a radius describe 
the arc B R. Step off upon this arc spaces equal 
to those in H K V, using dividers, which gives the 
length B R. Draw radial lines from U to space 
marks on line B R, as shown. 

With U as center and the various points on S B 
as radii, describe arcs, intersecting similar radial 
lines as shown. Then a line traced through the 
points thus obtained, together with the arc B R, will 
be the outline of the required pattern. Allow for 
edges, as shown by dotted lines. 

It is to be understood, of course, that the dotted 
lines show allowed edge for the groove seam at 
the cross-section center line of the scoop, as shown 
by the vertical line in Fig. 54. As a rule, a wire 
is curled into the outer edge of such articles, and in 
that case an edge should be provided for the wire 
along the outer line of the pattern. This edge to 
be of a size suitable for the thickness of wire used; 
some mechanics allow three times the diameter of 
the wire, that depending on the mode of wiring. 

Using the design of Fig. 54, scoops could also be 
treated as parts of cylinders and the patterns devel¬ 
oped by the parallel line system. Some have part 
O of Fig. 54 as shown, but the other part has its 
nose continued around to form a bag filling funnel, 
the pattern of which is cut by the same methods. 


66 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Funnel Pattern by Short Rule 

As the usual way of making funnels requires no 
fixed proportions, advantage can be taken of a geo¬ 
metrical coincidence for the rapid development of 
the flaring body. 

By proportions is meant the diameter of the cir¬ 
cle at the top of the body proper, that is, the width 



across as C A in Fig. 56 and the depth of the body 
or slant height C B, so that the body forms an 
equilateral triangle as shown by ABC. 

In Fig. 56 is shown an ordinary funnel and if 
the distance A B is the same as A C no elevation 
is required; simply span the compasses to the diam¬ 
eter of what is wanted for the large end and strike 
a half-circle as in Fig. 57. Now set the compasses 
to the diameter of the small end and strike the half¬ 
circle shown. The spout T of Fig. 56 is laid out as 
in Fig. 33. 

Allow edges for seams and wire, as shown by 
the dotted lines in Fig. 57. 











CONICAL PROBLEMS AND TINWARE 67 


To Obtain Length of Piece for Tea Kettle Body 

The old-time tinsmith had many well tried meth¬ 
ods like this; however, modern ideas are more 
along strictly scientific lines. 

I ea kettles like these are mostly made by copper¬ 
smiths and in the book "Art of Coppersmithing” 
there is a detailed discussion on the making of tea 
kettles. 

The way in general practice is to roll the bottom 
after burring on the bench to obtain circumference. 



and use strip y inch less in length, as shown by 
figure. H represents the pit; K V the length of 
the strip or sheet, these remarks naturally referring 
to Fig. 58. 

Of course, the length of the body could be found 
by reference to the table of circumferences herein. 
The pattern of the spout and breast, also cover, is 
governed by the design, methods employed in the 
particular shops and so on. As they are usually 
raised or hammered to shape, the patterns, no mat¬ 
ter how obtained, although most likely the radial 
line method could be used, would only be approx¬ 
imate. 









68 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Mode of Stringing Together a Number of 

Patterns 

Fig. 59 represents the three pieces of a 6-quart 
pan usually cut from one sheet of io x 14 tin. In¬ 
stead of using one piece for pattern and placing it 
three times, three pieces are fastened together by 
soldering on two strips of tin with a heavy hem on 
each side, and all placed at once, thus saving time 



Fig. 59.—Rapid Method of Marking 
Out Blanks. 

and vexation. To use to advantage begin at the 
bottom of the string pattern and mark around on 
the outside first, and then mark in the centers right 
across. 

If the strips of tin with the hem edges are not 
stiff enough; why, light band iron could be sub¬ 
stituted. These should be riveted on instead of 
soldered as for the tin strips. 

The lines curving beyond the patterns show how 
the sheet is first cut into. The bands being narrow 
no attention need be paid to the part of the sheet 
not marked under them. 








CONICAL PROBLEMS AND TINWARE 


69 


Another Mode of Stringing Patterns 

Fig. 60 represents a string of rim or hoop pat¬ 
terns, fastened as shown in the same manner as 
described in Fig. 59. Rims of any width can be 
put together in this manner and a great saving of 
time is the result when once properly done. Pat¬ 
terns for all articles of tinware should be strung 
in this way, when more than one piece is obtained 
from a sheet, that the marking out may be ex- 



Fig. 60.—Another Rapid Method. 


pedited and less tedious. A space should be left 
between each pattern for the scratch-awl. 

If the material to be cut is of light weight, two 
or more sheets can be cut at one time by pinning 
together; for instance, mark out one sheet, lay it 
evenly on two more sheets, notch in along the edges 
about an inch and on a slant and, say, six inches 
apart. P>end notches over with the pliers and flat¬ 
ten down with the mallet. In this case the notches 
could be at the top and bottom of sheets. 






















70 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Description of Boiler Block, for Shaping or 
Truing the Bodies of Oval Articles 

By Fig. 61 is represented a block for truing up 
boilers after they are formed up in the rollers and 
locked together. Many mechanics depend upon the 
stake and the accuracy of the eye, but after using 



this method would not abandon it, as better results 
are obtained and in much less time. The block is 
made of 2-inch plank, by placing one on another 
and securing with four long bolts passing com¬ 
pletely through them. The proper dimensions are 
as follows: 

Bottom, 13 inches wide, 25 inches long. 

Top, 10 “ “ 19 

Height, 12 “ 

As the shaping of the boiler bodies are dependent 

on this block it follows that extreme care is requi¬ 
site when shaping the block especially as it tapers. 

The procedure, in using the block, is to force the 
boiler body down on the block as far as it will go 
and then to tap on the wired edge of the boiler body 
with a mallet. 









CONICAL PROBLEMS AND TINWARE 71 

Pattern for a Drip or Roasting Pan 

In Fig. 62, A is the elevation of the pan; now, 
draw a rectangle B C D E. Draw the sides of the 
pan to this; that is, B F equals B' F' of the eleva¬ 
tion. Distance F G equals H J, as the flare is equal 



all around. Bisect angle G H B by drawing line to K. 

With the compass at H and set to almost touch 
line K B, as shown, swing around to L. With B 
as center swing an arc from L to line K B, locat¬ 
ing point M. Point M shows amount of fold or 
material for each corner, so that pan can be made in 
one piece with water-tight corners. Complete each 
corner the same way, M' M" and M'" being the 
point M just mentioned. Provide edge, as shown 
dotted for the wire. 



















72 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Pattern for a Chimney Cap 

To design and develop patterns of the object 
shown in Fig. 63 it is to be said that the pattern 

problem comprises 
developing the sur¬ 
face of a cone. In 
the sketch, which is 
for an 8-inch pipe 
and drawn one- 
2 twelfth full size. A 
' is simply a short 
i joint pipe, which, 
of course, can also 
be a square-to- 
round chimney 
base. C and C are 
the braces-and D 
the cap. Inasmuch 
as there are no 
fixed rules for pro¬ 
portioning the cap, 
and as most me¬ 
chanics have a 30- 
deg. triangle, and 
as that amount of 
pitch for the cap 
would seem pleas- 

Fig. 63. Pattern for Chimney Cap. ing tO tile eye, the 

lines a b and b c are 
*° ' lra "' n - as shown. The length of these lines may 
be as wanted, only it should te remembered that the 




























CONICAL PROBLEMS AND TINWARE 73 

cap must be of & sufficient height above the pipe to 
allow a free passage of the smoke. It is better to 
err by making the space between the cap and pipe 
too great rather than too small. It is also to be 
remembered that the longer the lines a b and b c 
are, or which is the same thing, the larger the cap 
the more storm-proof it is, and as it naturally covers 
a larger area it can be raised so much more above 
the pipe. 

For the pattern of the cap the leg of the com¬ 
passes is set at b and the other leg at c and a long 
arc drawn. On this arc a point is chosen as d and 
from this point the half-circumference of the base 
of the cap or cone which is shown as a quarter- 
section at d is set off; that is, from o to 6 is set 
off twice in the arc as shown. If a full pattern is 
desired this is doubled. 

The braces C are made from */g- and i-inch 
tinned straps which bind the bundles of sheet iron, 
and after they are punched and formed to shape, 
as indicated in the drawing, they are first riveted 
to the cap and then to the pipe. The holes for the 
rivets are accurately spaced on the pattern for the 
pipe and punched with a solid punch before the 
pipe is rolled up. The holes in the cap can best be 
spaced by swinging an arc from c with b as center 
and then intersecting with a line drawn from b to 6. 
The holes together with those of the seams are 
punched before the cap is formed to shape, the 
forming being done by coaxing it over a blown horn 
stake. As shown in the sketch, a bead can be 
swadged on the cap and the pipe to stiffen them. 




CHAPTER IV 

Elbows and Piping 

To Describe a Tapering Elbow 

Draw elevation of elbow at any angle desired 
and draw miter line II K as shown. Establish 
height and diameter of small end as V O and extend 
the lines i-V and 7-O until they meet at B. Draw 
half profile S, which space into equal parts and 
draw vertical lines to 1-7, from which draw radial 
lines to the apex B, which will cross the miter 
line H K as shown. From these intersections draw 
horizontal lines to the side B-7 as shown from 1 to 
7. With B-7 as radius, draw the arc 7'-/ equal to 
the circumference of the circle S. From the points 
on 7'-/ draw radial lines to the apex B, which inter¬ 
sect by arcs struck from B as center, with radii 
equal to the points between 1 and 7. U R G O is 
the pattern for the upper arm and R G 7'-/ pattern 
for the lower arm. See Fig. 64 on opposite page 
for the diagram referred to. 

It is to be understood that the smaller piece is 
to be turned half way around when joining the two 
pieces. That is to say, the seam for the largest or 
first piece is at the throat, while the seam for the 
smaller or second piece will be at the heel; throat 
and heel being the common terms of the trade. 

Edges should be allowed for along the miter line 
for seaming, also along the sides, depending on the 
method of seaming used. 

74 


ELBOWS AND PIPING 


75 


These methods are the basic principles for the 
system of developing tapering elbows of three or 
more pieces. The system must only conform to the 
rule that all the pieces are to be parts of one cone, 
or its frustum. That is to say, the various pieces 



are turned on their axes so that thev constitute a 
cone, as was done with the two pieces in Fig. 64. 

A better system for three or more pieces would 
be to have the pieces at each end of the elbow 
straight and the taper provided for in the inter¬ 
mediate pieces; which means that the end pieces 
would be cut by the parallel line system and the 
others by triangulation. 



















76 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


A Square or Right Angle Elbow, in Two 

Pieces 

Draw the elevation of the elbow, as B S, O V, 
K H. Draw line from V to O. Divide one-half of 
the plan into a convenient number of equal parts, as 
shown by dotted lines; erect lines to intersect O V. 
Make the line B R equal in length to the circumfer¬ 
ence of the elbow. Set off on this line spaces cor¬ 



responding to those in the plan, the same number 
each side of the center line; then draw lines parallel 
to the arm of the elbow, cutting the corresponding 
lines as indicated. By tracing through these points 
the irregular line U G the pattern is obtained, refer¬ 
ring to Fig. 65. Allow edges for lock and provide 
lap for the rivets. 

The general principle for cutting elbow patterns 
is the same throughout, and to understand the prin¬ 
ciple is to be able to describe pattern for any elbow, 
at any angle and of any number of pieces. It is 
ihe design of this work to make the principle clear 
X) the readers. 







































ELBOWS AND PIPING 


77 


Quick Method for Cutting Two-piece Elbow 

In Pig. 65 is shown the strictly scientific method, 
according to orthographic projection, of developing 
two-piece elbow patterns. Now, in Fig. 66 is given 
a method based on a geometrical coincidence which 
is employed to save time in developing such pat¬ 
terns. 

As may be seen, no elevation, plan or other view 



or views of the elbow need be drawn; no prelim¬ 
inary drawings whatsoever. 

Lay out on sheet length required for elbow, as 
H K V O. Describe semicircle S the desired size 
of pipe, which divide into four parts. Space the 
length of the'sheet into twice the number of squares 
in S, and draw vertical and horizontal lines until 
they intersect. OBUR V is then the pattern. 

Allow for flanges for seaming the two parts to¬ 
gether, also edges for locks or rivet flange for ver¬ 
tical seams of the two pieces. 

















78 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


A Square Three-piece Elbow 

This is a complete demonstration, as shown in 
Figs. 67 and 68, of the method of developing pat¬ 
terns for a three-piece elbow. It is not the shortest 
way of proceeding, nevertheless it is strictly correct 

s V R 



and based on the principles of orthographic projec¬ 
tion. 

Let H K be the throat and K V the diameter of 
the elbow. Draw the quadrant V O, which divide 
into four equal parts, as shown by 1, 2, 3. Draw 
miter lines through 1 and 3 as H R and H G. Draw’ 
the circle B equal to diameter of elbow and divide 
one-half of B in equal parts, as shown; draw lines 
to intersect miter line R U, as directed by the dia¬ 
gram in Fig. 67. 

Referring now to Fig. 68, which is the complete 
set of patterns, and referring to Fig. 67 when re¬ 
quired by reference letters in the text, continue as 
follows: 













ELBOWS AND PIPING 


79 


Construct parallelogram H K V O equal in length 
to the circumference of B. Through the spaces on 
H K draw parallel lines as shown. Measuring from 
V K, take the various distances to the miter line 
R U and place them on similar lines measuring from 
H K. H S B K is then the pattern for the end. 
Double the distance from 3 to R' and place it from 


O V 



S to G and B to U and transfer the miter line 
SR'B to G R U. Place H S as shown by G O 
and U V and draw O V, which completes the three 
patterns. 

Allow for seams and so forth in accordance with 
the scheme used for making elbows. 

Attention is called to the grouping of the three 
patterns to form a rectangle; the idea being to cut 
the three pieces from a sheet without waste. This 
is the customary shop procedure and patterns for 
preservation should be bound together in the man¬ 
ner of stringing patterns given in Fig. 59. 

















80 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


A Four-piece Right Angle Elbow 

As for the three-piece elbow, this is a complete 
demonstration of the exact method of cutting four- 
piece elbows, as shown in Figs. 69 and 70. 

As was stated in the previous problems, this 
method is not the quickest but it is the truly scien¬ 
tific procedure and a good one for demonstrations. 


V B 



It may be of interest to state that elbows of any 
shape are developed by the method explained in 
connection with these problems of pieced elbows; 
for instance, profile R could be elliptical. 

Let H K be the throat and K V the diameter of 
the elbow. Draw the quarter circle V O, which 
divide into six equal parts, as shown by a b c d e. 
Draw miter lines through a, c and e, as shown by 
H B, H G and H T. Draw the circle R, which 
space as shown, and draw lines to intersect the 
miter line B U, as in Fig. 69; which is the prelim¬ 
inary drawing. 











ELBOWS AND PIPING 


81 


Referring now to Fig. 70, which is the complete 
set of patterns and referring to Fig. 69 when so 
directed by the reference letters in the text, pro¬ 
ceed as follows: 

Construct parallelogram H K V O, equal in length 
to the circle R, as shown by similar figures on 
H K, through which draw parallel lines as shown. 



Measuring from V K, take the various distances 
to the miter line B U and place them on similar lines 
in the pattern, measuring from PI K, and obtain 
B S B. Double 1 S and place at B U and B U and 
trace the miter cut B S B as shown by U G U. 
Place S G at U T and U T and trace UGU as 
shown by T A T. Make T O and T V equal to S 1 
and draw line O V, which completes the four pat¬ 
terns. 

Allow for locks for the various seams for joining 
the pieces together and the rivet or lock edges for 
the vertical seam of each piece. 




















82 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S, HELPER 


A Five-piece Right Angle Elbow 

As with the foregoing problems of this nature, the 
following is a demonstration of the complete steps 
of developing patterns for a five-piece elbow as 
shown in Figs. 71 and 72. 

The principles embodied in the procedure exem¬ 
plified in these four or five problems should make 



the procedure quite clear for the developing of 
elbows of any number of pieces and indeed, at 
other than a right angle. 

Draw throat H K and diameter K V. Draw 
quadrant H V R, which divide into eight parts as 
shown from a to g; draw miter lines HU, H B, 
II S and II O. Divide profile A into equal spaces, 
and draw lines from these points to miter line H O, 
as shown in Fig. 71. 

Referring now to Fig. 72, which is the complete 
set of patterns, and referring to Fig. 71 when so 











ELBOWS AND PIPING 


83 


directed by the reference letters in the text, pro¬ 
ceed as follows: 

Make i i equal to circumference of profile A. 
Draw parallel lines as shown in pattern. Use divid¬ 
ers and measure various distances from V K to 
miter line H O, which transfer to similar lines 
measuring from i i, and obtain miter cut H K V. 

E 
D 


R 

S 


V 


Fig. 72.—Complete Set of Patterns for Five-piece Elbow. 



Double 7 K and place at H O and V S and draw 
miter cut O B S. Place K B at O U and S R and 
draw miter cut U G R. Make U A and R D equal 
to H O and draw miter cut A C D. Make A F and 
D E equal to PI 1 and draw F E, which completes 
the five patterns. It is to be understood that this 
system of grouping the patterns causes the seams 
to come opposite each other in adjoining pieces, 
which is a decidedly good feature. 

Allow for locks and so on as previously directed, 
inasmuch as these problems are all similar. 






















84 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


An Offsetting or Obtuse Elbow 

When the pattern for an obtuse or rather an 
elbow offsetting, as shown in Fig. 73, is 
desired it is only necessary to draw a cor- 



Fig. 73. —Rise of Miter Line in Elbows. 


rect representation of the elbow and obtain the 
miter line, as follows: With H as center, draw 
the arc K V. With any desired radius, and using 
K and V as centers, intersect arcs at O. Draw 
the miter line H O S. Place the half profile B in 
position as shown, which space, and draw parallel 
lines to the miter line II S. Then proceed as by 
the rules already given in the four or five foregoing 
problems of like problems. 









ELBOWS AND PIPING 


85 


Rises for Elbow Miter Lines 

The rise in an elbow is equal to the difference in 
length between the longest side and the shortest 
side of an ^end 
piece. In Fig. 

74, showing a 
three-piece el¬ 
bow, the dis¬ 
tance A B is the 
rise. The fol¬ 
lowing are the 
rises of elbows 
of from 3 to io 
pieces, the diam¬ 
eters of which 

I inch . Fig. 74 -—Rise of Miter Line in Elbows. 



Table of Rises 

3 piece, 0.414 or, 13-32 inch rise 7 piece, o. 132 or, 9-64 inch rise 

4 “ 0.268 or, 17-64 “ “ 8 “ o. 113 or, 7-64 “ “ 

5 “ 0.199 or, 3-16 “ “ 9 “ 0.098 or, 3-32 “ “ 

6 “ 0.158 or, 5-32 “ “ 10 “ 0.087 or, 5-64 “ “ 


To Find the Miter Line Rise for an Elbow of Any 
Number of Pieces and of Any Diameter 

Rule: Multiply the rise given i)i the above table 
by the diameter in inches of the desired elbozv and 
the result zvill be the rise in inches for the miter 
line of the desired elbow. 

Example: Find the rise for a seven-piece elbow 
the diameter of which is 11 inches. 

Answer: Table gives rise as 0.132 ; then, 0.132 X 
11 = 1.452 or 1 15/32 inches, the desired rise. 





86 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Gray’s Practical Elbow Chart 

There are many devices to cut elbow patterns. 
Also charts have been prepared for figuring the 
number of pieces to use in making up an elbow of 
angle from the standard elbow patterns, as in Fig. 
75, on the opposite page. 

Although useful in many other ways, the main 
purpose of this chart is to instantly tell how to 
make offsetting elbows from the patterns of right- 
angled elbows of different number of pieces. 

The regular elbow patterns can be developed for 
right-angled elbows, to full size, by following the 
instructions given herein for right-angled elbows of 
various number of pieces. Those who do not want 
to bother laying out their own patterns may pur¬ 
chase full size sets on heavy paper, all ready to lay 
on the metal. They are known as “Gray's Perfect 
Elbow Patterns,” sets A and B. 

Supposing you have a set of patterns at hand 
and, as per the example given in the chart, you have 
an offsetting angle in a run of piping that is 45 
degrees from the original line of run. In fact, you 
do not know what degree the angle is but are able 
to set a bevel to the angle. 

Now, this bevel is laid on the chart as shown, and 
it points to 45 degrees. Reading up the dotted line 
to the box tail of the arrow pointer on that degree, 
three combinations will be found in the box. 

Deciding that, as in the example on the chart, a 
three-piece angle elbow will do, you select the first 
piece pattern of a right-angled five-piece elbow and 
cut out two pieces like the pattern. You also cut 


ELBOWS AND PIPING 


87 


out one piece of any one of the middle sections of 
this five-piece right-angled elbow and, joining the 



three pieces as in the chart,.you obtain the required 
angle elbow. 


Fig. 75.—A Useful Elbow Chart. 






































88 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Ideal Rule for Elbow Patterns 

One of the nicest, most accurate and rapid meth¬ 
ods of cutting elbow patterns is in this manner. 
Make a small memorandum chart—it even need 
not be drawn to scale—of the rises per foot of elbow 
miter lines as in Fig. 76. The rises here shown 
were found by drawing elbow elevations, as in 
Fig. 71, for instance, and, of course, could be car¬ 
ried up to any number of pieces. 



Now, supposing a six-piece elbow 4 inches in 
diameter is wanted. Simply draw a straight line 
12 inches long and at one end erect a perpendicular 
line 174 inches high. Draw a line completing the 
triangle, as shown in Fig. 76, this line being the 
required miter line. 

Anywhere on this line locate a center and scribe 
a 4-inch half-circle, as shown. Divide into a num¬ 
ber of spaces. Place these spaces on the extended 
12-inch line, as shown at the right of Fig. 76. 
Erect perpendicular lines, which in turn are inter¬ 
sected by lines projected from the miter line, which 
gives the half-pattern, the set being complete as in, 
say, Fig. 72. 













ELBOWS AND PIPING 


89 


Rectangular Elbows—First Case 

Rectangular elbows are common fittings. To cut 
the pattern for an elbow in which the turn is on the 
wide side of the pipe, first lay out a full-size side 
elevation (the profile really is not necessary) in 
this manner: Draw horizontal line A 7 and ver- 



Fig. 77.—Elevation and Patterns of Rectangular Elbows. 


tical line A 1. A is the center, and scribe throat to 
required radius as b to e. Scribe heel the distance 
away from throat equal to widest dimension of pipe. 
Add the straight parts 01 a b and e f 7 8. 

The pattern for the heel is just a rectangular 
piece the width of narrowest dimensions of pipe and 
the length of the stretchout in elevation o to 8. The 
same is true for the throat pattern. Sometimes the 
throat is made as in the diagram at the right of 
Fig. 77, in which case the pattern is as shown below 
the diagram; a square bend is made along line k. 























90 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Rectangular Elbows—Second Case 

The making of rectangular piping, or as some 
call it, duct work, is an important part of the sheet 
metal trade. Wall stacks for heating and venti¬ 
lating, often of huge dimensions, are made this 
shape. And, too, the wall risers in furnace heating 
are frequently made rectangular as well as other 
fittings in this line, like cold air boxes for furnaces. 



Fig. 78. —Elevation and Patterns of Rectangular Elbows. 


1 he problems in rectangular elbows discussed 
here are those of frequent occurrences and lead up 
to complicated designs in unusual cases. 

1 he turn, as in Fig. 78, can be on the narrowest 
side of the pipe or rectangle, just the opposite of 
the case of Fig. 77, and especial care must be exer¬ 
cised in laying out these types of elbows to be sure 
and have the turn on the right side. With rec¬ 
tangles of the proportions here shown the chance 
of error, while possible, is not as great as when 
the dimensions are almost equal. 

As was directed for the other elbow, first draw 
side elevation, then take stretchouts of the heel and 
throat and cut out sheets the length of these stretch¬ 
outs and to the width of the widest dimension of 
the rectangle. Provide for laps, etc. 

















ELBOWS AND PIPING 


91 


Compound Elbows in Rectangular Piping— 

First Case 

First draw where convenient, an outline of the 
rectangular duct as 8 A B C, which will represent 
the end of the horizontal duct. The correct dis¬ 
tance below this and also as far to the right as it 
should be, draw the horizontal line 21 D to represent 



the wide side of the end of the vertical duct. A3 
can be seen, there is ample room between these two 
ducts to make an easy connecting offset and square 
elbow, as shown by fliis front elevation. Note that 
this is the regulation method of making elbow off¬ 
sets in pipe work, which is merely the choosing of 








































92 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


convenient points like E and E', as centers and 
scribing throat and heel sweeps of the turn. 

Although not absolutely necessary, a plan is 
drawn as directed by Fig. 79, as it will help indi¬ 
cate the relative positions of the two duct ends. 
From the front elevation and plan a side elevation 
is projected which will indicate the regulation 



Figs. 8o and 81. —Patterns of Wide Offsetting Part. 


square elbow O X Y 7 required to make the turn 
from vertical to horizontal. Observe that the throat 
has a square bend which is customary when, owing 
to restricted space, a throat of a sweep like the heel 
is impossible. # 

Now then, Fig. 79 shows that the scheme in mind 
is to make the connection between the two ducts 
by a composite elbow, two offsetting elbows, the turn 


























ELBOWS AND PIPING 


93 


being made on the widest side of the pipe, as shown 
by the front elevation and a square elbow, the turn 
or cheeks being on the narrowest side. 

If this is duct work, the three elbows would be 
made separately and joined by the usual method of 
slips or angle irons. However, the patterns as here 
shown are all in one. To make more clear Fig. 80 
is given and is just a reproduction of the offsetting 
elbows of the front elevation of Fig. 79 up to point 
8. Point 8 is called 7 in Fig. 80 and from 7 up is 
nothing more than the stretchout o to 7 of the heel 
of the square elbow of the side elevation of Fig. 79. 
This pattern is for the side nearest the observer 
of the front elevation of Fig. 79 or K in the plan. 
The opposite side, M in the plan, has the same pat¬ 
tern as Fig. 80 except that above 7 the throat 
stretchout, X Y of Fig. 79, is placed which would 
mean that the pattern stops there or as at A. 

After having cut the two patterns from the metal 
it is to be noted that the piece terminating at A 
would have a square bend at 7, while the other piece 
would be rounded to the shape of the side eleva¬ 
tion, starting the rounding at 7. 

The pattern of the narrowest sides is given in 
Fig. 81, the cheeks of the square elbow, shown in 
the side elevation, Fig. 79, are reproduced and then 
from point 8 down is the stretchout 8 to 21 of the 
front elevation, Fig. 79. Of course, this pattern is 
for side P of the front elevation, Fig. 79, but the 
stretchout for side T is the same. The only differ¬ 
ence is that the smaller curve is toward the bottom 
of the pattern instead of towards the top. 


94 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Compound Elbows in Rectangular Piping— 

Second Case 

The discussion herein of these two cases of com¬ 
pound elbows in rectangular piping is based on 
actual work. They were originally prepared in re¬ 
sponse to a query on how to make fittings for these 
situations. Many solutions of compound elbows 



Fig. 82. —Projected View of Second Problem. 


treat of a twisting elbow throughout which might 
be all right in certain cases but principally good 
problems for technical pattern drafting rather than 
actual shop practice like these solutions. 

The second problem seemingly is more compli¬ 
cated, but an inspection of Fig. 82 will reveal that 
nothing more is needed than an additional elbow 























































ELBOWS AND PIPING 


95 


so that the composition consists of double offsetting 
elbows shown in the front elevation, a square elbow 
with cheeks on narrow sides as shown in the side 
elevation and the additional elbow to make the 
quarter turn horizontally which has its cheeks on 
the wide sides, as indicated by the plan of the dia¬ 
grams, Fig. 82. 

From the description of the method of develop¬ 
ing the patterns for the first problem, it is assumed 
that the method of obtaining the patterns for the 
second case requires no explanation; attention is 
called, though, to the throats, which are all round¬ 
ed ; the patterns of which are obtained by taking the 
girth of the.throat quadrant as explained before. 

It should be understood that in the foregoing an 
attempt was made to describe how such problems 
would be studied and solved in actual practice. For, 
assuming that the pipe is 3 x 8 feet, it will be seen 
that no more extraordinary situation occurs, in 
either case, than arises on most every job of heat¬ 
ing, ventilation or kindred work, and it is common 
practice, when space is available as it was in these 
problems, to use just such combinations of common 
elbows because these fittings are all easily made 
and erected. It is to be remembered, too, that the 
slip joints are used so as to cut out the material 
with the least waste; generally they would be at, 
say, B in plan, C in side elevation, and D in the 
front elevation; as shown in Fig. 82. 

Full information on the development of com¬ 
pound elbows by the “twist” method are given in 
the book, “Piping and Heavy Sheet Metal Work.” 


CHAPTER V 

Furnace Fittings 

Patterns for an “A” Smoke Jack 

This problem is introduced not only because it 
is a good design for a chimney top, but also be¬ 
cause two problems occurring quite frequently in 
furnace smoke pipe work are involved, namely, a 



tee joint at a square angle and a tee joint at other 
than a right angle. Arms No. i and No. 2—square 
tee joint and No. 2 and No. 3 angle tee joint. 

As in Fig. 83, draw a vertical line 3 B; also a 
horizontal line crossing this at C, as D E. Again, 
axes lines of inclined arms to suit desired propor- 

96 

















FURNACE FITTINGS 


97 


tions. Draw the two profiles of the parts, as o to 
6 and o' to 6' and divide into equal spaces as shown. 
Draw the dotted lines from these spaces, also line 
4" 6" at right angles to line 3' G. 



Many designers do not cut the tops and bottoms 
of arms, No. 3, on a horizontal line as shown, but 
leave the arms straight, 
that is, on a line par¬ 
allel to line 4" 6". As 
may be imagined, this 
does not look as well as 
the design of Fig. 83, 
but it saves consider¬ 
able cutting, w h i c h 
might be quite a factor 
when figuring for a low 
cost, especially as the 
operating of the jack 
would be the same in 
either case. 

For the pattern of the upright piece No. 1 draw a 
line as o to o in Fig. 84, with the spaces o to 6 to o of 
the profile in Fig. 83. Draw the right angled lines 


J_ S 


/ \ 0 

/ \ 

j \ 1 

/ \ 

I \2 

/ \ 

3 

x 

'N. 4 

X 

\ 5 

7 6 

—(h t 

/ 5 

\ 

4 


\ /$ 

\ 7 

\ / 2 

\ / 

\ i 1 

\ / 

b 



Fig. 85.—Pattern of No. 2 Piece. 








































98 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

from these spaces. Then carry distances from like 
lines in Fig. 83 to Fig. 84; thus, line 3 0 C in Pig. 
83 equals line 3 A in Fig. 84, and so on. 

For the pattern of piece No. 2 place stretchout 
on a line as shown in Fig. 85, also right angle lines. 
Carry the lengths from both sides of line 3 0 B in 



Fig. 83 to both sides of line o to o in Fig. 85. Thus, 
spaces 6 II 6 IF in Fig. 85 is 6° II and 6° IF of Fig. 
83. Also for the cut-out or hole; for instance, oj 
and o J' of Fig. 85 is o° J and o° J' of Fig. 83, and 
so on. 

For the arm pieces, in No. 3, Fig. 83, place 
stretchout on line o to o as in Fig. 86 and continue 
as explained before, measuring from the line 4" 6" 
in Fig. 83; that is to say, the lengths are taken from 
line 4" 6", in Fig. 83, to the top of the arm and are 
placed above the stretchout line of Fig. 86. Then, 
lengths taken below line 4" 6", of Fig. 83 to the 
bottom, are placed below stretchout line in Fig. 86. 























FURNACE FITTINGS 


99 


Laying Out a Chimney Base 

Proceed as in Fig. 87, in which 1, 2, 3, 4 is the 
outline of the bottom of the base and A the size of 
the round pipe. From the corners of the rectangu- 



Fig. 87—Short, Simple Rule for Laying Out Chimney Bases. 


lar base, draw the two diagonals,'and where they 
intersect will be the center b used for striking the 
desired size of the smoke pipe A. Now, at right 
angles to either one of the diagonal lines, in this 
case 4 b, draw lines indefinitely from points 4, A 






100 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

and b as shown. Now draw any line as c e parallel 
to 4 b and make the height c d equal to the desired 
height of the base. From d draw the line df 
parallel to cr until it intersects the perpendicular 
line drawn from A parallel to 4 c at /. Draw a line 
from e through / until it intersects the center line 
at h; h f and h c then become the radii for striking 
the pattern. Now, using these radii, with h as cen¬ 
ter, describe the arcs / 5 and e 1. Set the dividers 
equal to 1-4, 4-3 and 3-2 in plan, and place these 
distances on the outer arc as shown in the pattern 
from 1 to 4, 4 to 3, and 3 to 2. Now draw lines 
from 1 to 4, 4 to 3 and 3 to 2 and bisect the side 
3-4, thus obtaining the point i, from which draw a 
radial line to h, cutting the inner arc at j. 

Take the girth of full circle A, and place one-half 
of it on either side of the inner arc, as shown from 
j to 5 and j to 6. Bisect j 5 and j 6 and obtain 
points / and m, respectively. Now, draw lines from 
point 1 on the outer arc to 5 and b; from point 4 to 
/ and j ; from point 3 to j and m and from point 2 
to m and 6. These lines indicate where slight bends 
would be made, so as to obtain the transition from 
square corners to round top. As the seam in this 
case is to come between 1 and 2 in plan or in the 
center of the long side at a, then to obtain this joint 
line in the pattern, use j i in the pattern as radius, 
and, with 5 and 6 as centers, draw the arcs a" and 
a, respectively; then using 3 i or 4 i as radius and 1 
and 2 as centers, intersect arcs previously drawn at 
a" and a'. Draw lines from 1 to a" to 5, and from 
2 to a to 6, which completes the pattern. 



FURNACE FITTINGS 


101 


Pattern for a Furnace Center Boot 

Of all the fittings that are made for furnace 
work, boots or shoes or starters, etc., as they are 
called, according to the different localities in which 
they are made, form one of the most important 
problems. They have offsets one way or two ways. 


1 

2 

5 

A 4 

- J 


5' ^ 

-1 

v k w 




7*6-5 , 7 65 


True Lenqths of Solid and Dotted Lines 
* in A 


Fig- 88-View of 
Center Boot 
Vertical on one side 


Tru} Le 
of S>lid 


nett 


IOhll'-lZ 

5 ‘ 


is- 


Lm 3S inB 


10 1112 


True 


//' 


II 

H 


ishtt 


of Dot ec^'Lipes in B 


a 

i i 


JO,—hO 
9 


Fig. 89.—Elevation and True Lengths. 


They have their collars at various angles to each 
other and, in fact, are so diverse in designs that 
quite a number of articles could be written about 
them; the style shown in Fig. 88 is a common one 
and the pattern procedure is as shown in Figs. 89 
and 90. 






























102 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

Divide the quarter circles of elliptical section, 
in the same number of divisions as the quarter cir¬ 
cles in the half section and number the points from 
i to 4, 5 to 8 and 9 to 15 as shown. From the divi¬ 
sions in the elliptical section 1 to 8 at right angles 
to the line 1-8 draw lines intersecting the line 1-8 
at 2', 3', 4', 5', 6' and 7'. In a similar manner, at 
right angles to the line 9-15 from the intersections 



10 to 14, draw lines cutting the line 9-15 at 10', 11', 
12', 13' and 14'. Connect solid lines in elevation 
as shown, and connect the opposite points by dotted 
lines all as indicated in the parts marked A and B. 

To obtain the true length of the solid lines in A 
in elevation proceed as follows: Take the various 
lengths of the solid lines 4' to 12', 3' to 13' and 2' to 
14', and place them as shown by similar numbers in 
the diagram of true lengths in A. From these vari¬ 
ous points perpendiculars are erected equal to the 
various heights in the semi-sections in elevation. 















FURNACE FITTINGS - 103 

For example, the heights of 4^4 in the semi-ellip¬ 
tical section and 12'-12 in the semi-circle are placed 
on the proper perpendiculars in diagram for true 
lengths in A, as indicated by 4'-4 and 12'-12. A 
line drawn from 4 to 12 is the true length of the 
line 4'-i 2 r in elevation. Similarly, obtain the true 
lengths of the dotted lines in A in elevation, also 
the true lengths of the solid and dotted lines in B. 

Cut the pattern as follows. Assuming that the 
seam is to come along 8-9 in elevation then take the 
length of 1 -15, which shows its true length, and 
place it as shown by 1-15 in the pattern. Now with 
1-2 in the half section as radius, and 1 in pattern 
as center, describe the arc 2, which intersect by an 
arc struck from 15 as center and 15-2 in the true 
lengths in A as radius. Now using 15-14 in the 
half section as radius, and 15 in pattern as center, 
describe the arc 14, which intersect by another arc 
struck from 2 as center and 2-14 in the true lengths 
in A as radius. 

Proceed in this manner, using alternately first the 
proper division in the semi-elliptical section, then 
the proper true length of the dotted lines; then the 
proper division of the semi-circular section, and the 
proper true length of the solid lines, always follow¬ 
ing the dotted and solid lines in elevation as a guide, 
until the seam line 8-9 in pattern is obtained, which 
equals 8-9 (its true length) in elevation. Trace a 
line through points thus obtained, as shown by 
1-8-9-15 in the pattern, which shows the half pat¬ 
tern. If a full pattern is desired, trace this half 
opposite the line 1-15, as shown by 8°-9°. 


104 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Round to Rectangle Furnace Boot 

The problem is an object having a round base 
and transforms to a rectangular form at the top. 
This rectangle is so situated in respect to the round 
base, as to have what is termed a straight back, 
which is to say, the long center line of the rectangle 
does not lie in the same vertical plane as does the 
cross diameter of the round; however, the short 
center line of the rectangle does lie in the same 
vertical plane as a diameter, at right angles to the 
one mentioned, of the round. This then makes a 
problem of symmetrical halves so that the pattern 
for one-half will answer for the other half. 

First, divide the circle into quarters. Then divide 
the two quarters represented by E 11 G into equal 
divisions, and, from the points in the section E H, 
draw lines to the corner of the top, represented by 
B, in Fig. 93, and, from the divisions in section 
H G, draw lines to the corner of the top represented 
by C, Fig. 93. It will be necessary to construct the 
two diagrams of triangles, one for each corner, 
shown in Fig. 93, so as to obtain the true length 
of each line. Lay off the line, R J, in Fig. 94, equal 
to the height of the fitting made to suit the work on 
which it is to be used. From the point J, and at 
right angles to the line R J, set off the length of 
lines in the section E to H, making J 1 equal to B 1, 
J 2 equal to B 2, etc. From the points thus estab¬ 
lished in the line J W, Fig. 94, draw lines to R. 

To obtain triangles for the section H G, draw 
lines as shown in Fig. 95, the same as in Fig. 94. 


FURNACE FITTINGS 


105 


% 

Make V S the same height as R J, Fig. 94; draw 
S T at right angles to V S, and, on the line S T set 
off the lengths of the lines in section H G, making 
S i' equal to C 1', S 2' equal to C 2', etc.; from the 
points thus established in S T, Fig. 95, draw lines 



to V, as shown. To obtain the pattern, lay off line 
1 E' in Fig. 96, and from point E', and at right 
angles to 1 E', draw line E' B equal in length to E' B 
of plan Fig. 93, which is the same as half the length 
of the long side of the top. Set the dividers to R 1, 
Fig. 94, and with B of pattern as center, strike an 
arc cutting the line E' 1 at 1. Then join i-B, Fig. 





























106 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

# 

96. With B as center and R 2 in Fig. 94 as radius, 
describe an arc. With 1, of pattern as center, and 
1'-2' of plan as radius, strike a small arc intersect¬ 
ing at 2 with the arc previously drawn. With B, 
Fig. 96, as center, and R 3, Fig. 94, as radius, de¬ 
scribe an arc, and with the dividers set to same 
space used in stepping off the plan, strike small arc 
intersecting at 3 of the pattern. Proceed in the 
same way to lay off the lines 4, 5 and 6. Then, to 
obtain the point C, of pattern, set the dividers to 
B C of plan, Fig. 93, and, with B of pattern as 
center, and B C of plan as radius, describe an arc. 
Now, with V 6', Fig. 95, as radius, and 6, of the 
pattern, as center, strike an arc, intersecting with 
the arc already drawn. This will give the point C 
of the pattern. With C of the pattern as center 
and V 5', Fig. 95, as radius, describe an arc. Now, 
with the dividers set to same space used in stepping 
off plan at 6-5', using 6 of the pattern as center, 
strike a small arc intersecting the other at 5'. The 
remaining lines, 4', 3', 2' and 1' are established in 
the same way as the preceding one. To complete 
the pattern, set the dividers to C'-C, and, with C 
of pattern as center, strike a small arc. Now, from 
1' of pattern as center, and the slant height of bull¬ 
head Fig. 91, as radius, strike an arc intersecting 
at C. Lines traced through the points thus obtained 
will give the pattern required minus laps. 

Drafting the pattern for boot with an offset is 
done in exactly the same way, only be sure to draw 
the right amount of offset in the plan and elevation 
and then proceed as previously explained. 


FURNACE FITTINGS 


107 

% 


Pattern for an Angular Furnace Boot 

A sketch of the fitting is given in Fig. 97 and it 
is to be understood that this procedure 'will apply 
for any combination of sizes, position and dimen¬ 
sions of rectangular collar. The methods and de¬ 
sign here explained are scientifically correct and a 
much better method than the so-called channel boot, 
which is merely a square box with collars let into it. 

By position and dimensions of rectangular collar 
.and combination of sizes in respect to the round 
collar, is meant that if, for instance, the rectangle 
collar was turned one-quarter around in relation to 
its present position an ordinary offset boot would 
result. Such boots are commonly used when the 
wall pipe is in a partition over a girder and it is 
necessary to offset over this girder to make the con¬ 
nection to collar pipe and transition in shape at this 
place, from the round collar pipe to the rectangular 
shape of the wall pipe or riser. 

Also, if the wall pipe had a shape of what is 
commonly called “oval,” that is to say, a rectangle 
with semi-circular ends, the procedure here out¬ 
lined would be in a measure, similar; that is, very 
little adjusting of the methods would be required. 

Now, even if the round collar was situated at a 
different angle, as say, somewhat off the vertical 
line in which it is now, so that the boot could be 
connected to the pitched collar pipe without using 
an angle elbow, the procedure would be identical 
to that herein explained. 

The first step is to draw the side elevation, as 


108 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

shown by i'-2'<$'-9 in Fig. 98. On the line i'-2 ' 
place the half section of the y/ 2 x ioinch pipe, as 
shown, and on the line 3-9 place the half section 
of the 9-inch pipe, also shown. 



True Lenqths of Dotted 
Lines in Side Elevation 


Fig. 98.—Various Details of the Object. 

Divide the semi-circle in any number of equal 
spaces; in this case 6, as indicated by the small fig¬ 
ures, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8. From these points at right 
angles to 3-9 draw lines intersecting, 3-9 at 4', 5', 













FURNACE FITTINGS 


109 


6', 7' and 8'. From the intersections 3, 4', 5' and 
6' draw lines to the corner 2'; and from the in- 
- tersections 6', 7' 8' and 9 draw lines to the corner 
1'. These lines represent the bases of sections 
which will be constructed whose altitudes will equal 
the various heights in the half sections. For an 
example: 1 o find the true length of the line i'-6' 
in side elevation, take this distance and place it as 
shown from 1' to 6' in diagram A. From the 
points 1' and 6' at right angles to i'-6', erect the 
lines i'-i and 6 ’-6 x , equal in height to i'-i and 
6'-6 in the half sections. A line drawn from 1 
to 6 X in A is the desired length. In similar man¬ 
ner take the various lengths F to 7', F to 8' and F 
to 9 in the side elevation and place them as shown 
by similar numbers in diagram A and erect perpen¬ 
dicular lines equal to the proper height in the half 
sections. Also, take the lengths 2' to 3, 2' to 4', 
2' to 5' and 2' to 6' in the side elevation and place 
them in diagram A, as shown by similar numbers, 
and obtain the heights from the half sections. 

It will be noticed that the height of the sections 
at 1' and 2' in the side elevation is equal to i'-i 
and 2'-2 respectively, both heights being similar, 
as shown in diagram A, while the heights at 4', 5', 
6', 7' and 8' in the side elevation vary, as shown in 
the semi-circle at 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8, respectively. 

Having obtained the true lengths in A, the pat¬ 
tern is now in order, and is developed as follows: 
Take the length of U-9 in the side elevation which 
shows its true length and place it on the vertical 
line in the pattern, shown by i'-g. Now with a 


110 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

radius equal to i'-i in the half section in the side 
elevation, and i' in the pattern as center, describe 
the arc i, which intersects by an arc, struck from 9 
as center and 9-1 in the true length A as radius. 
Now with radii equal to 1-8, 1-7 and 1-6* in 
diagram A and using 1 in the pattern as center, 
describe the short arcs 8, 7 and 6. Set the divid¬ 
ers equal to the divisions 9-8, 8-7 and 7-6 in the 
semi-circular section in the side elevation, and 
starting from 9 in the pattern step to arc 8, 7 an d 
6 respectively, and draw a line from 6 to 1 and I 
to 9 and trace the curve from 9 to 6. 

Now with a radius equal to 2-6 in diagram A 
and with 6 in the pattern as center, describe the 
arc 2, which intersect by an arc struck from 1 as 
center, and 1-2 of the half section in the side ele¬ 
vation as radius. With radii equal to 2-5, 2-4 and 
2-3 in diagram A and 2 in the pattern as cen¬ 
ter, describe the arcs 5, 4 and 3. Again set the 

dividers equal to the divisions 6 to 5, 5 to 5 and 4 

• 

to 3 in the semi-circular section in the side eleva¬ 
tion and starting from 6 in the pattern, step to arc 
5, 4 and 3. Draw a line from 3 to 2 and 2 to 6. 

Now with radius equal to 3-2' in the side ele¬ 
vation, which shows its true length, and 3 in pat¬ 
tern as center, draw the arc 2', which intersect by 
an arc struck from 2 as center and 2-2' in the semi- 
rectangular section in the side elevation as radius. 
Connect points in the pattern by tracing the curve 
from 6 to 3, and draw lines from 3 to 2', 2' to 2, 2 
to 1 and 1 to 1'. i'-9*3-2'-2-i-i' is the half pattern; 
and, i 0 -2 r -2°-3 0 -6°-9 added is the full pattern. 


FURNACE FITTINGS 


111 


Pattern for a Y Fitting 

Trunk line systems in furnace heating are be¬ 
coming quite popular and require special fittings as, 
for instance, the Y branch. The principles as ex¬ 
plained for this case can be applied to any size fit¬ 
ting, no matter what angle the fitting may have, 
providing the two forks are symmetrical when 
viewed in plan as shown in diagram X in Fig. 99. 
As the angles of the forks in this case are the same 
as shown in the elevation, the one pattern will an¬ 
swer for both. If, however, the angle of the one 
fork was 45 deg. and the other 30 deg., a separate 
pattern would have to be developed for each, using 
the same method as will now be described. 

The first step in this procedure is to draw any line 
as 8-io° equal to 14 inches, which bisect and obtain 
a. From a erect the perpendicular a 14, equal to 
one-half of 14 inches, or 7 inches. From a draw 
the angles desired, as a c and a d. Make these two 
lines of the desired length and through c and d, per¬ 
pendicular to the lines just drawn, draw the line 1-7 
the desired diameter, or 10 in. Using c as center, 
with e 1 as radius, draw the half section of the pipe. 
In similar manner, using a as center, with radius 
equal to a 8, draw the half section of the large pipe, 
also the half section of the intersection between the 
two forks on line a 14. It may be of interest to 
state that the profile a 14 ii° could be arbitrarily 
drawn if the conditions required it. 

Thus 1-4-7 ls the half section of the 10-inch pipe; 
8-1 i-n° the half section of the 14-inch pipe and 


112 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

a-n°-i4 the half section of the joint line between 
the two forks. Now divide the half sections into 
equal parts, as shown by the small figures, from 
which draw perpendicular lines to their respective 
base lines as shown. Draw solid and dotted lines 



as indicated, which will represent the base lines of 
sections which will be constructed whose altitudes 
are equal to their respective heights in the various 
sections. Thus to find the true length of the solid 
line 12 to 3 in the elevation of the left fork, take 
that distance and set it on the line A B as shown in 
Fig. ioo. From I2.and 3 erect perpendicular lines 








FURNACE FITTINGS 


113 


equal to the heights to 12 and 3 in the sections, 
measuring from their respective base lines. The 
heavy line in the diagram 12-3 will be the true 
length. In similar manner are the balance of the 
true lengths for solid and dotted lines found, as 
shown by similar numbers on the horizontal lines 
A B pf Fig. 100 and C D in Fig. 101. 

The next steps are for the pattern shape, so 



A 4 5 6 II K) 9 12 13 32 3 

True Lenq+hs of Solid Lines in Elevation 

Fig. 100. —Triangulating the Solid Lines. 


C- 


14 12/3 


T 


345 


r 

6 


910 8 


True-Lengths of Dotted Lines in Elevation 

Fig. 101.—Triangulating the Dotted Lines. 


proceed as follows: As the seam is to come along 
the top at 1-14 in. elevation, take the distance of 
the lower line 7-8, which shows its true length, and 
place it as indicated by 7-8 in the pattern, Fig. 102. 
Now with 7-6 in the half section as radius and 7 in 
the pattern as center, describe the arc 6, which in¬ 
tersect by an arc struck from 8 as center and 8-6 in 
the dotted true lengths as radius. Now using 8-9 
in the lower half section as radius and 8 in the pat¬ 
tern as center, describe the arc 9, which intersect 
by an arc struck from 6 as center and 6-9 in the 


























114 THE NEW TINSMITH'S HELPER 

solid true lengths as radius. Proceed in this man¬ 
ner, using alternately first the divisions in the top 
section, then the proper dotted length; again the 
proper division in the lower section, then the prop¬ 
er true solid length, all as indicated by similar num¬ 
bers in the pattern, the length of 1-14 being ob¬ 
tained from 1-14 in elevation. Trace a line through 
points thus obtained as shown, which will be the 



desired pattern for both forks, to which edges-must 
be allowed for seaming, or riveting, inasmuch as 
the two arms are most always joined by riveting, 
although by using extreme care they could be 
double-seamed together. 

Forks or Y branches have had the close attention 
of many draftsmen, and no doubt a book of this 
size could be written about them alone; however, 
the fundamental principles embodied in this prob¬ 
lem are really involved in all and merely require an 
adjusting in applying these principles to the case at 
hand. 








FURNACE FITTINGS 


115 


Pattern for a Furnace Collar 

As stated farther on in the exposition of this 
subject, the opening in the conical top, or, as it is 
called in some shops, a furnace bonnet, would be 
marked by scribing around the collar. Should it be 
desired to cut it out on the flat, one would proceed 
to do so by developing the pattern of the top by 
the radial line method as explained in conical prob¬ 
lems, like the scoop problem of Fig. 55. Points 
2'-3' and 4' are carried across parallel to the base 
line A (referring to Fig. 104) to the line where 
points 1' and 5' are; thence swung radially around 
to like element line in the pattern just as was done 
in the scoop problem, thus obtaining the opening in 
the top for the collar. 

In Fig. 104 are shown the true principles for de¬ 
veloping a collar intersecting a conical furnace top, 
which can be applied to any angle, no matter what 
size the top or collar may have. The diameter of 
the furnace collar in this case has been made larger 
and is out of proportion, so that the points of inter¬ 
sections may be more clearly shown. 

Referring first to Fig. 104 on next page, 
A B C D represent the one-half elevation of the 
conical top, below which in its proper position is 
drawn the one-quarter plan shown by F B A. Es¬ 
tablish at pleasure any two points on the outline of 
the plan as a and b, from which points draw radial 
lines to the center F. From these points a and b 
in plan, erect vertical lines intersecting the base line 
A B of the cone in elevation as is also indicated by 


116 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

a and b, from which points radial lines are drawn, 
toward the apex E as shown. Establish the angle 
which the collar is to have as shown by the center 
line 3° 3 and with any point on this line as d as 



Fig. 104.—Geometrical Procedure for Acquiring Collar Pattern. 


center, describe the profile of the collar as shown 
Divide this profile into an equal number of spaces, 
in this case eight, as shown by the small figures 1 
to 5 to I, through which points draw lines parallel 
to 33 0 , extending them partly in the elevation as 




















FURNACE FITTINGS 


117 


shown by 2 2°, 3 3 0 and 44 0 . The lines drawn 
from points 1 and 5 i n the full profile show their 
true points of intersection with the furnace top at 1' 
and 5'. 

Where the planes or lines 2 2°, 3 3 0 and 44 0 
intersect the radial lines drawn from B a and b in 
elevation, drop vertical lines to the plan, intersecting 
similar radial lines also drawn from B a and b in 
plan; as will be clearly understood by following 
the dotted lines. Through the points of intersec¬ 
tions thus obtained trace the curves 2 2, 3 3 and 
4 4. Then will these curves 22, 33 and 4 4 in 
plan represent the horizontal sections on the lines 
shown in elevation by 2 2°, 3 3 0 and 44 0 , respec¬ 
tively. 

Extend the line F B in plan as I 7 H and with 
any point on same as d' draw the semi-profile of 
the collar as shown. Divide this into one-half the 
number of spaces contained in the full profile as 
shown. Parallel to F H through the point 3 in the 
semi-profile draw a line until it intersects the hori¬ 
zontal section 3 3 in plan at 3'. In a similar manner 
through the points 4 and 2 in the semi-profile draw 
a line until it intersects the horizontal sections 4 4 
and 22 in plan at 4' and 2', respectively. From 
these intersections 2', 3' and 4 in plan, erect verti¬ 
cal lines, intersecting similar numbered planes or 
lines in elevation as 2 2°, 3 3 0 and 44 0 at 2', 3' and 
4', respectively. Through the intersections 1', 2', 3', 
4' and 5' in elevation trace the intersecting line be¬ 
tween the collar and conical top as shown in Fig. 
104 on the opposite page. 


118 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

The line of intersection, or miter line, having 
been obtained the pattern is now in 
order. As in Fig. 104, at pleasure 
draw any line as J B in elevation at 
right angles to 3 3 0 as shown. Draw 
any vertical line as J B°, big. 105, 
upon which place the girth of the full 
profile as shown by similar numbers. 
From these points 1 to 5 to 1, at right 
angles to J° B° draw lines indefinite¬ 
ly. Measuring in each instance from 
the line J B in the half elevation, take 
the various distances to points i\ 2', 
3', 4' and 5' and place them on sim¬ 
ilar numbered lines in the pattern, 
measuring in each instance from the 
line J° B°. Trace a line through 
points thus obtained; then will L M 
1 1 be the pattern for the desired 
furnace collar, to which flanges must 
be allowed for seaming. 

The opening in the conical top has not been de¬ 
veloped as this is not necessary, because after the 
collar is developed, rolled up and seamed it may 
be held in its desired position on the conical top 
and the opening scribed around the collar with a 
lead pencil. The opening may then be cut out 
partly with a small chisel, after which it is cor¬ 
rectly trimmed with the circular shears. Practical 
methods for joining the collars to the bonnets are 
explained at length in Chapter IX. 


j* 



Fig. 105.—Net 
Pattern for 
Furnace Collar. 










CHAPTER VI 

Leaders and Gutters 

Making Offsets in Leader Pipes 

The following is a description of the method 
whereby offsets or elbows are made in square lead¬ 
er pipe; a method always found eminently prac¬ 
tical and expeditious and for an example a case 
where the leader passes over the water table of the 
usual type of frame building is shown, as illustrated 
in Fig. 106. 

The usual procedure when following this method 
is to send out to the job full lengths of leader, say 
io feet in length, and all offsets and elbows or the 
like are made there by the mechanic, and in this 
case measurements would be taken of the water 
table and in some convenient place, like the cement 
or stone walk or inside on the floor of one of the 
rooms of the building if it is not as yet finished, 
the offset would be drawn full size as shown at A 
of Fig. 107; a good idea being to use chalk and a 
line in a way known to all workmen. Now, as all 
the cuts, or miters, it should be said, would be ob¬ 
tained in identically the same manner, that for the 
upper one only will be here elucidated to avoid 
repetition of explanations. 

Therefore, at a draw a line as a b at right angles 
to a c, as shown, employing a small square for the 
purpose. Many mechanics do not carry a small 

119 


120 


THE NEW TINSMITH'S HELPER 


carpenter’s square in their kit of tools. Before pro¬ 
ceeding farther it is well to explain how a square 



Fig. 106.— Perspective of 
Typical Case. 


Fig. 107.—Layout of 
Offset. 


can be cut from a piece of sheet metal. As in B of 
Fig. 108, draw a line a b 8 inches long; with the 
compasses set to span 6 inches and with one leg set 


















































121 


LEADERS AND GUTTERS 

at a describe an arc toward c. Then set the compasses 
again to io inches, and with one leg at b describe 
an arc intersecting the one previously drawn at c. 
A line drawn from c to a will give a right angle, 
the basis for a piece of sheef metal cut like B. 
Stiffen as may be required. 

Taking a full length of leader, a point a (of C, 
Fig. 109) is marked on it at the right distance from 



0 


Fig. 108.—Layout 
of a Square. 


Fig. 109. —Obtain- Fig. no.—Finished 

ing Cuts. Cut for Offset Elbow. 


the end of the length of leader in relation to the 
distance point a is from the soil pipe connection (if 
the leader is connected to the plumbing system, the 
discharging shoe otherwise), providing the me¬ 
chanic is working from the bottom up, or if from 
the top down, the relation point a is in the matter 
of distance from the last length of leader erected, 
for it is to be understood that good judgment is to 
be exercised in placing this point to obviate the need 
of cutting off some of the leader at the ends or, 
worse still, adding some leader to the ends which 































122 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


would make the job look piecy and decidedly un¬ 
workmanlike. 

The distance b d of A is now placed to both sides 
of point a in C, as indicated by the points b and c. 
Holding one leg of the aforementioned square in line 
with the side of the leader pipe as shown in C, lines 
are drawn across the pipe from these three points as 
shown, though only the middle one is required, the 
idea being to prove accuracy by seeing that all three 
lines are parallel; from d to c and b lines are 
drawn as shown, and then from d square across 
the back to f, and from c and b square across the 
front to the other side, as shown by g and h; con¬ 
nect these with b and the space between f, g, c, d, b 
and h is then to be cut out of the pipe, allowing 
laps at the top, so that the water will not flow 
against but with the seam, after which the leader 
pipe at that place will look like at D, Fig. iio of 
the group of diagrams. 

The lap shown at the front of the pipe is bent 
outward with the pliers, and then by carefully coax¬ 
ing the pipe, it is caused to bend along the line d f 
of C until point h touches g or b touches c and the 
joint well soaked with solder. Like everything else, 
the work is to be done right to be of any value, and 
it should be obvious that the method outlined in 
the foregoing is superior to chopping off two pieces 
of the leader and trimming the ends to a miter and 
thereby making individual elbows for each bend in 
the offset, necessitating two joints to each bend 
which certainly will make the job appear patchy 
and require more time, solder and pipe. 


LEADERS AND GUTTERS 


123 


An Oblique Leader Elbow 

A leader pipe elbow pattern 2-inch by 3-inch is to 
be developed. The elbow is to reach around the 
corner of a building, the angle of which is 90 deg., 
as shown in Fig. hi, at an 
incline or rake of 45 deg. 

The flat or 3-inch side of 
the conductor is to face the 
building on both sides. In 
Fig. 112 is shown a simple 
method of finding the mi¬ 
ter lock between two sim¬ 
ilarly sized pipes by means 
of simple projections. Us¬ 
ing this method it will not 
be necessary to go through 
the operations of raking or 
changing of profiles, and the same area of the pipes 
is maintained. Where the intersection between the 
two pipes takes place there will not be a true miter 
line, but rather an intersecting lock, similar to that 
shown in the perspective in Fig. 113, which, how¬ 
ever, is perfectly practical, and this method can be 
used, no matter what size the pipe may be, or at 
what angle or rake they incline. 

The method of finding the joint line and develop¬ 
ing the pattern is shown in detail in Fig. 112. First 
draw the wall line represented by F C in the eleva¬ 
tion and from any point on it, as 6, draw the de¬ 
sired rake of the pipe, in this case 45 deg., as shown 
by 6-B. Draw the perpendicular B E equal to 3 






















124 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


inches on the wide side, and from E draw a line in¬ 
definitely parallel to B-6. At right angles to the 
wall line F C draw the line C D equal to 2 inches on 
the narrow side, and from D, parallel to C E, draw a 
line until it intersects the line previ- 6 
ously drawn from E at 2. From 
intersection 2 draw the dotted 
horizontal line, cutting the 
line of the pipe C-6 ex¬ 
tended at i. Also, from 




Fig. i 12 .—Developing Pattern Shape. 


/ Pattern Shope 

,ior both arms 
/ of Elbow 


6 draw the solid 
horizontal line cut¬ 
ting the outside line 
of the pipe erected 
from D, at 4. These 
are all the projecting 
points required previ¬ 
ous to developing the 
pattern. 

Above and in line 
with B E draw the 


section of the rectangular pipe and from point 1 in 
the elevation, which represents the seam line in 
the rear flat side of the pipe, draw a line parallel 
to 6-B, cutting the section at 1. In a similar man- 












LEADERS AND GUTTERS 125 

ner project back to the section the corner indicated 
by 4 in the elevation, which in this case happens 
to fall on the same line projected from the corner 
i in the elevation. These points, i and 4 in the sec¬ 
tion, are used when laying out the girth or stretch¬ 
out of the pipe. Be¬ 
low the line C D in 
the elevation place a 
duplicate of the sec¬ 
tion in its proper po¬ 
sition by A. For the 
pattern extend the 
line B E, which was 
drawn at right angles 
to B-6, as shown by 
F G. Upon this place 
the girth of the sec¬ 
tion from 1 to 6 to 1, 
as shown by similar 
numbers on F G. 

Through these small 
figures, at right an¬ 
gles to F G, draw the 
usual measuring lines 
which are intersected 
by lines drawn at right angles to B-6 in the eleva¬ 
tion from similarly numbered intersections in the 
joint line in the elevation. Trace a line through 
the points thus obtained, as shown by J L M, then 
will 1, J, L, M, 1 be the desired pattern of which 
two will be required both formed the same way, 
allowing laps for seaming, riveting and soldering. 



Fig. 113.—Perspective View of 
Finished Elbow. 





















































12C 


THE NEW TINSMITH'S HELPER 


True Angle of an Oblique Leader Elbow 

This is an interesting problem in leader work 
and herewith is the solutioh of the problem as 
taught in the Gray’s Correspondence School of 
Sheet Metal Pattern Drafting, New York City. 

First draw a plan of 
the corner of the build¬ 
ing shown in Fig. 114; 
establish two points an 
equal distance from the 
corner of the building, 
designated A and B; 


Side Elevation 




Pla n 

\.., I 



Fig. 114. —The First Steps in the Procedure. 


draw a line through these two points, intersecting 
the center line of both arms of the elbow at 1 
and 2. The next operation is to draw the front 
elevation, the center line of the elbow is all that 
is wanted as shown by line 4* 3 and 3 5. Con¬ 
nect 4 X and 5, this line will represent the pitch 
of the elbow. Now, draw the side elevation to 












































LEADERS AND GUTTERS 


127 



Fig. i i 5.—The Desired Elbow. 


the right of the plan, as shown; distance 7 8 is the 
same as 3 4* in the front elevation in this case, 
but may be otherwise, and line 8 9 is the pitch of 
the center line of the el¬ 
bow in this view. 

The true angle of the 
elbow is now found by 
taking the distance of 
line 7 to 8 of the side 
elevation and placing it 
on line 3 4*, measuring 
from 4 X , giving point X, 
in the front elevation. 

Now take the full length 
of line 3 to X and place in the true angle diagram. 
Again, take the distance of line 1 2 in the plan. 
Fig. 114, and place at right angles to line 3 X in 

Fig. 115. Take the distance 4 to 
5 in the front elevation and place 
it at 4 5 in the true angle dia¬ 
gram by swinging a small arc of 
this radius as shown. Do the 
same with distance of line 89 of 
side elevation getting the point 
of intersection of the two arcs as 
4 8. Then 5 4 8 9 X is the true 
angle sought for. 

Bisect this angle. Draw the rest of the elbow as 
shown and develop the pattern in Fig. 116 as previ¬ 
ously directed in the other chapters. The pattern 
being the same for both arms of the elbow; it can 
be of any desired length. 



Fig. 116. —The Pattern 
of Elbow. 









128 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

Sizes and Other Facts About Leaders 

A good rule to follow for quickly computing the 
size to be allowed for a leader is to figure up to 
eighteen hundred square feet of roof area for a 
three-inch round leader or its equivalent in area for 
a square-shaped leader. From eighteen hundred to 
two thousand two hundred and fifty square feet for 
a three and one-half inch round leader or its equiva¬ 
lent in square leader. From two thousand two 
hundred and fifty to three thousand square feet for 
a four-inch round leader or its equivalent in square 
leader. From three thousand to five thousand 
square feet for a five-inch round leader or its equiv¬ 
alent in square leader. From five thousand to seven 
thousand square feet for a six-inch round leader or 
its equivalent in square leader. Horizontal leaders 
should he larger and should he set with as much in¬ 
clination as possible from the horizontal. 

It is to he understood that judgment should tell 
what size leader to use when the roof area passes 
from one size or factor to another. For it is more 
economical to use, say, a four-inch leader for three 
thousand square feet of roof area; hut, however, a 
five-inch leader would give a greater factor of 
safety in case of an unusual rainfall. 

It is not considered good practice to use leaders 
less than three inches in diameter because of the 
danger of stoppage or freezing. Two-inch leaders, 
however, are often used for small porch roofs or 
the gutters on turret skylights. In corrugated lead¬ 
er, the corrugations are not figured hut the smallest 
diameter of the pipe is called the size of the leader. 


/ 


LEADERS AND GUTTERS 


129 


A Plain Leader Head 

Where just utility and not appearance is requisite 
the leader head shown in Fig. 117 is ideal, inasmuch 



as there are no members forming ledges on which 
damp dirt would accumulate, which naturally 
would hasten the decay of the head. This is espe¬ 
cially true of the tube connection and attention is 

























































130 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

called to the manner of making this connection so 
that the flow of water is not retarded and all shelves 
in the leader are eliminated. 

The pattern is obtained, as in Fig. 118, by draw¬ 
ing the side elevation, the front elevation and the 

inverted plan, as 
shown. The pat¬ 
terns are devel¬ 
oped by placing 
stretchout adjoin¬ 
ing the various 
views and pro¬ 
jecting the points 
in like position in 
various views to 
pattern, as shown. 

The true an¬ 
gle along the hip, 
or miter, of the 
front with the 
side — the back 
and side natural¬ 
ly being a right 
angle — is found 
by projecting an 
oblique elevation. 
Assume any two points on the side and front of 
head as indicated in the inverted plan. Project 
these to base line of oblique elevation. Project 
a line at right angle to hip line from the point 
in base line to touch the hip line and through the 
point in the base line, parallel to hip line, draw 












































LEADERS AND GUTTERS 


131 


line as shown; on one side of the line place a point 
equaling the dis¬ 
tance to one side of 
hip in the inverted 
plan and the other 
side equaling the 

Other, Complete the Fig. up..—Pattern of Tube, 

triangle, which gives 

the true angle as indicated by 
arrow points. 

The tube pattern is obtained 
differently from the ordinary 
methods and in this way: 

Any vertical line is drawn as 
a b in Fig. 119, which is the same 
length as ab in Fig. 118. At 
right angles to this line and 
through b a line is drawn so that 
to each side of a b there is one- 
half of the top of the tube as 
Another 

line is drawn at right angles 
to a b and through b, with 
one-eighth of the stretchout 
of the bottom or circular 
part of the tube to either 
side of a b. The pattern is 
completed as shown, and, 
although the bottom line 
should be a curve, this meth¬ 
od is accurate enough for 

. r 1 . 1 Fig. 121.—Slightly 

that part of the tube IS COV- Different Design. 




Fig. 120. —Method of 
Joining the Parts. 


c d in Fig. 118. 






















132 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


ered by the leader and to develop by triangulation 
would take too long. 

Fig. 120 shows how the various parts are joined 
in the assembling operations, altogether making the 
most substantial leader head imaginable. Should, 
however, it be desired that the head be somewhat 
less plain in appearance the large straight part 
could be slightly curved which would give a more 
ornamental effect, as shown in Fig. 121. This dia¬ 
gram portrays the old style method of joining the 
tube which could be easily altered to the method 
described in the foregoing. Naturally the pattern 
developing procedure is similar. 


Heavy Sheet Iron Gutter for Gravel Roof 

If it is assumed that the section given in Fig. 122 
is at the high end, a fall to the outlet would be 
obtained by allowing for a pitch at b and c d in the 
usual manner. The gravel guard c is bent, as 



shown, as this shape has 
been proved to be effec¬ 
tive for preventing the 
gravel from being washed 
or blown into the gutter 
and was the easiest shape 
to form. The material 
being so heavy there is no danger of this guard 
being crushed by any one treading on it. 


Kig. 1 22 .—Heavy Sheet Iron 
Gutter on a Gravel Roof. 




LEADERS AND GUTTERS 133 

Rather than cut this guard to allow the J / 8 x i-inch 
galvanized band iron braces to pass through, the 
braces are bent as indicated, for at a test it was 
found that they had sufficient rigidity at the bend g 
to resist all strains. All braces are formed and 
punched exactly alike, and when handable lengths 
of the gutter are assembled in the shop these braces 
are riveted on, as shown, and by simply keeping the 
bend g against the gravel guard, when drawing the 
rivet through the gutter flange, the front of the 
gutter naturally will be straight, when bolt / is put 
in. The rivet is soldered to the underside of the 
gutter flange to make it watertight, although there 
would be little danger of a leak at this point for 
there would be plenty of tar around the brace. The 
gutter being so heavy the braces are for this reason 
spaced 2 ft. apart. Obviously by placing the braces 
in position before the lengths of gutter left the shop, 
the gutter is not forced out of shape in shipping, 
and they materially assist in handling and hoisting. 
The threads of the bolts, holding the braces, should 
be upset to prevent loosening of the nuts. 

When the gravel roofer has run on all his felt 
the gutter lengths are set in place, the flange nailed 
every 3 inches with roofing nails and a heavy wood 
screw driven through the hole in the other end of 
the brace, as shown. All seams are now riveted 
where access would allow, and heavily soldered; 
likewise outlets are soldered in and connected to the 
leaders. The gravel roofer, prior to spreading his 
hot tar and pushing in the gravel, swabs a generous 
quantity of hot tar along the gutter flange and 


134 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


around the braces and before the tar is cool a heavy 
strip of felt is placed so as to cover the gutter flange 
down to the gravel guard and up to the roof a few 
inches. This felt strip also covers the braces. As 
this would be the weak point of the roof, especial 
care should be used to thoroughly tar in here. 


Developing the Square and Angle Miter Patterns 

for Plain Gutter 

The methods used to make a square miter for a 
plain gutter are shown in Kig. 123. It is to be un- 

if derstood that although 
slightly different in de¬ 
sign, the methods here 
'explained can be used 
to cut the patterns for 
a gutter shown in the 
last problem. A profile 
is first laid out full 
size, as shown at a, 1, 
9, 10 and 11, Fig. 123. 
The angles 9, 10, II, 
represent the angle 
made by the pitch of 
the roof, that is, if the 
roof pitch is 9 inches in 
12 inches, then the rise 
from 10, 11 should be 
so laid out. a is the 
bead for which 1 Fl¬ 
inch of stock is allowed when wired with a 
inch rod. The front side of the gutter being 



Fig. 123.—Square*Miter for Plain 
Gutter. 














LEADERS AND GUTTERS 13if 

curved, is spaced into any number of equal spaces, 
as shown by i, 2, 3, 4 to 9. Of course, 7 to 9 is 
really flat and number 8 could be omitted but num¬ 
ber 8 is used here to better explain the procedure, 
in case it was round. 

The line 9 to 10 is the back of the gutter and is 
straight. The line 10 to 11 is also straight and 
represents the roof angle. Draw vertical lines as 
shown from the numbered points, lay out the stretch¬ 
out line as shown by a', 10', n', in Fig. 123, 
making the spaces on the line marked 1', 2' to 10', 
n' in each instance equal to the spaces 1, 2 and 
10, 11 on the profile. Now, through these points, 
on the vertical stretchout line, draw horizontal line 
to intersect the vertical lines from the profile. 
Thus, horizontal line from say, 3' on stretchout 
line is to intersect vertical line dropped from point 
3 on the profile, and so on. 

Then a line drawn through the points of inter¬ 
section will be the pattern. It will be noticed that 
at a the diameter of the rod is laid off, a represent¬ 
ing a point in the center of the bead directly oppo¬ 
site 1. In laying out the stretchout \ l / 2 inches are 
allowed for the bead miter drawn as shown. Also 
notice that the points 1 to 3 are in a straight line, 
hence the points of intersection as, 1, 2, 3, 1', 2', 3' 
are on the same line, making the straight section on 
the top of the front side of the gutter. The line 9 
to 10 is also straight and is placed as shown in Fig. 
123. The line 10 to 11 is the pitch of the roof, and 
a vertical line is drawn through these points a? 
shown, intersecting the horizontal line 10', 1 T, which 


136 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


represents the points io and 11 on the stretchout 
line. Then the line drawn from the intersection 
points io, io' and n, ii\ as shown, gives the 
proper bevel for the pattern. It probably would 
have been better to have the pattern placed much 
more below the profile so that the pattern would' 

not touch the profile, how¬ 
ever, the outline of the pat- 
1/ ky ! tern is easily distinguished 

from the profile. 






9 


T t i I T *1 

! !\» • S i ' 


, t i t 

i | 1 ‘ ^ u.\ J ' Uu 

3T 4 

rJ 

\ \ \ r 


4 — 1 - 
. -k- J* 







Yr*-' -'j— 

w*f--- t-‘ 

VWr- 


n 




\ 


Fig. 124.— Angle Miter for a Plain Gutter. 


The method used when the miter is to be other 
than a right angle is shown in Fig. 124. Let A B be 
the miter line on the angle required. Then place 
the stretchout as shown. Draw vertical lines from 
points in the profile to the angle line and draw the 
stretchout lines a n' at right angles to the vertical 
lines on the profile, also vertical lines from points 
on the stretchout line from a to 11', placed at dis¬ 
tances equal to the spaces in the profile, as shown. 
Draw horizontal lines from the several points of 
intersection on miter line as shown, then a line 
drawn through the intersection will be the pattern 
required. This method can also be used for a right 
angle by placing the miter line at an angle of 45 deg. 








LEADERS AND GUTTERS 


137 


Straight Eaves Trough Tube Pattern and 
Opening in Trough 

With most mechanics the usual procedure would 
be to roll up and seam a straight tube small enough 
to slip easily into the leader. They would then lay 
a length of the trough upside down on the bench 
and, while holding the tube in position against the 
bottom of the trough with one hand, they would 
scribe around the tube with a compass. The com¬ 
pass would be held steadily against the trough bot¬ 
tom so that the correct varying line would be 
marked on the tube. 

The tube would then be trimmed on this line 
with the tinner’s snips. A quarter inch line would 
now be scribed along the irregular cut of the tube 
for a guide line in flanging. This flanging would 
be done by holding the tube to the mark against 
any sharp block of iron or bench stake. Then, 
with the peen of the hammer a flange would be 
thrown off the irregularly cut end of the tube. 

The tube is again held to the bottom of the 
trough as before, only this time at the correct place 
on the trough. A line is then scribed around the 
inside of the tube onto the bottom of the trough. 
Now, while the helper holds a block of wood or a 
lead cake against the part of the trough to be cut 
out, the mechanic chisels along the scribed line. 
Or else, a small hole is first cut within the scribed 
line and the balance cut out with a tinner’s circular 
snips. The tube would then be inserted in the hole 
in the trough and the flange heavily soldered. 


138 


THE NEW TINSMITH S HELPER 


A better way is to draw a section of trough and 
the tube, as in Fig. 125; also the half profile of the 




Fig. 126. —Opening 
in Trough. 


jected from the points 1 to 4 up to the trough. A 
horizontal stretchout line is now drawn and twelve 
spaces of the half profile placed thereon as 4 to 4. 
Vertical lines are erected from these points and are 

in turn intersected by lines pro¬ 
jected across from the section of 
the trough, which completes the 
pattern for the tube. 

To develop the opening in the 
trough, draw a line as 4'-4' in Fig. 
126, and beginning at some point near the middle set 
off each way the spaces F-4' in the half profile and 
through the points draw indefinite perpendiculars, on 
each of which set off, measuring from and on each 
side of 4'-4', the half distances through the tube at 
these points taken from the half profile. As from 1' 
set off to 1", in Fig. 125, and from 2' set off 2 to 2" 
and etc. Connecting the points thus located will 
produce the net pattern for the opening. 



























LEADERS AND GUTTERS 


139 


Flaring Eaves Trough Tube 

The problem, as presented in Fig. 127, which 
shows an end view of the trough with the flaring 
tube, is for a geometrical proposition of a frustum 
of a right cone, intersecting a cylinder their axes 
being at right angles. Draw the elevation and con¬ 
tinue the outlines of the tube until they intersect the 
center line as at A. Bisect the line that represents 
the base of the cone or d'-d and with this point as 
center and radius to d describe a half profile of the 
base. Space half this semi-circle into a number of 
equal spaces and project the points, parallel with 
the center line, to the base of the cone, as a', b ', and 
etc., and from the points on the base draw lines to 
apex A, and where these lines or elements cross the 
trough as g, j, e, d, will be miter points between the 
two pieces. The miter points are all, excepting d, 
located on fore-shortened lines or those that do not 
show their true lengths. To find the true lengths or 
distances the points are from the apex, the points 
are revolved around the cone by projecting them at 
right angles to the center line in elevation, to one of 
the outlines which is a true length. As g is pro¬ 
jected to A-d and then A -g° is the true length of 
A-g; f is similarly projected and then A -f° will be 
the true length of A-f, and etc. 

With A as center and radius to d, describe an in¬ 
definite arc on which place four times the lengths of 
the spaces in the quarter profile and from the 
points draw lines to the apex, and these lines will 
correspond to the elements of the cone, as shown. 


140 THE NEW TINSMITH'S HELPER 

With A as center, radially transfer or radially pro¬ 
ject the points on the outline A -d to lines of corre¬ 
sponding letters. Connect the intersections and 
then will d-d v -x-x f be the net pattern of the flar¬ 
ing tube. At the ends material is added for a 
groove seam and to x-x' material for a joint to 



the leader. To d-d v an allowance is made for a 
flange to rivet the tube to the trough; all these 
allowances are shown by dotted lines in the pattern, 
which, of course, can vary according to conditions. 

To develop the opening in the trough it is first 
necessary to find the half distance through the miter 
points on the intersection and a part plan of this 
intersection is requisite. To avoid confusion of 





























LEADERS AND GUTTERS 141 

lines the left half of P is used and corresponding 
points lettered the same. From a draw lines to 
the points on the profile of the base as a'-a, a'-b ", 
a'-c f and, etc., and these lines will be the plans of 
the elements of corresponding lines in the elevation. 
By projecting the miter points, parallel with the cen¬ 
ter line, to their corresponding plan elements will 
locate the miter points in the plan. As /' is located 
on A -b°, it is projected to the corresponding line 
a-b" and its location will be /" in the plan and the 
distance b°-f" will be the half distance through 
the cone, front to back through the point /' and etc. 
The distance through g will be g-g ". 

In Fig. 128 draw a line and from some point near 
the middle begin to set off, each way, the spaces 
g-f, f-e, and e-d in Fig. 127. g to d being the 
amount in length on the trough that half the tube 
intersects, and through the points draw indefinite 
perpendiculars. Measuring on each side of and 
from the intersections on d-g-d transfer the half 
distances through the cone on similarly lettered 
points to perpendiculars of the same letters. As 
from e, set off from / set off f"-b° and etc. 

Connecting the points obtained in this manner will 
result in the net pattern for the opening in the 
trough for the tube. 

The straight part of tube is just a rectangular 
piece, its width to be equal to the height required 
and its length or girth equal to the distance from 
X' to X of the pattern in Fig. 127. There would be 
no lap allowed where this straight tube joins the 
flaring tube as the pattern in Fig. 127 has the lap. 


142 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Developing the Patterns and Making Right- 
Angle Eave Trough Miters 
Eave troughs are usually made half round or semi¬ 
circular with a bead on the front edge, there being 
two kinds of right angle miters. An outside miter 
to fit an exterior or external angle, as Fig. 129, and 



Fig. 129.— Outside miter. Fig. 130-— Inside Miter. 


an inside miter to fit an interior or internal angle, 
as Fig. 130. Naturally, these remarks refer also to 
miters at other than a right angle. 

When the pattern for either is developed the pat¬ 
tern for the other naturally results from the same 
process, being simply the reverse cut or the piece 
cut away from the one. 

The method here used is the short method in 
which the patterns are said to be produced directly 
from the profile. Technically, this statement is not 
correct, but as error cannot occur it probably is just 
as well to continue describing the method or process 
in that manner. By this it is meant that according 
to the strict geometrical method, the lines from the 
profile should be first dropped to a miter line, thence 
to the pattern stretchout; instead of directly to the 
pattern from the profile. 

As in Fig. 131, draw the profile so that the top 
edge will be horizontal or level and the back at 19 
be as high as the head at 8. If there is enough mate- 



LEADERS AND GUTTERS 


143 


rial it will make a better trough if the back is as 
high as c. To strengthen the edge an angle is some¬ 
times turned as at b. The circular part of the trough 



































144 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


At right angles to the top of the profile draw a 
line as i19' and transfer to this line all the 
spaces in the profile, including a division between 14 
and 15, as a, which has been projected from E to 
locate the bottom center and will be the point on 
the pattern edge where a convex curve will join a 
concave curve. From all the points on 119' draw 
parallel lines that are at right angles to 1 '-19' and 



Fig. 132.—Nesting Outside 
Miter Pattern. 


Fig. 133.— Nesting Inside 
Miter Patterns. 


are parallel to the top of the trough. Project at 
right angles and to these parallel lines the points in 
the profile having the same numbers. As to line 2' 
project point 2, to line 3' point 3, to line 12' point 
12, etc. Connecting these intersections will produce 
the net patterns as shown by the inside and outside 
miter patterns. 

There are several ways to put the parts together, 
one of which is to cut both parts on the net lines as 
A, Fig. 132, and B', Fig. 133, butt them together 
and solder a seam strip or butt strap over the joint. 
Another way is to leave a lap on one piece as in A' 
and B in which the bead is cut on the net edge and 









LEADERS AND GUTTERS 


145 


butted, sometimes leaving a lip as d and e to bend 
onto the adjoining bead and then be soldered. The 
lap allowed must be turned, half in and half out, to 
fit the adjoining piece. 

A third way to join the pieces is by a double seam, 
and when this is done the amount of lap or seam 
allowance on one piece is twice that on the other 
piece, and the two parts are put together in a man¬ 
ner similar to an elbow, but with the seam flattened. 
The laps or edges must in this case be turned full 
or the beads will gap and not come together. 

To save material outside miters are cut from 
sheets as at A and A' and inside miters as at B and 
B', and are formed right and left if formed before 
beading, or beaded right and left if beaded before 
forming. 

The material for trough miters should always be 
trimmed so that opposite edges are parallel, and 
after beading and forming, temporary braces should 
be soldered in them so they will retain their shapes 
free from twists, and the edges 8 and 19 must be 
parallel and in line with each other when viewed 
along the arrow pointer N, Fig. 129. The pieces are 
to be formed to profile as nearly as possible, for a 
trough miter should be true to shape, and if not true 
it will result in high, low and twisted joints or joints 
with the front or back, that are high or low where 
it joins the main trough in spite of all a workman 
can do to prevent such conditions when out on a job. 

It may be well to state that should a roof flange 
be required, as in Fig. 124, the procedure would 
not vary in the least from the foregoing. 


CHAPTER VII 

Co mice Problems 


Describing an Ogee and Cove Molding 

It is not intended to include expositions on archi¬ 
tectural subjects in this treatise, nevertheless the 
sheet metal worker is called upon to do quite some 
designing and drafting when engaged in making 
sheet metal w r ork for the ornamentation of building, 
and he should, therefore, read good books on archi¬ 
tecture. One of the subjects of importance is the 
designing of moldings and, as w r ith all things, au¬ 
thorities differ as to what is correct; however a good 
book giving the various designs should be at hand. 

The system best suited for sheet metal working is 
that in which all rounds and the like are composed 
of parts of circles which allows greater ease and 
accuracy in bending on the usual machines. Now, 
the ogee and cove are the most common members 
and indeed the basis of the other types; so in Fig. 
134 is detailed one method of drafting a molding 
composed of such members as w r ell as straight mem¬ 
bers like fillets and fascias. Just w r hat proportions 
to give these members depends a good deal on what 
authority is consulted or other factors. 

The first thing to do is to draw a vertical line, gen¬ 
erally called the wall line, as A B, and place thereon 
the vertical dimensions of the members. Draw hori¬ 
zontal lines through these points and, measuring 

146 



CORNICE PROBLEMS 


147 


from A B on the topmost line, place thereon the de¬ 
sired projection of the molding, as C. Draw line 
C D and continue downward dotted to E. Draw 
diagonal line E F at 45 deg. Line F G is now drawn 
and diagonal line G D. Draw horizontal line H I 



and vertical line K L. Using H as center, describe 
quarter-circle D J \ using I as center, describe quar- 
. ter-circle J G, completing the ogee member. 

Continue line from G to M and dotted to N. 
Draw 45 deg. diagonal N O. Draw O P, and now 
using N as center, describe quarter-round M P. 
Finish the other members as shown. 


















148 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


A Square Miter 

One of the most important miters in cornice work 
is the square return miter, and Figs. 135A and 135B 
show how that kind of a miter may be laid out. 
Of course, line A B of Fig. 135A could be extended 
downward and the pattern stretchout, A B of Pig. 

13511, placed there¬ 
on and the points 
in the profile pro¬ 
jected downward 
about as is ex¬ 
plained in the gut¬ 

ter problems of the 
preceding chapter, 
d'he method here 
expounded is very 

useful, as the 

chances are al¬ 

ways about even 
that this scheme 
must be employed 
to the other; espe¬ 
cially as many me¬ 
chanics first draw the profile on paper and then 

develop the pattern directly on the sheet metal with 

a steel square and scratch awl. 

Another good reason for using this system of 

• 

carrying the distances rather than projecting them 
to the parallel lines of the stretchout is, in cornice 
work often the detail is exceedingly large and com¬ 
posed of many profiles and members, and by this 

















CORNICE PROBLEMS 


149 


system each profile and member could be developed 
separately and where convenient. 



As the system applies, no matter how elaborate 
the design of the profile may be, a simple contour 






















150 


THE NEW TINSMITH S HELPER 


was adopted to better explain the procedure. Draw 
line A B in Fig. 135A and place thereon the heights 
of the members and complete the profile as directed 
by the diagram. Divide the quarter round or cove 
into equal spaces and number all points as shown in 

Fig. I 35 A. 

Now, in Fig. 135B, draw the vertical line A B and 
place thereon the stretchout, from o to 14 of the 
profile in Fig. 135A. Draw horizontal lines through 
these points indefinitely, always measuring from 
line A B, in Fig. 135 a, to numbered points, carry 
the various horizontal distances to like horizontal 
lines in Fig. 135B. For instance—00' of Fig. 135A 
is 00' of Fig. 135B, and 2 2' of Fig. 135A is 2 2' of 
Fig. I35B. Note, however, that point 14 is on 
the other side of line A B in both Fig. 135A and 
Fig. 1350 - 

Having obtained these points in this manner, a 
line is traced through them which is the outline of 
the miter cut. The length of pattern can be as de¬ 
sired, as shown by line C D of Fig. 135B. Note 
also how small circles are placed on those horizontal 
lines which are bending lines, so that there is some 
sort of a guide to indicate these lines when dotting 
out on the metal; and, naturally, it is to be under¬ 
stood that if so desired the process of Fig. 135B 
can be done direct on the sheet metal after Fig. 
135B was drawn precisely as explained, and where 
convenient, as aforementioned. 

As explained in connection with the eaves trough 
problem, an inside miter would be the reverse cut 
to the right of Fig. 135B. 


CORNICE PROBLEMS 


151 


A Butt Miter Against a Curved Surface. 

Ihe problem discussed here, Fig. 136, is exactly 
like the angle-face miter following. It is intended 
that this problem will show that the plane or miter 
line against which the parallel measuring lines of 
miter problems butt, 
need not be a straight 
line or surface, but can 
be a curve or, indeed, 
another molding. This 
problem is also intend¬ 
ed to show the meas¬ 
uring lines projected 
direct to the parallel 
lines of the stretchout, 
as discussed in the pre¬ 
ceding problem. 

The curved surface 
is described with A as 
center. Note, also, 
that members in the 
pattern, as, 1 to 2, 6 to 
7 and 8 to 9, have 
curved outlines at the 
butt miter of equal 
radius to the curved 

surface and the center for the radius of each 
is found, for instance, by using 7" as center and 
striking an arc on line dropped from A, giving 
center A'. 



Fig. 136.—A Curved Surface 
Miter. 













152 


THE NEW TINSMITH'S HELPER 


Miter at an Angle in Plan 

Next in importance to the square return miter is 
that of a miter at an angle in plan, other than a 
right angle or square return. The principles ex¬ 
plained in connection with this problem and de¬ 
lineated in Fig. 137 and Fig. 138 not only apply to 
a case like this, but also to many other situations. 



Fxc. 137.—Elevation of Molding and Miter Line. 


For instance, a butt miter at an angle in plan; as, 
if this profile was the horizontal molding of a bay 
window butting against a wall, the miter line A B, 
in Fig. 137, would represent the wall line. And 
again, in butt miter cases, miter line A B might be 
curved just the reverse of the preceding problem. 

























CORNICE PROBLEMS 


153 


or another molding, or many other diverse objects. 

As for the square return miter, the pattern of Fig. 
138 could be developed by projecting lines from the 
miter line direct to the stretchout line, as was done 
in one of the preceding prob¬ 
lems. However, it was the in¬ 
tention of the original author to 
explain a common shop prac¬ 
tice of carrying distances, as he 
explains in the elbow problems. 

Therefore, draw the required 
profile, as in Fig. 137, and also 
the given angle, which in the 
diagram is an octagon angle, as 
shown. Bisect this angle and 
obtain the miter line A B. Di¬ 
vide the round of the profile 
into equal spaces and number 
the entirp profile and drop lines 
to miter line. Establish any 
horizontal line as C D. 

Now, as in Fig. 138, draw a 
vertical line E F with the 
stretchout on it of the profile, 
then measuring always from this 
line CD, in Fig. 138, carry the 
distances from the plan in Fig. 

137 to like numbered lines of Fig. 138. To ex¬ 
plain: i° 1 00 of Fig. 137 is 1 i° in Fig. 138; also, 
15 0 15 00 in Fig. 137 is 15 15 0 of Fig. 138 and so on. 
The small circles on certain lines indicate where 
square or angle bends are to be made. 



Fig. 138.—The Net 
Pattern. 


























154 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


A Square Face Miter 

In Fig. 139 is given a profile often employed in 
panel work, and if the pattern for the face miter 
was to be developed by projecting lines from the 
profile to the parallel lines of the stretchout line, the 

stretchout line 
would then be 
drawn at right an¬ 
gles to line A B of 
Fig. 139 and the 
projecting lines 
would be a con¬ 
tinuance of those 
lines like 00'. 

That is to say, 
the parallel lines 
through the stretch¬ 
out line points 
would be parallel 
to the dotted lines 
in Fig. 139. So, 
then, to carry the 
distances, simply 
take the lengths of 
these dotted lines. In Fig. 140, line A B is the 
stretchout line, with the parallel lines at right an¬ 
gles to it and through the stretchout points, as 
shown by o to 17 Fig. 140. 

Carry the lengths from like numbered lines in 
Fig. 139 to Fig. 140; thus, oo 1 Fig. 139 is o o' Fig. 
140, 11 11* Fig. 139 is 11 ii x Fig. 140, etc. 



Fig. 139.—The Profile and Lengths. 




















CORNICE PROBLEMS 


155 


Note the small circles to indicate the bending 
lines, and it might be said that some cutters indicate 



as shown by the dotted lines. Laps cut so will not 
interfere with the bending or soldering operations, 
but give the best assistance. 


























156 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Angle-Face Miter 

The cutting of pattern, or rather the developing 
of the surfaces of solids, is merely the manipulating 
of certain geometrical principles and the application 
of the science of orthographic projection to accom¬ 
plish desired results. In the preceding problem ad¬ 
vantage was taken of a situation, so to speak, in 



projection, which allows of using shorter methods 

to arrive at desired results. Now, strictly speaking, 

and as mentioned elsewhere in this book in connec- 

• 

tion with such problems, that method is not abso¬ 
lutely in accord with true projection, which might 
also be said of the square return miter, although a 
strictly correct pattern is obtained in both cases by 
this procedure. 

The correct method is to use a miter line, and in 



















CORNICE PROBLEMS 157 

face miter problems the line is situated as shown 
in Fig. 141. In that diagram A B is the given angle, 
which is bisected to get the miter line C D. The 
given profile is shown at the right of this line with 



14 

Fig. 142.—Pattern of Angle-Face Miter. 


its division points 1 to 14, which are projected 
across horizontally to the miter line. The angle 
A C B is bisected according to the method given in 
Fig. 6, in the chapter on geometry. 

























158 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

0 

Assume any measuring line which would he verti¬ 
cal and established, as indicated by line E F. hor 
the pattern draw where convenient a vertical line on 
which is placed the stretchout of the profile I to 14, 
in Fig. 141, as shown by line with o to 14 division 
points, in Fig. 142. Draw indefinite horizontal lines, 
and, measuring from line E F to miter line Cl) of 
Fig. 141, carry the distances to Fig. 142, measur¬ 
ing from the vertical stretchout line. Like this, 
point 2 in Fig. 141 is measured from 2' to 2" and 
placed from 2 to 2' in I ; ig. 142, and so forth. 

It is to be understood that this problem is the 
basis of numerous other miter cuts—the apex of a 
gable molding, the bottom cut of a gable molding 
finishing on a horizontal line, the cut of a horizontal 
dormer window molding against a pitch roof and 
many other like miters. 

There are three distinct methods of cutting pat¬ 
terns, or rather, developing the surfaces of solids, 
to wit: Parallel line system, radial line system and 
triangulating system. The few foregoing problems 
were in the category of parallel line problems or 
miter cutting. Now, the parallel line system can 
be divided into several divisions. One division in 
which these problems enter, a simple elevation or 
plan of the joint gave the miter line and its relation 
to the profile—if no miter was used a series of 
measuring lines would be employed. 

A considerable number of problems would be 
comprehended in another division in which quite 
some preliminary work is requisite before cutting 
the pattern and a few are to follow. 


CORNICE PROBLEMS 


159 


Raking Miter 

One of the best courses in sheet metal pattern 
drafting is that of Gray’s School of Correspon¬ 
dence, and among the one hundred and twenty-five 
or more plates are several teaching the cutting of 
different cases of raking miters, one of which is that 
of Fig. 143 a. This is a typical case of such miters 
and applies when the normal profile is placed in the 
inclined molding, thus raking or changing, or as 
some call it, modifying the profile of the horizontal 
molding. 

Quite a number of problems are in the class of 
raking miters; however, the underlying principles 
are practically the same in all raking problems. 
That is, conditions perforce certain requirements 
as, say, the inclination of the gable and whether the 
given or normal profile is to be in the gable or hor¬ 
izontal molding, and so forth. Or again, the hor¬ 
izontal molding can miter at other than a right 
angle, or there is to be a raked return at the apex of 
the gable and so on. 

First draw profile and elevation of foot mold and 
erect center line. Next draw line C, the angle re¬ 
quired intersecting 8 in modified profile, and con¬ 
tinue line to center line. Place normal profile A on 
line C so that point 8 intersects line C. Space profile 
A into any convenient number of equal spaces, as 
shown by i to 16; place T square parallel with line 
C; draw lines through all spaces intersecting center 
line and foot mold, drawing lines from 8 to 16 
indefinitely for modified profile. Next draw plan. 


160 


THE NEW TINSMITH'S HELPER 


placing normal profile A on line D, as shown; draw 
miter line in plan the angle required, draw lines 



16 6 

Fig. 143A.—Developing the Pattern for a Raking Miter. 


from spacings in profile 8 to 16 intersecting miter 
line; place T square at right angles to line D; draw 






























CORNICE PROBLEMS 


161 


lines from intersections in miter line of plan, also 
intersecting lines of corresponding numbers drawn 
from normal profile A in elevation. Drawing lines 
through the intersecting points will give modified 
profile B. Draw stretchout line E and place spac- 
ings on same i to 16 from normal profile A. Draw 
lines through all spacing^ in stretchout line at right 
angles to line E indefi¬ 
nitely. Place T square 
parallel with line E; 
draw lines from all 
points in modified profile 
intersecting lines of cor¬ 
responding numbers in 
stretchout B, also draw 
lines from all points in 
miter line F to lines of 
corresponding numbers 
in stretchout. Drawing 
lines through the intersecting points will give the 
patterns B and F, as shown in pattern A, just above 
the elevation, Fig. 143A. 

To develop the pattern of the horizontal molding, 
draw a horizontal line, as in Fig. 143B, and place 
thereon spacings of modified profile B, as o to 16. 
Draw the vertical lines shown and then taking the 
various distances from the line D to the miter line 
in the plan of Fig. 143A, place them on the stretch¬ 
out line of Fig. 143B. 

From o to 8 of Fig. 143B is the foot mold pat¬ 
tern ; shown from number o to the dotted line in the 
plan, Fig. 143 a. 



Fig. 143B. —Developing the 
Horizontal Molding Pattern. 



























162 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Gable Molding on Square Tower 

As was stated in the foregoing article, Gray’s 
School of Sheet Metal Pattern Drafting teaches by 
numerous specimen plates of the highest possible 
order that it is possible to make, and in Fig. 144, 
herewith, is presented the school s lesson on an in¬ 
teresting problem in gable molding cases. Note 
that the miter at the apex, or rather ridge, bears 
out the statement made in connection with the prob¬ 
lem in angle face miters that face miter cutting, 
as explained in that problem, would apply to the 
miter in this case at the ridge. 

First # draw elevation the pitch required, placing 
profile A on line C, as shown; space the curved 
parts of profile A in any convenient number of 
equal parts and draw lines through all points 
parallel with line C intersecting miter line E, and 
extend them indefinitely at D. Next draw profile 
B, as shown, spacing the curved part of file the same 
as profile A. Extend lines from all points in profile 
B intersecting lines of same numbers just drawn 
from profile A. Drawing lines through intersect¬ 
ing points will give miter line D. Draw stretchout 
line for pattern at right angles to line C and place 
spacings on same from profile A. Draw parallel lines 
indefinitely through all points in stretchout. Place 
T square at right angles to line C; draw lines from 
all points in miter lines E and D intersecting lines of 
corresponding numbers in stretchout. Drawing 
lines through the intersecting points will give pat¬ 
tern required. 


CORNICE PROBLEMS 


163 


The foregoing explanation had to do with the 
molding only for this problem. Should a pattern 
be wanted for the lower or tower proper, the pat- 



p IG I44 .—Developing the Pattern for a Gable Molding on a 

Square Tower. 


tern would be a duplication of the part of Fig. 144 
marked elevation. 1 he triangular roof part can be 
added to the pattern on line 9. 















164 


THE NEW TINSMITH S HELPER 


Hip Finials 

Only such drawings are used as will make clear 
the method of obtaining the patterns. Even though 
the design is simple, the patterns should be laid out 
with great care so that the finial will be true and 
firm when assembled. 



The end and side views of the finial are shown 
in Fig. 145, also the pattern of the face. As will 
be noted, the side elevation is stepped off as indi¬ 
cated by the points from 4 to 11. Lines are project¬ 
ed from these points to the front elevation, as 
shown, then the lines are run up or down as the 
case may be to the stretchout, as shown from point 
9. From point 9 up, the side of the finial is straight. 
The reason for stepping off the side is to get a true 





























CORNICE PROBLEMS 


165 


elevation of the face. The lines are then projected 
to the end view, which shows the miter lines at the 
corners of the end elevation. 

The pattern for the side is developed, as shown 
in L ig. 146, in which the treatment is reversed from 
the foregoing. 1 he points are stepped off on the 
end elevation. 

Then lines are 
projected to the 
side elevation and 
thence to the 
stretchout shown 
above the side 
view. 

The pattern for 
' the rear of the 
finial is as shown 
in Fig. 147. The 
pattern is shown 
with laps on the 
top and bottom. 

The top strip is 
developed as 
shown at A2 in Fig. 147, and to get the point the 
side elevation is stepped off, as shown from 1 to 9, 
then projected over to the end elevation and from 
there to the stretchout. Only 1, 2 and 3 need be 
projected to the face as that is the length of the 
flare. The rest is straight and can be struck off 
with a pencil and straight edge. 

To form up this finial the side pieces can be 
nicely shaped by running through rolls set lightly. 



























166 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

After the parts are all set together and are tacked 
with solder and the finial is found to be true, it can 
be more securely soldered and, if of large size, the 
finial should be riveted together and bosses the full 
length of the inside of the corners should be sol¬ 
dered in. These bosses not only strengthen the 



finial, but if the corner should ever spring a leak, 
they would throw the water off on the roof. For 
small finials under 18 inch in height, this bracing 
and bossing is not necessary, but for larger sizes 
they should be even more heavily braced, as more 
surface is exposed to the wind and storm. 

I inials are useful for ornamenting ridges, towers 
or other such parts of buildings and any number 
of designs can be thought of like crosses or other 
insignias for religious buildings, weather vanes, etc. 






















CORNICE PROBLEMS 


167 


The Gore Pattern for Balls 


The method given in Fig. 148 is the old-time tin¬ 
smith’s procedure. Another method would be by 
the parallel system of projecting lines from a gore. 

Erect perpendicular line H K equal to one-half 
the circumference of the ball; divide this line into 
one-half the number of pieces required in full ball; 




OO 

Fig. 148.—Pattern. 


Fig. 149.—Elevation. 


make the line V O equal to one of these pieces, cut¬ 
ting HK through the center at right angles; then 
with H and K as centers, with radius greater than 
one-half the distance K S, describe the two arcs 
B U; with V and O as centers, arcs R G; draw lines 
through these points, as shown by dotted lines. 
From points of intersection describe arcs H V K 
and H O K, and so obtain pattern for one piece. 
Allow for laps or seams. The more pieces used the 
better globe produced. Good results are obtained 
by slightly raising the pieces. Fig. 148 is the pat¬ 
tern and Fig. 149 shows the gores. 











CHAPTER VIII 

Skylights 

Single Pitch Skylight 

A number of very interesting and practical prob¬ 
lems on skylight work are given in the correspond¬ 
ence course offered by Gray's School of Sheet Metal 
Pattern Drafting, and they have been good enough 
to grant permission to reproduce two or three of 
these in the following pages. Those who wish 
to get a more extended exposition of skylight pat¬ 
tern problems than is given in this little treatise will 
do well to look into Gray’s School, and Volume 
VIII of the series entitled “Practical Sheet Metal 
Work and Demonstrated Patterns.” 

From the time saving standpoint, every one in¬ 
terested in skylight work should have the Full 
Sized Sheet Metal Patterns prepared by G. L. 
Gray, as they cover hip, gable and single pitch sky¬ 
lights with various stretchouts of profile, so that 
they may he made up in any size. Turrets, Lbuvres 
and Ventilator patterns are also included. The 
patterns are all full size and all the sheet metal 
worker has to do is lay them on the metal, make 
the proper allowance for distances between his 
measuring points, prick off the pattern with his 
awl, and cut out the patterns. 

Another timesaver is Smith’s Skylight and Roof 
Tables. This gives the lengths of hip and jack 

168 


SKYLIGHTS 


169 


bars at any of the standard pitches for any size 
skylight. All you have to do is, turn to the table 
containing the curb dimensions and you will get 
the length of either the common, jack or hip bar at 
a glance. 

Fig. 150 is a view of a single pitch skylight. In 
these problems the important part of the work is 
to make the sections and profiles properly and then 



Fig. 150.—Perspective of a Flat or Single Pitch Skylight. 


to make a plan showing the correct miter lines, as 
in Fig. 151. Although single pitch, or rather,- flat 
skylights, involve the elementary constructive char¬ 
acteristics of the entire category of skylights, they 
are nevertheless the fundamentals in the matter of 
constructive features, and much time and thought 
have been expended in experiments to simplify the 
design and learn a mode of expeditious handling. 

The cardinal principles to remember when design¬ 
ing any type of skylight are : 1 o design it of ample 

strength to resist imposed stresses or loads; sec¬ 
tions or profiles of curbs, bars and the like must be 
as simple as consistent with required strength to 
allow of rapid forming into shape on the brake and 
the girth to be such that they will cut out of sheets 
without waste. 












170 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


There are several kinds of flat skylights, and the 
one presented herewith is the most common style, 
that which is set on a raised curb of sufficient height 
above the roof to insure imperviousness to storms; 
the necessary pitch being in the roof proper. The 
dimensions and shapes of this design are ample for 
skylights of say eight feet in width, and it is to be 


6 


CO 



bid 


e 


P I 


a n 


FH! 


E 




• T 


jT 



■ 11 , 1 ' V ' IP 


Section 

- 

Fig. 151.—Design of a Flat or Single Pitch Skylight. 



understood that any length of the skylight is pos¬ 
sible for the construction of the roof proper gov¬ 
erns this factor, for with proper anchoring of the 
bottom curb of skylight to the roof curb the length 
is unlimited. The drainage of the roof back of the 
skylight, however, must be considered, for with 
ordinary widths a roof saddle would shed the water 
















































SKYLIGHTS 


171 


to either side of the skylight, whereas with a very 
long skylight it is best to employ the built-in type, 
so that the water would flow directly over it. As 
for the width, naturally, by reinforcing the bar with 
a core plate, as 
shown in the 
large section of 
a bar, a long bar 
can be used so 



—7 :y r>,', > / > s / / /\ 

■ /'S/S/'S// / / / / , 
' '//////s /// / / sA 


that the skylight 
width could be 
increased up to 
at least three¬ 
fold possible 
with the plain 
bar. A diagram, 
or section of 



7V/TV > f r*y T-r -r, 

/// ✓ '///'//// //, 

X/<//// 



3LJ 


Fig. 152.—Reinforced Far for Excessive 
Lengths. 


such bars is given in Fig. 152. Note the core plate 
of band iron, which should be thick enough to with¬ 
stand imposed stresses. 

Once it has been definitely decided how to design 
the constructive features of a skylight, to suit the 
peculiar conditions of the place where the skylight 
is to be installed, the pattern cutting can follow 
prescribed courses, for that is the least of the diffi¬ 
culties. 

Now, for the skylight shown in Fig. 151, let it 
be supposed that the sections as shown are as 
wanted. Then, the first pattern to be developed 
would be for the front, as given in Fig. 153. The 
stretchout of the front section is placed on a line 
as shown from 1 to 9, the usual parallel lines drawn 

















172 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

through these and the miter cut, as shown at the 
left of the pattern, can be developed either by pro- 



Fig. 153.—One of the Patterns. 


jecting lines direct to the pattern from the plan of 
the miter cut, as directed by like preceding prob¬ 
lems, or distances could be carried from the miter 
plan of Fig. 151 to Fig. 153 as directed in the elbow 


-*> 

* 

\ 



7 


6 • 

Side and Bach Pa-Hern 

— | 





\ *, 

) 


/ . 




L * 




\ i 

/ 


\ -: 

_/ 


Fig. 154.—Pattern for Two Parts. 


or cornice problems. Note that the cut would be 
the same at each bottom corner of the skylight, so 






































SKYLIGHTS 


173 


that the miter cut will be the same at each end of 
the pattern. 

For the pattern of the side and back—both have 
the same profile or section—the stretchout is placed 
on a line, as in Fig. 154, and the process repeated 
as directed for the front pattern. If the reader 
wishes to check up the development he can set his 
dividers to the length of each of the lines in Fig. 


/■ - ■ \ 


\ 

3 


\ 


/ • ; 




V 

Bar Pattern 

\ ’ 


/ 

/ 



(--—-a 


\-h 

Fig. 155 -— 

-The Last Pattern. 


154 and try the dividers on like lines in the plan, 
Fig. 151, making allowances, of course, for dis¬ 
crepancies due to the small size of the diagrams. 
Observe that there are two different cuts on this 
pattern, because the miter at the bottom is to fit to 
the miter of the front, while the other miter is to 
fit, at G Fig. 151, to the back. This means that 
when cutting out the back pattern, miter cut G Fig. 
154. is to be placed at both ends of the pattern. 
Two sides like Fig. 154 are required for each sky¬ 
light and are to be bent right and left. 

The pattern for the bar is developed likewise and 
would appear as shown in Fig. 155. The cap pat- 


















174 THE NEW TINSMITH'S HELPER 

tern, too, not given herewith, is developed in the 
same manner. Laps are to be provided on all pat¬ 
terns as experience may dictate and by adding a 
triangle piece to the pattern at line 8, Fig. 154, from 
a flat to a single pitch skylight is obtained. 

Gable Skylight. 

A perspective view of the gable skylight, or as it 
is often called, a double pitch skylight, is presented 
as big. 156. I he same remarks in the introduction 
to the skylight chapter anent constructions and so 
forth, are just as pertinent to this type as they are 
to the single pitch type. 

The design and patterns for a gable skylight, Fig. 
156, given in Fig. 157, are of an ideal construc- 



Fic. 156.—Perspective of a Gable Skylight. 


tion, and it may be said that a single pitch skylight 
can be made from these patterns by simply forming 
just a half ridge bar and carrying a straight back 
down from the ridge and forming a curb of like 
contour to the others. 

W hen ventilation is required it is customary to 
place a louvre frame in the sides, or gable ends, as 
shown in the sketch, or else an elbow can be turned 
out of each end and a ventilator top placed thereon. 
As may be seen, the gable end can be made in one 








SKYLIGHTS 


175 






























































176 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 
% 

piece, but it is best to make them in two pieces, as 
then they can be cut out and formed-up on the 



“---—-- trz 



Center Bar 


/I 


e 

( 8 




• 1 

\! 1 


* 

• 

X 

r 

/ 




•- 

- t—i 



Fig. 158.—A Typical Pattern. 


brake much more easily, also they cut out of the 
sheet with less waste. 

The end elevation in Fig. 157 shows the section 
of a gable; the ridge bar, B, and the bottom curb. 




Fig. 159*—A Stub Pattern. 


Fig. 160. —Another Stub 
Pattern. 


F157 also shows a plan of the skylight to portray 
the various joints. A pattern of one-half the gable 
end is also given in this diagram and the method of 
obtaining this pattern should be apparent. Note 
particularly that part C is not developed by project- 














































SKYLIGHTS 


177 


mg lines but by carrying distances, measuring from 
line C in both elevation and pattern. 

The center bar pattern is given in Fig. 158 and 
obtained in the usual manner; cut B being for the 
ridge end at B of Fig. 157. The curb pattern is 
given in Fig. 159 and the ridge bar in Fig. 160. The 
profiles are shown on each pattern, which is a good 
idea, as it instantly identifies the patterns. Laps 
should be allowed as required, as patterns are net. 

Jack and Rafter Bar for a Hipped Skylight 

Flipped skylights are one of the most important 
types made and a perspective view of such is given 
in Fig. 161. As a rule this type is set on a level 
roof curb for the four glazed sides provide the 
necessary inclination to shed snow and rain. Hip 



Fig. 161.—Perspective of a Hipped Skylight. 


skylights are quite popular and many mechanics 
claim that they can be much more easily made than 
a gable skylight and are stronger. 

As was stated before, the design is the essential 
requisite and in Fig. 162 is given a plan of a corner 
of a hipped skylight, showing the many joints in 
this type. A part elevation, or section*, is also 
shown in this diagram. Note that the ridge bar 
can be changed to a ventilator neck, if that is 







178 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

wanted; or, better still, for ventilation a ventilator 
can be placed directly over ridge bar. 

Draw elevation of jack bar at 1-3 pitch, which is 
8 inches in 12 inches; draw profile of the bar in 



elevation and draw lines through all points in this 
profile indefinitely as shown in Fig. 162. Place 
T square at right angles to jack bar in plan, draw 
lines from all points in miter lines of hip inter- 
























































SKYLIGHTS 


179 


secting lines of corresponding numbers in elevation. 
Drawing lines through the intersecting points will 



give the miter lines in elevation. Draw stretchout 
line for jack bar at right angles to jack bar in eleva¬ 
tion. Place T square at right 
angles to stretchout lines, draw 
lines from all points in miter lines 
of elevation intersecting lines of 
corresponding numbers in stretch¬ 
out. Drawing lines through the 
intersecting points will give the 
pattern for jack bar. Or, as in 
Fig. 163, ca/ry distances as ex¬ 
plained before. 

To make the pattern for jack 
bar it is not necessary to draw all 
the bars, as shown in plan. They 
are shown here more to clearly de¬ 
lineate how the many different 
bars should have their miters de- FlG, cirb‘T?tteri° ping 
veloped. The dotted lines in the 
jack bar pattern give the pattern for rafter bar be¬ 
tween hip bars. The rafter bar pattern is developed 


Curb Profile 










































180 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


on the same stretchout as jack bar. The dotted 
lines in the rafter bar pattern give the pattern for 
rafter bar against hip. 

The developing of the curb pattern is as directed 
by Fig. 164. Owing to lack of space, the curb pro¬ 
file was transferred to avoid confusion. Divide 
and number the profile, as shown. Draw perpen¬ 
dicular lines to this stretchout and drop lines from 
points in the profile to like numbered lines of 
stretchout. 

The measuring points should always be marked 
on the patterns to prevent error. It would also be 
a good idea to place a diagram of the profile on 
each pattern as was done in the patterns for the 
gable skylight. Laps should be allowed as required, 
for all these patterns are net. 

Hip Bar for Hipped Skylight 

In the article preceding this the developing of the 
curb, jack and rafter bar patterns, for a hipped 
skylight was explained. Now, there is another bar 
to have its pattern developed which is«the important 
part of this type skylight and that is the hip bar. 

To make the pattern for a hip bar: First draw 
the transverse section, which is a section showing 
half the width of skylight. Drop lines from curb 
and ridge bar, as shown in Fig. 165, which forms 
the plan of skylight. Draw plan of hip bar and 
place profile of bar A on hip bar as shown, draw 
lines from all points in profile A intersecting lines 
of corresponding numbers in curb and miter lines 
at ridge bar. Next draw elevation of hip bar at a 
convenient distance from hip bar in plan, first draw 


SKYLIGHTS 


181 


True tengih of 
Rafter Bar on 
measuring points ,- 



Fig. i6 s.—Developing Correct View of Hip Bar. 









































182 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


curb line parallel with hip bar of plan and erect cen¬ 
ter line the same length as center line in transverse 
section. Next draw line B in transverse section 
and from points I to 6 draw lines intersecting line B 
at right angles, erect line B' in elevation of hip bar, 
and space it the same as line B in transverse section; 
place T square at right angles to. line B', draw lines 
from points i to 6 indefinitely. Place T square 



parallel with center line in elevation of hip bar, 
draw lines from points i to 11 in miter lines of hip 
bar in plan intersecting lines of corresponding num¬ 
bers just drawn from line B', draw lines through 
the intersecting points will give the miter lines in 
elevation of hip bar, with the T square in same posi¬ 
tion draw Imps from all points at bottom of hip bar 
in plan intersecting lines drawn from A', corre¬ 
sponding numbers in the miter lines in elevation 
of hip bar parellel to U T. Draw lines through the 
intersecting points gives the miter line at bottom 
of elevation of hip bar. 

Draw profile A' as shown in elevation of hip 
bar, being a duplicate of A in plan, erect lines 















SKYLIGHTS 


183 


from all points in profile A intersecting lines of 
corresponding* numbers in elevation of hip bar; 
drawing lines through the intersecting points will 
give the profile of hip bar. 

Draw stretchout line for pattern and place spac- 
ings on same I to 11 from profile of hip bar, draw 
lines from all points in stretchout line indefinitely, 
place T square parallel with stretchout line, draw 
lines from all points in miter lines of elevation of 
hip bar intersecting lines of corresponding numbers 
in stretchout, drawing lines through the intersecting 
points will give the pattern for the hip bar. 

As was explained before, another way would be 
to draw a line and place thereon the stretchout of 
the hip bar as in Fig. 166. Through these points 
indefinite lines are drawn. Then, carrying the 
lengths from Fig. 165, to like numbered lines in 
Fig. 166, the two miter cuts are obtained. Measur- 
ing points should be marked on this pattern, also 
laps provided as wanted. And, too, if desired, the 
profile should be marked thereon. The ridge bar 
pattern is the same as shown in Fig. 160. 

Finding Lengths of Bars 

The first thing a cutter should do when he gets 
measurements for a skylight is to make a working 
plan, scaled 1 inch to the foot, marking the size of 
skylight; also lay out the bars to suit the glass which 
is to be used; then put down the measurements that 
all bars are to be cut. In this way the cutter has all 
measurements and is ready to go ahead and cut the 
skylight. 

A typical layout like this is shown in Fig. 167, 


184 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


which is for a four by five feet skylight. The 
lengths of these bars are found by a diagram of 
pitch or tables of lengths computed mathematically. 

As was stated in the introduction to this chapter, 
there are books to give the lengths of skylight bars 
at a glance. It might be said that Gray’s full-size 
working patterns have a chart accompanying them 

that gives the 
measurements for 
hip. jack and raft¬ 
er bars, for any 
size skylight up to 
thirty feet wide 
for the pitch used 
for these pat¬ 
terns. 

For those who 
do not wish to 
make a chart as 

suggested before, it can be mentioned that certain 
mathematical processes could be employed to de¬ 
termine lengths of bars. Without going into a 
lengthy explanation of these processes it will suffice 
to say that two factors are established, viz.: 1.2 
inches for jack and rafter bars and 1.56 inches for 
hip bars, for one-third pitch used for the patterns 
given in this book. These computations will give 
very nearly the same results as developing triangles 
on a scale drawing, as was done for Fig. 164 as 
referring to charts. 

To illustrate: In Fig. 167 the full width of the 
skylight from the length leaves 12 inches, which 



Fig. 167.— Layout of a Typical Size 
Hipped Skylight. 

















SKYLIGHTS 


185 


will be the length of the ridge bar. Now, one- 
half the width of the skylight is 24 inches and 
24 X i ~2 gives 28.8=28^ inches. The jack bar is 
spaced 15% inches, so i524X I - 2 =I 8.9=i8-f| 
inches. The hip bar length is found by the second 
factor, so one-half the width is 24 inches and 24X 
i -56=37-44=37tV 

It will be observed that these bar lengths are a 
little bit full in comparison to those given in Fig. 
167. This, however, is not of much consequence, 
inasmuch as so slight a difference would make no 
discernible variation in the pitch of the skylight. 
It would be serious, though, if the proportion of 
dimensions between jack or rafter bars and the hip 
bar was wrong, for then either the jack or rafter 
bars would not fit to the hip or else the hip would 
not suit the lengths of the jack or rafter bars, de¬ 
pending whether the hip bars were first set in or 
the rafter bars first when assembling. Now, as 
scaling from a diagram or calculating with factors 
takes as much labor it would seem best to use the 
factors. 

For a detailed description for laying out all forms 
of skylights required in architectural building con¬ 
struction the reader is referred to Neubecker’s 
“Home Instruction for Sheet Metal Workers.” 




CHAPTER IX 

Seams, Joints and Processes 

Provisions for Laps and Seams on Patterns 

Very few writers of sheet metal subjects con¬ 
sider the importance of seams, joints, laps and sim¬ 
ilar essentials when demonstrating the development 
of sheet metal patterns. As a rule, they treat the 
problem in a geometrical sense, the object (for 
which the pattern is to be cut) being an imaginary 
body in space, so to speak. The final results or 
rather the desired pattern is then net, which is to 
say, just the envelope or outer imaginary surface of 
the solid or body. The providing of laps and one 
thing or another is then dismissed with the remark 
to provide laps and edges for seams and so forth. 

Special attention has been paid to this important 
phase of the subject in this volume. While it no 
doubt suffices to simply present an elucidation of 
the procedure to develop the net pattern, modern 
writers are beginning to realize the need of treating 
these expositions along more practical lines. That 
is to say, they bear in mind that the actual use for 
which the problem in hand is intended must be 
considered and spQken of, along with the geomet¬ 
rical demonstration of the problem. Take, for in¬ 
stance, the problem illustrated in Fig. 63; it not 
only shows how to cut the pattern but also gives 
as much information as possible about the laying 

186 







SEAMS, JOINTS AND PROCESSES 


187 


out of the holes for the band iron supports, the 
providing of all edges, and even shows the swag¬ 
ing necessary to stiffen the object. This is just 
one example of the large number given herein. 


Facts about Flat Seams 
Flat seams are probably the most common of all 
the seams in sheet metal working. By flat seam is 
meant any seam in which the opposite edges to be 
joined lie in the same flat or curved plane and in 



Fig. 168. A Body of Rectangu¬ 
lar Contour. 



which said edges constitute a straight line. To 
illustrate, in Fig. 168, a sheet of metal has been 
shaped into a body of rectangular contour and 
edges A B and C D are to be joined together by 
a method depending on different circumstances. As 
should be apparent, edges A B and C 1) lie in the 
same flat plane, FGH and J ; and edges A B and 
C D are truly straight lines, totally devoid of any 
curvature from A to B or C to D, and if a groove 
seam was to be used the edges could be bent in 














188 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

the brake or folder. Again, by referring to Fig. 
169, it will be seen what is meant by the seam being 
also flat when employed for joining bodies which 
may be a cylinder, or a cone, or any irregular shaped 
body providing only that edges A B and C D—big. 
169—are straight lines. 

Facts about Butt Seams 

When making seams the first thing that would 
come to mind is the butt seam, meaning a seam 
where edges A B and C D, of Figs. 168 and 169 are 
merely brought together as in I'ig. 170. and con¬ 
nected by some of the usual methods in vogue. 
Probably the most popular method is by welding 
. in which perhaps one of the edges would be slightly 
scarfed—thinned out—on both sides and the other 



Fig. 170. A Butt Seam. Fig. 171. A Riveted Butt Seam. 

edge is split (cleft weld) enough for the wedge of 
the other edge to enter. With these two edges held 
firmly together by clamps, or other means depend¬ 
ing on circumstance and, after heating to a white 
heat and fluxing, with borax or some other flux, 
the joint is hammered and otherwise manipulated 
according to blacksmithing practice. 

Such welds would be more usable for heavy plate 
work rather than tinsmithing, and would really be 
in the province of the blacksmith. Still, welding 
is rapidly displacing riveting and, indeed, even 
lock seaming on black iron goods up to as light 






SEAMS, JOINTS AND PROCESSES 


189 


as 26 gauge and is quite popular for gauges like 
number 16 or 14. It is to be understood though 
that such welding is not the old-fashioned method 
of the blacksmith, but the modern hot flame process, 
using the electric arc or oxy-acetylene torch. Spot 
welding by electricity is also rapidly being substi¬ 
tuted for riveting and is now extensively used for 
joining structural shapes, like angle iron, to sheet 
iron; and the joining together of the various parts, 
like the ovens of French ranges, gas ranges and so 
on. For full seam welding the electric arc is often 
used, but not as extensively now as the highly de¬ 
veloped oxy-acetylene process, known also as the 
hot flame method. This process has been brought 
to so high a point of perfection that modern sheet 
metal working shops employ it for making the 
seams on pieced elbows, ship ventilators, hotel 
kitchen goods, metal windows, doors, interior trim, 
and a host of articles heretofore riveted, double- 
seamed or otherwise joined. Were it not for this 
process the automobile sheet metal industry would 
not be so far advanced because sheet aluminum 
was a difficult material to use prior to the coming 
of this process; so it can readily be seen that it 
behooves the sheet metal worker to second his skill 
with seaming and riveting tools, with a knowledge 
of the hot flame process and spot welding. 

A Discussion of Oxy-acetylene Welding 

It may not be necessary for the owners of aver¬ 
age sheet metal working shops to equip their plants 
with a complete welding outfit to meet this modern 


190 


THE NEW TINSMITH'S HELPER 


demand, for in most manufacturing centers there 
are concerns who specialize in welding for the 
trade. In that case all they would have to do is 
to get it shaped up and ready for welding. That 
is done as follows: 

Taking a two-piece elbow to make of 14-gauge 
black iron as an example, the two pieces would be 
very accurately cut from the metal, especially at 
the miter cut. There would be no allowance for 
lap on the longitudinal seams as with the former 
riveted seams, but proper allowance should be made 
in the girth for the thickness of the metal—say an 
allowance of seven times the thickness of the metal 
added to the girth. This girth will be the same for 
both pieces, particularly along the miter line be¬ 
cause the miter cuts of the two pieces are to butt 
and not lap into each other as for a riveted joint. 
Of course, a small and large end are to be pro¬ 
vided depending on the manner of connecting the 
elbow to the round pipe, or whatever the elbow is 
to join. 

The two pieces are now carefully rolled to true 
shape and a wire is bound about them to hold the 
longitudinal seam together. The two pieces are 
now held together on their miter cuts to see that 
they accurately butt, because if there are any open¬ 
ings it will be necessary for the welder to load up 
the holes with metal, as the welders charge extra 
for poor fits. The two parts can now be shipped 
to the welder and unless the welder is instructed 
not to, he will very likely smooth off the joints with 
a file and emery wheel. This adds to the cost, and 


SEAMS, JOINTS AND PROCESSES 


191 


if a little roughness (like the solder or any soldered 
seam) does not matter it could remain. 

It should be plain that with this system much 
punching of holes and laborious flanging of the 
parts are obviated, and if quite a number of elbows 
are required the manufacturing cost is lessened to 
an appreciable extent. Even if these elbows were 
specified to be of galvanized iron they could be 
galvanized after welding and a splendid job ac¬ 
quired thereby. The use of the hot flame for cut¬ 
ting metal is also important enough to he worth 
the study of sheet metal workers. 

Coming back to the usual sheet metal working 
procedure, it is to be said that for plate work a 
butt seam can only be riveted by employing another 
strip as in Fig. 171. This method is the funda¬ 
mental of many more or less elaborate methods 
used in boiler work, but a discussion of such would 
be out of place here. 

Making Lap Seams 

From the butt seam the next step in flat seam 
methods is the lap seam. In plate work lap seams 
may be welded by the old blacksmith’s method as 
mentioned before, welded by the hot flame process, 
or, as would be more likely, by riveting. An or¬ 
dinary riveted lap seam for plate work would ap¬ 
pear as shown in Fig. 172. These seams are made 
steam tight by caulking along edge A; the caulking 
being done by a chisel-like tool which cleaves the 
edge of the upper plate and forces a burr of metal 
down to the under plate. 


192 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


For seams which are required to be flush on one 
side the upper plate would be offsetted as shown 
in Fig. 173, though it is also probable that then the 
strip method would be used as in hig. 171; with 
countersunk head rivets instead of round head. 

The seam that, without question, is the most used 
for sheet metal working is the soldered lap seam 
shown in Fig. 174. The articles or places where 
this seam is employed are so well known that it 
is needless to list them. It goes without dispute 
that inasmuch as the solder is the means of uniting 
the parts, the solder should be thoroughly soaked 
in as shown by the shaded lines. 

A riveted lap seam is given in Fig. 175, and 
when these seams are to be water-tight they are 
also soldered as in Fig. 174, but need not be so 



Fig. 172. A Riveted Fig. 171. Flush Riveted Fig. 174. Soldered 
Lap Seam for Plate. Lap Seam. Lap Seam. 


thoroughly sweated in, because the rivets, rather 
than the solder, are depended on to hold the seam. 

Lock and Groove Seams 

Some clever genius invented the hook seam shown 
in Fig. 176 and thereby gave the trade a decidedly 
useful method of joining sheet metal. This lock 
seam, as some call it, is merely the turning of edges 
the opposite way for opposing sides to be joined 
and then hooking them together and flattening them 
tight with a mallet like in tin-roofing. These seams 
-can be soldered; however, if positive assurance 










SEAMS, JOINTS AND PROCESSES 


193 


against unhooking is required, these seams should 
be grooved as in Fig. 177. The shoulder at A pre¬ 
vents B from slipping out. 

There are many methods for making this groove 
—either by pounding the seam into a slot cut in 
a rail, or by grooving irons; or again, by grooving 
machines having a traveling revolving wheel with 
a groove in it. From the hook seam it is but a 
step to the standing seam shown in Fig. 178, which 
can be employed in a number of cases. 



Fig. 175. Rivet- Fig. 176. Com- Fig. 177. Groove Fit. 178. Corn¬ 
ed Lap Seams mon Lock Seam for mon Standing 

for Sheet Seam for Sheet Metal. Seam for 

Metal. Sheet Metal. Sheet Metal. 


Double and Flange Seams 

The seams and methods expounded in the fore¬ 
going pages are really the fundamentals of all 
seams. If a bottom was to be seamed i at M to 
the article shown in Figs. 168 and 169, a little dif¬ 
ferent procedure would be necessary. In the case 
of Fig. 169, the hooks, flanges, etc., are similar, but 
the edge is curved and would require a modification 
of the tlat seam method. 

Fig. 179 shows how a bottom would be joined to 
the body in'plate work, Fig. 180 being a reverse 
joint of the same. In the case of Fig. 168 the 
flanges (A) would be bent up in machines like a 
brake, but in the case of Fig. 169 the turned up 
edge would be done by what is termed tlangeing. 
There are machines which do this work with pre- 









194 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


cision, but more often a mechanic would be re¬ 
quired to draw up the flange by hammering; an 
operation that requires the highest order of skill. 
The joints shown are the basis of many others, such 
as joining the branch to the pipe in a tee joint. 


Inside of 
bottom *. 
y 



Side of 
<c Body 



Fig. 179. Seaming a Bottom on 
in Plate Work. 


Fig. 180. A Reverse Seam for 
Bottoms in Plate Work. 


In light gauge work a bottom could be simply 
hooked on as shown in Fig. 181. Often the seam 
is left that way, but it has nothing to prevent its 
being unhooked. This can be overcome by doubling 
over the edge, which gives the well-known double 
seam shown in Fig. 182. Fig. 183 is a reverse joint 
like Fig. 180, and is useful where the inside of the 


Inside of. 
Bottom ^ 


Side of 

» 

Body 


O' 

51 



W 


Fig. 181. Single Fig. 182. Double Fig. 183. Reverse 
Seam for Sheet Seam for Sheet Double Seam for 
Metal. Metal. Sheet Metal. 


body is inaccessible for the holding of a dolly 
bar against the seam for throwing over the edges 
like, when there is a bottom at M and a head is to 
be placed at L, Fig. 168-169. Either the method 
of Fig. 181 or else the method of Fig. 183 would 
be used if a head was to be placed at L, Fig. 169. 
Fig. 183 is a seam made by power double seamers. 
















SEAMS, JOINTS AND PROCESSES 195 


Stiffening Processes 

Plate work, as a rule, has enough inherent stiff¬ 
ness without reinforcing bands. Should reinforce¬ 
ments be required, however, they most likely would 
be of structural steel shapes like angles, tees, chan¬ 
nels and so on. Now, supposing the objects shown 
in Figs. 168 and 169 are made of plates, and it is 
required that they be stiffened at L. Usually an 
angle iron would be riveted there as shown in Fig. 
184. This method would also be useful if two of 



Fig. 184. Edge 
Stiffener for 
Plate. 


Fig. 185. Hem 
Edge Stiffen¬ 
er for Sheet 
Metal. 


Fig. 186. Dou¬ 
ble Hem for 
Sheet Metal. 


Fig. 187. Band 
Iron Stiffener 
for Sheet 
Metal. 


these objects were to be joined at L. Structural 
shapes would also be employed in a similar manner 
for ducts and other light gauge work. 

It is more probable, though, if edge L is to be 
stiffened in light gauge work, that the ordinary 
hem edge shown in Fig. 185 would be used. This 
could be made stronger by doubling as in Fig. 186. 
A band iron stiffener shown in Fig. 187 is natu¬ 
rally the strongest of the three methods. 

It would seem that the wiring scheme for stiffen¬ 
ing should be so well known as to need no descrip¬ 
tion. Still, it may be well to state that the cus¬ 
tomary method is to first let the edge stand out 








196 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

straight as in Fig. 188; said edge to be about three- 
quarters the circumference of the wire. Secondly, 
the edge is thrown over and tucked in, as in Fig. 
189, by malleting and using the peen of the ham¬ 
mer. It may also be done on the machines made 
for that purpose. 



Fig. 188. First Op¬ 
eration for Wir¬ 
ing. 



Fig. 189. Final 
Operation for 
Wiring. 



Fig. 190. Sheet Met¬ 
al Body Stiffener. 


Should it be required that a body, like Fig. 168, 
be stiffened somewhere between its top and bottom, 
many schemes are available. Structural shapes, 
band arms, or sheet metal could be bent, as in Fig. 


190, and riveted or soldered to the object. 


A 



Fig. 191. Bead 
Swage and 
Slip Joint. 



Fig. 192. Com- Fig. 193. Brazing Joint for 
mon Ogee « ; ; < : Mint lung. 

Swage. 


For such objects, as in Fig. 169, swaging is the 
most common procedure. Swaging is done on ma¬ 
chines having two wheels grooved to the required 
profile of the swage. These wheels engage each 
other at these grooves and when the sheet metal 
object is caused to revolve between these wheels, 
the sheet metal is shaped according to these grooves. 









SEAMS, JOINTS AND PROCESSES 197 

Fig. 191 is a bead groove and Fig. 192 is an ogee 
groove. These two swages are very useful for 
joining two lengths of pipes, for they not only 
stiffen the pipe but also act as a stop, as shown at 
A in Fig. 191. In such cases edge B, Fig. 191, 
would probably be crimped by the same kind of a 
machine, only the wheels would have gear teeth. 

Brazed Joint in Coppersmithing 

All the methods just described apply to copper- 
smithing. There is a special method for brazing 
joints in flat seam work in coppersmithing, how¬ 
ever, in which both edges are thinned out and then 
one edge is notched in to the length of the scarf. 
Both edges are brought together and the one notch 
is placed outside while the next is placed inside, 
about as shown in Fig. 193. Then, while the edges 
are firmly held together, the joint is brazed and 
completed by hammering out the joint and other¬ 
wise smoothing it off. 

Flat Seam in Metal Roofing 

The hook seam, shown in Fig. 176, is probably 
the most used method in metal or tin roofing, re¬ 
gardless of what general system is employed for 
laying the metal. The custom of nailing through 
the sheet in flat seam work, at the left of Fig. 194, is 
a serious error, and should never be done, partic¬ 
ularly for copper, and cleats should be used as 
shown at the right of Fig. 194. The actual appear¬ 
ance of the seams in both of these diagrams is some¬ 
what distorted inside to show the details mentioned. 


198 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


When “knocking out’* strips for flashing, gutters 
and for long strip, or standing seam roofing, the 
seam shown in Fig. 176 would be used ninety-nine 
times out of a hundred. However, a double-lock 
seam is sometimes used to avoid soldering or to 
allow for expansion and contraction. Such seams 
are decidedly difficult to make. The four successive 



Fig. 194. Usual Flat Siam Method for Tin Hoofing. 


steps for making the seam are shown in Fig. 196. 
An adjustable folding machine is necessary to turn 
these edges because the first edge, No. I, has to 
be turned, being considerably less in width than 
the second edge, No. 3. It should be clear, too, 
that in the turning operation of the second edge 
extreme care is requisite to prevent squashing of 

__b> _jht 

*?/ H92 N94 

Fig. 195. Double-lock Seam for Tin Roofing. 

the first edge. Diagram No. 2 shows the appear¬ 
ance of the seam after the two sheets have been 
slid together. This is then malleted down tight 
and will look as shown by diagram No. 4 when 
finished. 


A Novel Flat Seam Procedure 

In tin roofing it is often necessary to make a 
flat seam as the work progresses and sometimes the 
hook edge of the upper sheet can not be slipped into 
















SEAMS, JOINTS AND PROCESSES 399 

the lower sheet because the other side of the upper 
sheet is fast, or for §ome other reason. In that 
case, the edge of the upper sheet is not bent en¬ 
tirely over but almost 
square. Then, as in Fig. 

196, the peen of the ham¬ 
mer is used to “peen in” 
the edge, after which it is 
flattened down with the 
mallet. 

Another method would 
be to turn up square the 
edge of the lower sheet as 
at B in diagram No. 1 of Fig. 197. The edge A 
of the upper sheet is also turned up square, only 
this edge A should be double the height of edge B. 



No. 2 No. 3 

Fig. 197. An Ideal Method. 

Edge A is then turned over edge B in any desired 
manner and appears as in diagram No. 2. 1 his 

is malleted down and finished like diagram No. 3. 





Fig. 196. Peening an Edge. 

















200 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


This method would be very handy for joining a 
new hanging gutter to an jold tin roof. 1 he tin 
should be cut to a straight line and enough left to 
turn up as high as A in No. i diagram and still 



Fig. 198. Example of a Possible Situation. 


leave enough to connect to the gutter roof flange. 
No attempt is made to turn up the cross seam locks 
of the tin, but they are cut away and a small piece 
of tin inserted, as at X of Fig. 198, and the rest 
of the seam made as described before. 

Standing Seams for Roofing 

Standing seams are used in tin roofing and often 
in copper roofing, for the long seams; that is, the 
seams running from the eaves to the ridge, the 
cross seams being the usual flat seam. The or¬ 
dinary standing seam shown in Fig. 175 is often 
used but that does not give satisfaction unless the 
roof is very steep, or when it is used for siding. 

The standing seam, which is doubled over at its 
top a couple of times, is the most used. The di- 







SEAMS, JOINTS AND PROCESSES 201 


mensions for opposing edges are showji in Fig. 199. 
Cleats are nailed to the roof and hooked onto the 
shortest edge, as in Fig. 200. Sometimes the cleat 
is placed on the high edge, depending on how the 
strips are laid, but that gives two turns to the cleat 


r 

4 


rg 

X 

I 


Fig. 199. First 

Stage of 
Seam. 



Fig. 200. Sec¬ 
ond Stage of 
Seam. 



Fig. 201. First 
Edge Turned. 



± 


Fig. 202. Com¬ 
pleted Stand¬ 
ing Seam. 


which is troublesome. With the cleat in place, the 
next strip is laid and the quarter-inch edge turned 
over, either with a mallet and roofing iron or with 
roofing double-seamers, and the seam will look as 
in Fig. 201. This edge is again turned over as in 
Fig. 202, which completes the seam which should 
be one inch high or three-quarters of an inch if 



Fig. 203. Plain Fig. 204. Orna- Fig. 205. Stiffer Fig. 206. Corn- 
Sliding Cap. mental Cap. Ornamental mon Type of 

Cap. Sliding Cap. 


one inch and one inch and a quarter edges are used. 

There are different ways of finishing this seam 
at the eaves, hip and ridge; that which is most often 
used is to flatten the seam down for a short dis¬ 
tance and seam it right in with the connecting edges 
to the gutter, hip or ridge. 

The sliding cap type shown in Fig. 203 is suffi¬ 
ciently clear to be self-explanatory. By bending a 






























202 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


V in the cap an ornamental effect is obtained as in 
Fig. 204. In Fig. 205 is shown how a plain V cap 
gives a somewhat ornamental appearance and more 
strength to that of Fig. 203. 

A common type of sliding cap is given in Fig. 
206, and it goes without saying that all these seams 
must be carefully cut out, bent up and handled be¬ 
cause it is not an easy matter to slide these caps 
onto the upstanding edges. As with the regular 
type of standing seam, Fig. 200, cleats are the means 
of fastening the sheets to the roof boards or, if 
there are no boards, to the roof purlins. 



Fig. 207. Ideal Type of Fig. 208. Quicker Method 

Batten Seam. for Batten Seams. 


The wood batten type of roofing is also very 
common, especially for copper roofing, as it allows 
maximum provision for expansion and contraction. 
It is highly desirable when an ornamental and archi¬ 
tectural effect is required for a tin roof. Fig. 207 
shows the shape of the wood batten which allows 
movement of the pan in its expansion. 

These caps are not slid on but are double-seamed 
by the customary operations. Fig. 208 shows how 
the cap can be eliminated and the pan formed to 
pass over the batten and seamed to the other pan. 
All the seams so far spoken of are adaptable for 














SEAMS, JOINTS AND PROCESSES 


203 


many kinds of roofing and the majority of the other 
types of seams for roofing are just a modification 
of these. 


Seams in Duct Work 

Duct work usually means pipe, elbows and other 
fittings which are rectangular in cross section, as 
illustrated in Fig. 168. In this class of work nearly 
all the seams so far discussed can be employed to 
advantage. The plain standing seam shown in Fig. 
175 is frequently used, especially as it helps stiffen 
the duct. That seam, however, must be strongly 

L 

Fig. 209. A 
Shoulder 
Standing 
Seam. 

riveted through its upstanding edges to hold to¬ 
gether at all. The seam shown in Fig. 209 has a 
shoulder, A, bent under the opposite side as shown. 
After clinching edge B, seam cannot come apart. 

Should it be desired to have the seam of the pipe 
at a corner instead of where it is in Fig. 168, many 
of the methods already mentioned could be used. 
Still, there are other ways like the pocket seam in 
Fig. 210—the edge is held in the pocket by solder¬ 
ing or riveting here and there. 

A corner seam in which a slide piece is used is 
shown in Fig. 211. A slide piece like this, only 
without the square bend, is used at times for a flat 



Seam. 



Fig. 211. A 
Sliding 
Corner 
Piece. 


Fig. 212. The Pitts¬ 
burg Seam or Hobo 
Seam. 













204 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


seam, but it is not popular because the parts become 
undone too easily. This method is useful for join¬ 
ing the parts of a casing about a radiator in indirect 
steam heating. 

A seam that is fast superseding the double seam 
to join the parts of rectangular elbows at their cor¬ 
ners, is the Pittsburg or, as some term it, the hobo 
seam, which is shown in Fig. 212. The edge A is 
left standing out straight while forming this seam 
and when assembling the parts; the edge on part B 



Fig. 213. Com- Fig. 214. Stif- Fig. 215. Stand- Fig. 216. Angle 
inon S Slip. fcned S Slip. ing Edge Slip. Connection. 

is forced into the pocket of part C and then edge 
A is hammered over, locking parts C and B firmly 
together. Note particularly the shoulder on piece 
C which gives a flush surface and prevents distor¬ 
tion when closing edge A. 

Horizontal Joints in Ducts 

In all duct work it is necessary to join two or 
more lengths of pipe at their edges L, Fig. 168. 
The method generally used is the S slip shown at 
C in Fig. 213. Part A is the lower length of duct 
and part B the upper length. The slip is first placed 
on A and then B is slipped into it. Holes are then 
drilled through all wherever it is desired to fasten 
them together and metal screws are inserted. 





















205 


SEAMS, JOINTS AND PROCESSES 


As ducts are often .very wide it is necessary to 
have a rigid slip and Fig. 214 shows how the hem 
edge of the S slip is carried down, bent out and 
then hemmed. This method is really che basis of 
many other styles used. Sometimes a band iron, or 
an angle iron or indeed furring strips of wood are 
encased in this slip to reinforce them. 

The popular standing edge slip is shown in Fig. 
215. With this method the slip is firmly riveted to 
the lower duct and the clinch edge A should be 
standing up square. The upper duct has a square 
edge bent out and when this is in place the clinch 
edge is malleted down. 



Fig. 217. Slip Joint 
for Furnace Work. 


Fig. 218. Gutter 
Bead in Lieu of 
Wire. 





Fig. 219. Tapped 
Band Iron Joint. 


For heavy work structural shapes would be used 
as in Fig. 216. In Fig. 217 is shown the slip joint 
which is a familiar procedure to old furnace men 
and is used for cold air boxes. The ducts would 
be made in four parts, seaming the parts on the 
corners. Prior to doing this the wires are inserted 
and on the lower duct about two inches are folded 
over as shown. A wire drawn through holes in the 
ducts holds both securely together. Sometimes the 
gutter bead of Fig. 218 is used in lieu of a wire or 
rod of Fig. 217. 






206 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Quite frequently a joint is to be made where it 
is impossible to get at the inside for riveting, and 
it is required that the joint be easily unmade. A 
good method would be to rivet a band iron to the 
one part A, as in Fig. 219. Holes are then punched 
or drilled through the part and the band iron; after 
which the holes are tapped with a thread suitable 
for stove bolts. Holes are now accurately punched 
in the other part, B, to match those in part A, and 
then stove bolts screwed into the band iron hold 
all together. 

Expansion Joints for Long Gutters 

When a large roof is to be covered, and a long 
copper gutter is used, an expansion joint is con¬ 
structed and placed at the highest point of the gut¬ 
ter, the water shedding either way to the leader. 
The method of constructing this joint is shown in 
Fig. 220. It makes no difference what shape the 
gutter may have, the same method is employed. 

The gutters A and B meet at the highest point; 
two heads or bottoms C and D are flanged and 
soldered in the gutter, having an upper flange bent 
towards the inside of the gutter, as shown. On the 
roof part of the gutter a lock is bent as shown by 
E and F. Over these locks E and F and over the 
flanges on the heads a lock is slipped as shown by 
H, allowing it to run under the lock of the gutter 
as shown by J, the lock of the gutter being broken, 
to clearly show the slip. At the bottom the slip is 
allowed to project slightly over the front edge of 
the gutter, as shown by I. 


SEAMS, JOINTS AND PROCESSES 207 

The roof covering shown by L is locked to the 
gutter, overlapping the slip J as shown. Thus it 
will be seen that no soldering has been done, which 
allows the gutter to work as desired. To avoid the 
water from following the top of the slip H and 
dripping off over the front edge of the gutter, a 
V-shaped guard is soldered to the top of the slip 



II, as shown at K, which leads the water right and 
left into the gutter as at H 1 . 

Connecting Furnace Pipes to Furnace Tops 

When furnace warm-air pipes are to be connected 
to furnace hoods, as shown in A in Fig. 221, it is 
well to know the different methods which are used, 
so that the one best adapted can be employed in 
making the connections. As every collar in most 
cases has a different angle, the collars are usually 
trimmed at the job as follows: Run a line or spool 
wire from the register box on the first door, or 


208 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


from the stacks leading to the upper floors, to the 
bonnet or hood, as indicated by the dotted lines 
a, b and c, which gives the proper angle at which 
the collars are to be cut to fit against the hood. 



Fig. 22 1. Connecting Furnace Pipes to Tops. 

After the collar has been fitted accurately it is 
held tightly against the hood and a pencil mark 
made on the hood and carefully cut out with the 
circular shears. Each collar is marked to cor¬ 
respond to the opening in the hood, as shown by 






































SEAMS, JOINTS AND PROCESSES 209 

i, 2, 3, etc., as shown. The collars can now be 
joined to the hood by either one of the methods 
shown, A showing a notched or dove-tailed collar; 
B, a beaded notched collar and C, a flanged and 
notched collar. 

Note in the collar A the alternate flanges are 
turned out at right angles, as shown, so that when 
the collar is joined to the hood, as shown in the 
diagram below C in the accompanying illustration, 
the edges just turned lie tight against the outside 
of the hood at a a, while the unturned edges 
are turned on the inside of the bonnet at b b. 
These edges are dressed down firmly, which se¬ 
cures the collar ready to connect with the warm- 
air pipe. 

When the collar is beaded and notched, as shown 
by B, this collar is secured to the hood, as shown 
in the diagram in the upper right-hand corner of 
the illustration at A. The collar is set in the open¬ 
ing in the hood, with the bead snugly against the 
hood, as shown by a a, after which the flange b b, 
which is already notched, is turned over as shown 
by c c. The flanging and notching of the collar 
C is accomplished by first flanging the collar x at b 
and b until this flange fits snugly against the hood. 
A separate collar a a is now riveted to the main 
collar x as shown and notched at a. 

When connecting this collar to the hood as shown 
in the diagram in the lower left-hand corner of 
the illustration, the main collar A is set tightly 
against the hood as shown by c e and the notched 
portion b b of the collar B which had previously 


210 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


been riveted to the collar A at a and a is then turned 
against the inside of the hood at c and c. Of 
course it is understood that the seaming at x and y 
is not done until the collars have been joined to 
the hood. After the collars were all fitted a mark 
was made at i on the hood and i on the casing as 
shown, after which the hood was removed from 
the casing, the collars secured and the hood set 
back again on the casing in its proper position as 
shown by the marks i and i and then seams x and 
y closed. 

Connecting Collars to Register Boxes 

Another method of seaming collars is shown in 
Fig. 222, where in diagram i it will be seen that 



Fig. 222 . First Method of Seaming Collars to Rejjister Boxes. 


the flange of the circular opening in the bottom 
is turned upward as shown at A, and the collar 
has a flange turned over and pressed tight with 
the flat pliers as shown by B. This seam B is now 
turned down as indicated in diagram 2 at C. 

Fig. 223 shows the second method of securing the 
collar by means of flanging and notching. After 
the proper size circle has been cut in the bottom of 








211 


SEAMS, JOINTS AND PROCESSES 

the register box, the collar is prepared, around 
which another short collar about 2 inches high 
shown by a in diagram 1 is riveted at b, being care¬ 
ful to turn out a flange of about 34 inch on a before 



riveting to the main collar c. Rivet this short collar 
a about inch below the main collar as shown in 
the cut; then set the collar in the position as shown 
in diagram 1, notch with the snips the projecting 
flange c and dress down tightly on the stake as 
shown by d in diagram 2. 



The third method shown in Fig. 224 shows how 
the collar can be secured to the box by swaging 
















212 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


and notching. Turn a swage or bead % or ^ 
inch deep on to the end of the collar, about inch 
away from the ends as shown by a a in diagram I. 
See that it fits snugly in the circular opening in the 
bottom of the register box, then notch the project¬ 
ing flange b and dress it down tightly on the stake, 
so that when finished it will have the appearance 
shown by c in diagram 2. 

While the last two methods are quick and simple, 
still either one of the first two methods are to be 
recommended as they are more rigid and tighter. 

Expansion Joint of Skylight 

Some large buildings, especially if they are built 
largely of steel or the more modern reinforced con- 



Fig. 225. Skylight with Expansion Joint. 


Crete type, have expansion joints, and often sky¬ 
lights or other work which sheet metal workers do 
come directly over these joints, and tlxm the de¬ 
signers, as a rule, insist that that joint be also 
followed through this work. 

The example given in Fig, 225 is for a skylight 
of the double pitch type and is about 20 feet wide 
at the curb line by some 600 feet in length. The 






213 


SEAMS, JOINTS AND PROCESSES 

skylight is directly over three expansion joints of 
the building transversing it. The expansion joints 
are in everything, the steel work, the walls, the 
concrete roof slabs, the gravel roofs, the curb, the 
flashing and the skylight. 

In Fig. 226 is shown a rough idea of how the 
special bar is made. Spanning the space between 
two bars is a heavy sheet lead cap which is brass 
bolted to the bars and bent as shown for the ob¬ 
vious reason of allowing extension and compres¬ 
sion and also to give the necessary rigidity. The 



gravel roof and the ctirb flashing have a combina¬ 
tion sheet metal and tar expansion joint, and the 
sheet lead cap mentioned and the apron of the sky¬ 
light were made to fit loosely over this curb joint, 
for it would not do to miter and carry the sheet 
lead cap down the curb to form an apron over the 
joint inasmuch as said miter would be so stiff as 
to nullify the freedom of the cap. This applies to 
mitering the caps together at the ridge, and they 
were simply kept a short distance from each other 
and the opening covered with a sheet lead cap not 
fastened to the other caps but beneath to the ridge 
bar of one part of the skylight. 
















214 


THE NEW TINSMITH'S HELPER 


Joints for Corrugated Iron 

Corrugated sheets may be had in many lengths 
and widths and corrugated in many styles and di¬ 
mensions. A popular style is shown in big. 228. 

Specifications for sheet metal enclosures usually 
call for a sheet like Fig. 227 for siding, as it gives 
one corrugation lap. For roofing the specifications 
prescribe sheets like that in big. 228, which give 
one and one-half corrugation. 



Fig. 227. One Corrugation Lap. Fig. 22 8. One and One-Half 

Corrugation Lap. 


When lapping sheets of Fig. 228 they would ap¬ 
pear as in Fig. 229. Horizontal laps are merely lap 
seams and should lap at least six inches. Sheets 
should never be lapped as in Fig. 230, because the 
standing edge will show buckled and is therefore 



Fig. 229. Proper Method of 
Lapping. 



Fig. 230. 


- Water here from \ 
ran antsnng Aire 

Improper Method of 
Lapping. 


unsightly. It will not leak, however, though water 
will get under the first lap and, having no chance to 
dry out, will eventually rot out the sheets. In the 
ideal method of Fig. 229 edge a should not go down 
into the corrugation because capillary attraction will 
draw water up under the edge a. 


215 


SEAMS, JOINTS AND PROCESSES 

The method of finishing against the gable or sides 
of the structure is shown in Fig. 231 ; note how one 
or two corrugations are flattened out and then bent 
up to form a base flash¬ 
ing. At the eaves, of 
course, the sheets would 
lap over the roof flange 
of the gutter. Fig. 232 
shows how a molding can 
be connected to the corru¬ 
gated roofing. This is an 
ideal method and could also be used in a case like 
Fig. 231. A pocket in the foot of the molding is 
the means of finishing the molding to the siding. 

The joints given in Figs. 231 and 232 are the 
basis for all other joints like window and door cas- 





Fig. 232. Joining a Gable Mold¬ 
ing to Corrugated Roof. 


Fig. 233. Ridge Finish, Show¬ 
ing Ridge Roll. 


ings. Fig. 233 shows the ridge finish, in which the 
apron of the ridge molding is corrugated to match 
the corrugated sheets. Pockets are not desirable 
at a ridge owing to the need of making them very 
deep to keep rain or snow from beating in the 
pocket and under the sheets into the building. 










216 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Straight Cornice Seams 

Nearly all the common seams presented in this 
chapter can be used for architectural sheet metal 
work. As a rule, all vertical seams in straight cor¬ 
nices are the lap seam kind, soldered and riveted. 
The horizontal seams are also very often just lap 
seams soldered and riveted. 1 he same is true of 


J&nt of Pktnt+or 
and Bod Mould 



Fig. 234. Several Types of Joints for Straight Cornices. 

the seams used for joining the different minor parts 
to the body of the cornice. 

In Fig. 234 is shown a popular system for making 
the horizontal joints in cornices. These are all just 
clinched edge seams as shown. And while they are 
tacked with solder here and there, they are further 
strengthened and made fireproof by notching the 
standing edges and folding them over tightly as 
shown. The notching should not be done with a 
chisel as that mars the work, hut with a special 
stubby point snips. 









SEAMS, JOINTS AND PROCESSES 217 



Seams in Circular Cornices 

As in straight cornice work, the vertical seams in 
circular cornice work are lap seams soldered and 
riveted. In horizontal seams, however, the clinched 

hook edge is not prac¬ 
tical and these must be 
lapped and then sol¬ 
dered and riveted as in 



Fig. 235. Joining Frieze to Fig. 236. Inverted Foot Mold 
Foot Mold Wash. Showing Joints. 

Fig. 235. Many shops greatly strengthen these 
seams by first notching the edges and turning up 
small laps, about one-quarter of an inch wide and 
about six inches apart. Then as the parts of the 
cornice are gradually worked together, as in Fig. 
236, these laps are hammered down and strongly 
soldered along the soldering of the edges. 

The two diagrams do not show a complete cornice 
because the crown mold is not there; however, the 
same methods apply to that part of the cornice or 
rather entablature. Note how the parts are fast¬ 
ened to a circular wood template while assembling. 







218 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Sheet Metal Shingle Locks 

Sheet metal shingles and tiles can be had from 
the manufacturers in single units or several on a 
sheet. There is not much difference in the pro¬ 
cedure of laying sheet metal shingles or tiles from 
that of clay tiles or wooden shingles except that 
the joints are different. 

The horizontal scams are always lap seams, the 
lower edge of the tile or shingle is slightly curled 


Fig. 237 .—Common Metal Fig. 238. —High Grade 

Shingle Joint. Shingle Lock. 

to stiffen it and the upper edge has a series of guide 
corrugations to both stiffen and act as a guide for 
laying the next course. 

The vertical seams have special pocket features 
to obviate soldering and still have tight joints. 
These pockets vary with each manufacturer and are 
patented. They all follow, however, a basic idea as 
given in Fig. 237. It will be seen that a tile, or 
shingle, is laid and a couple of roofing nails are 
driven into the edge provided for these nails; the 
adjoining tile or shingle has its edge slipped into 
the pocket and its edge nailed and so on. Fig. 238 
shows another style of side joint. 

Joints in Automobiles 

Modern automobile making is essentially quan¬ 
tity production and most work, such as forming, 








219 


SEAMS, JOINTS AND PROCESSES 

joining, etc., is done on special automatic machines. 
These joints, seams and so forth are adaptations 
of the old tinsmith’s processes, even to the swaging, 
riveting and stiffening of the sheet metal. 



Fig. 239.—Tube Stiffen¬ 
ing for Sheet Edges. 


I'n.. 240.—Half Round 

Band Iron for Stiffen¬ 
ing. 


The average tinsmith is not concerned with these 
methods except for repairing and, in that case, he 



Fig. 241. 

Diagrams Detailing Some of the Principal Automobile Joints. 


would have the guidance of the article to be re¬ 
paired. 

Wood is seldom used now, but where it is, the 
joining of the metal to wood is by customary meth¬ 
ods of pockets in the sheet metal and by screws or 
bolts. 

























220 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


One of the methods for stiffening edges is by 
splitting a tube longitudinally and slipping the sheet 
metal into the slot in the tube as in Fig. 239. These 
tubes are curved if necessary and are fastened to 
the sheet by welding or soldering. Another method 
is shown in Fig. 240, which is by a half-round band 
iron flush riveted to the sheet. Other joints for 
dash boards, mud guards, hinge joints and body 
seams are shown in Fig. 241. 


Tin Clad Fire Doors—Joints and Seams 

A sketch of a fire door is shown in Fig. 242. 
These doors are built up of two or more ply of 



seven-eighth boards firmly clinched-nailed together 
in accordance with the underwriter’s specifications. 
They are then covered on both sides with tin plates 
of practically the same kind as for tin roofing. The 
seams, however, are not the same as in tin roofing. 

The corner pieces A are made separate and are 
put on first. These are made in one piece and 



SEAMS, JOiNTS AND PROCESSES 


221 


folded, much like the corners of a drip pan, as 
shown in Fig. 243. There are no nails placed in 
the folded miter so that it requires care to keep 
the micer from gaping. One or two roofing nails 
may be driven in under the hook edges at B, Fig. 
242, to hold the pan in position. 

The casing from B to B, Fig. 242, is made in one 
piece by knocking out a strip like that used for flash¬ 
ing. This is then bent to 
bind around the edge of the 
door, and two hook edges 
are also bent out. These 
casings are then seamed to 
the corner pans at B, and 
roofing nails may be driven 
in under C, here and there, 
to keep the casing in place and to a true line. 

The tin sheets are now notched and bent to look 



Fig. 243. —Corner Pan in 
One Piece. 


like Fig. 244, except those for the last course, at D, 
Fig. 242, which have the standing edge on both long 

sides. The 
sheets are laid 
by beginning at 
E, Fig. 242. 
The edge bent 
out square is in¬ 
serted in the 
edge of pan and 
casing, as in 
Fig. 245, which is a section on line a b of I ; ig. 242. 
With the sheet standing up square, long harb wire 
nails are driven in in the edges as in big. 245. The 






THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


222 


sheet is now carefully folded down over the naiU 
like in Fig. 246, which is also a section of the pan 
and casing seams on line a b. Fig. 242. 

The turned under edge 
of the standing seams is 
now forced into the hook 
seam of the pan and cas¬ 
ing as in Fig. 247. As 
before, long barb wire 
nails are driven in as 
shown. The next sheet is 
then put on in the same way and then the third fin¬ 
ishing to the top pan and casing F, Fig. 242, with 
the standing edge seam. 


Fig. 246.—The Flat-hooked Fig. 248. —The Closed Down 
Seams. Seam on e, f, Fig. 210. 

The next course, No. 2, is laid in the same man¬ 
ner, then No. 3 course, after which the standing 

edges are carefully malleted 
down, as in Fig. 248 to cover 
the nails which, by the way, 
should be three inches apart. 

The door is now turned 
over and the other side cov¬ 
ered in a like manner. If 
labels are to be attached they should be riveted and 
soldered to one of the sheets before the sheet is laid. 
And. if the door is to be exposed to the weather, 
the upper seam at F would be a hooked fiat seam on 
the exposed side®f the door, so that the rain would 
flow over and not into the seam. 



Fig. 247. —Cross Section 
on Line e f of Fig. 
210. 



/I 



Fig. 245.— 1 lie First Step in 
Laying the Sheets. 

















CHAPTER X 

Roofing Slates and Tiles 

One branch of tinsmithing is metal roofing using 
terne plates or copper or other sheet metal to cover 
the entire roof surface. There are, however, many 
other kinds of material used for roof covering; hut, 
in most cases, it is necessary to use sheet metal in 
connection with this material. It is probably for 
this reason that the tinsmith is called upon to lay 
slate or vitrified tile roofing. It is always, there¬ 
fore, a good idea for the tinsmith to know some¬ 
thing about these materials, hence the presentation 
of this short chapter written by an expert in a well- 
known publication. Further information of all 
kinds of roofing is given in the series entitled “Prac¬ 
tical Sheet Metal Worker and Demonstrated Pat¬ 
terns. 

Laying Roofing-Tiles 

Roofing-tiles have been laid directly on a porous 
book tile or concrete base or on a sheathed surface 
over such base, or they have been fastened to strip¬ 
ping over the sheathing or wooden or steel purlins 
by means of copper wires. When thus fastened 
by wires, the joints were usually pointed on the 
under side after they were laid, to prevent the 
entrance of dust or dry snow. Tiles of the older 
patterns were nailed to the sheathing, but later 

223 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


224 

on this method was superseded by the practice of 
fastening with copper wires from pierced lugs near 
the lower ends of the tiles. 

The best modern method, however, seems to be 
the one .involving a solid continuous base for the 
roofing-tiles, whether or not purlins are used. “Such 
purlins should be filled in between either with book 
tiles or a concrete base and felt should be laid 
thereon. The book tiles, if used, should be of a 
porous quality. Instead of regarding the nailing 
of tiles as a defective method, it has been found that 
it is the only proper method of fastening tiles 
and has eliminated the stripping of sheathed roofs 
and the use of copper wires. Such methods would 
do in some portions of central Europe where the 
winds and other climatic conditions are not severe, 
but through a twenty-fiv;e years’ experience in the 
varied climatic conditions of the United States it 
was found that the nailing of tiles with copper 
nails is the only satisfactory method of application. 
It was also found that a roof should be sheathed 
and covered with a good asphaltum-felt to prevent 
wind-suction and condensation. 

Valuable information, of course, can be had in 
the literature furnished by makers of tiles. These 
remarks apply to the many types of tiles as flat tiles, 
pan and roll tiles and Spanish tiles. It is also of 
interest to state that tiles can be had transparent, 
like glass, for the admission of light to the interior 
of the structure. Tiles can also be had which are 
made of cement or cement and asbestos, also of 
sheet metal. 


ROOFING SLATES AND TILES 


225 


Best Sizes for Slate Roofing 

The size of slates best adapted for plain roofs 
are the large wide slates, such as 12x16 inches, 
18x12 inches, 20x12 inches, or 24x14 inches. 
Slates from 8x16 to 10x20 inches are popular 
sizes, 9 x 18-inch slates being probably used oftener 
than those of any other size. The 11 x 22 and 
12 x 24-inch slates are used principally on very large 
high buildings. The lower grades of slate are used 
largely on warehouses and barns. The larger sizes 
make fewer joints in the roof, require fewer nails, 
and diminish the number of small pieces at hips and 
valleys. For roofs cut up into small sections the 
smaller sizes, such as 14x7 inches or 16x8 inches, 
look the best. 


Measuring for Slates 

Slates are sold by the square, by which is meant 
a sufficient number of slates of any size to cover 
100 square feet of surface on a roof, with 3 inches 
of lap, over the head of those in the second course 
helow. The square is also the basis on which the 
cost of laying is measured. Tables giving the weight 
and number of slate required per square of roof are 
given on page 297. Eaves, hips, valleys and cut¬ 
tings against walls or dormers are measured extra; 
1 foot wide of their whole length, the extra charge 
being made for waste material and the increased 
labor required in cutting and fitting. Openings less 
than 3 square feet are not deducted, and all cuttings 
around them are measured extra. Extra charges 
are also made for borders, figures, and any change 


220 THE NEW TINSMITH S HELPER 

of color of the work and for steeples, towers and 
perpendicular surfaces. 

Slates from the quarry must be in carload lots to 
get the best freight rates. If a contract does not 
require a carload, it can be made up of various kinds 
of slates for stock in hand; it is good stock and can 
be realized on any time. 

Laying Slates 

Slates are laid either on a board sheathing (rough, 
or tongued and grooved) covered with tarred or 
water-proof paper or felt, or on roofing-laths from 

2 to 3 inches wide and from i to ij4 inches thick, 
nailed to the rafters at distances apart to suit the 
gauge of the slates. Each slate should lap the slate 
in the second course below, 3 inches. The slates are 
fastened with two threepenny or fourpenny nails, 
one near each upper corner. For slates 20x10 
inches or larger, fourpenny nails should be used. 
Copper, composition, tinned, or galvanized nails 
should be used. Plain-iron nails are speedily weak¬ 
ened by rust, and they break and allow the slates to 
be blown off. On iron roofs slates are often placed 
directly on small iron purlins spaced at suitable dis¬ 
tances apart to receive them, and fastened with wire 
or special forms of fasteners. The gauge of a slate 
is the portion exposed to the weather, which should 
be one-half the remainder obtained by subtracting 

3 inches from the length of the slate. Roofs to be 
covered with slate should have a rise of not less than 
6 inches to the foot for 20-inch or 24-inch slates, or 
8 inches for smaller sizes. When driving the nails 


ROOFING SLATES AND TILES 


227 


into the slates extreme care is to be used because, if 
nails are driven too tight the slate may crack, or if it 
does not while driving the nails, freezing weather, 
followed by a thaw, will crack them or burst the 
nail head through allowing the slate to fall down. 
If the nails are driven too loose the slates will not 
be held firmly to the sheathing and may break the 
slate above which is lying on it. 

In first-class work the top course of slate on 
the ridge, and slate for from 2 to 4 feet from all 
gutters and 1 foot each way from all valleys and 
hips, should be bedded in elastic cement. 

Counterflashings are of lead or zinc, and are laid 
between the courses in brick, and turned down over 
the flashings. In flashings against stonework, 
grooves or reglets often have to be cut to receive 
the counterflashings. 

Close and Open Valleys 

A close valley is one in which the slates are 
mitered and flashed in each course and laid in ce¬ 
ment. In such valleys no metal can be seen. Close 
valleys should only be used for pitches above 45°. 
An open valley is one formed of sheets of copper 
or zinc 15 or 16 inches wide, over which the slates 
are laid. 

Old English Method of Laying Slates 

This method of laying slates involves the use of 
different shades of colored slates in graduated 
courses and in random widths beginning at the 
eaves, for example, with slates 28 inches long and 


228 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


1*4 inches thick, and using the different thicknesses 
from 13,4 to y% inch, in shorter lengths, in working 
upward on the roof. The use of this kind of work 
for roofs has increased in recent years and the 
method possesses vast possibilities for carrying out 
architects* ideas for varied artistic effects. The 
slates are made with rough-cut edges in all thick¬ 
nesses from 3/16 to 1 l A inches, in a combination of 
various shades carefully selected in such propor¬ 
tion as to produce the best possible harmony, when 
laid. As all of these colors and shades are unfad¬ 
ing, the weathered effect is obtained at once and 
is permanent. These slates are made not only in 
usual sizes, but in the Old English style, to be laid 
in graduated courses of different lengths and in 
random widths. When graduated courses are de¬ 
sired, specifications should call for the number of 
courses to be laid in each length and thickness be¬ 
ginning at the eaves courses, where the thickest 
slates are used in the largest sizes, sometimes 30 or 
even 36 inches in length, and working upward on 
the roof with the shorter lengths and thinner slates 
to the ridges where the smallest sizes and thinnest 
slates are used. To secure a rough effect at mini¬ 
mum cost, use Old English color-combination, all 
slates fully *4 inch thick with rough cut edges and 
graduated courses in sizes ranging from 24 by 16 
to 12 by 6 inches, with nail-holes drilled and coun¬ 
tersunk. To secure the best rough effect, use not 
less than ^4 inch thick for the eaves, and any desired 
number of courses in each length and thickness. 


CHAPTER XI 

Handy Receipts and Formulas 


Aluminum Solders 

The following aluminum solders have been suc¬ 
cessfully used: 


Tin 

Alum¬ 

inum 

Zinc 

Copper 

Bis¬ 

muth 

Phosphor- Sil- 
Lead tin* ver 

Anti¬ 

mony 

Cad¬ 

mium 

Magnes¬ 

ium 

95.00 





5.00 












78.50 

2 00 

19.00 



.... 

. . 

. . 

0 

50 

. . 

, . 







66.70 





. . 

. . 



33 

30 






20.00 

70.00 





. . 

. , 



10 

00 






97.00 





3.66 

. . 

. . 











6.00 

89.50 

4 

50 


. . 

. . 










71.25 

2 25 

26.00 






0 

50 








60 00 

4.00 

8.00 

4 

00 


12 

00 



i 2 

00 






37.50 


25.00 

37 

50 


. . 

. . 











8.00 

92.00 




. . 

. . 










30 00 


20.00 




. , 

. . 






50 

.00 



80.00 

2.25 

17.00 





. . 

0 

75 








66.00 

15.50 




9.00 


. . 





7.00 



t 

2.25 

15.50 

2 50 

78.25 




2 

50 

i 

25 









20.00 

65.00 

i 5 

00 



. . 










49.05 


20.31 

1 

15 


26 

06 





3.43 





30.00 

70.00 


. . 

. . 


. . 

, . 











4.00 

94.00 

2 

00 


. , 

. . 










85.10 

10.80 



. . 



. . 






1 

.35 


2.75 

60.00 


15.00 



5.00 

10 

00 





5.00 




t 

86.00 


> • • • • 

. . 

. . 

14.00 

. . 

. • 










98.00 

1.00 



. . 

1.00 

, . 

. • 










20 00 

70.00 


io 

00 

• • • • • 

. . 

• • 










48.00 

2.00 

27.00 

. . 

. . 

..... 

23 

00 










90 00 

5.00 



. . 

5.00 

. . 

. . 










84.95 

• • • • • 

. 

• . 

• . 

15.05 

• • 

.. 






• • 





* 10% phosphorous, t This solder also contains 0.25% vanadium, t This solder 
also contains 5% chromium. 


Novel’s Solder for Aluminum Bronze 

Tin, 900 parts, copper, ioo, bismuth, 2 to 3. 

It is claimed that this solder is also suitable for 
joining aluminum to copper, brass, zinc, iron or 
nickel. 


229 










































































230 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Novel’s Solders for Aluminum 

Tin, 100 parts, lead, 5; melts at .530° to 572° F. 


100 

• zinc, 5; 

a 

* 536 

« 612 

1000 

u copper, 10 to 15; 

a 

* 668 

* H42 

1000 

“ nickel, 10 to 15; 

a 

“ 662 

• 843 


Soldering and Welding Aluminum 

Another authority states that aluminum can be 
readily electrically welded, but soldering is not alto¬ 
gether satisfactory. The high heat conductivity of 
the aluminum withdraws the heat of the molten 
solder so rapidly that it ‘‘freezes ' before it can flow 
sufficiently. A German solder, said to give good re¬ 
sults, is made of 8o% tin to 20% zinc, using a flux 
composed of 80 parts stearic acid, 10 parts chloride 
of zinc, and 10 parts of chloride of tin. Pure tin, 
fusing at 250° C., has also been used as a solder. 
The use of chloride of silver as a flux has been 
patented, and used with ordinary soft solder has 
given some success. A pure nickel soldering-bit 
should be used, as it does not discolor aluminum as 
copper bits do. 


Preparation and Application of Aluminum Solders 

Tin, 95 to 99: Bismuth, 5 to 8. 

This composition, which is an ordinary soft 
solder, is adapted for soldering aluminum by means 
of the common soldering iron. 

No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 

Zinc 80 parts Zinc 85 parts Zinc 90 parts 

Copper 8 parts Copper 6 parts Copper 4 parts 

Aluminum 12 parts Aluminum 5 parts Aluminum 6 parts 




HANDY RECEIPTS AND FORMULAS 231 


In preparing aluminum solders the alloy of cop¬ 
per and aluminum is always made first and the zinc 
added. The zinc used should contain no iron as 
it will affect the fusibility and durability of the 
solder. In preparing the solder, first melt all the 
copper, then add the aluminum gradually. The two 
metals are of a very different density and the mix¬ 
ture should be stirred with an iron rod to unite 
them as far as possible. There is no solder which 
operates with aluminum in the same way as ordi¬ 
nary solder works with copper, tin, etc. This is 
due to the fact that aluminum will not alloy readily 
with solders with temperatures so low as the other 
metals require. Then, it is also covered with a thin 
coating of aluminum oxide, which is very refrac¬ 
tory. All the surface to which it is intended that 
the solder shall adhere must first be tinned. This 
is accomplished by heating the metal to a tempera¬ 
ture above the fusion point of the solder used and 
then rubbing the surface with a stick of the solder, 
thus rubbing the oxide off the surface with the 
solder itself and covering the exposed points with 
melted solder all in the same motion. After the 
edges to be united are thus tinned they may be 
sweated together with pure block tin with the aid 
either of a soldering iron or blast lamp. It is well 
to bear in mind that solder will not flow into an 
aluminum joint even when tinned, by capillary 
action, as it does into copper or tin joints, and it is 
therefore necessary to place on the surface of the 
metal all of the material necessary to sweat them 
together before the edges are brought into contact. 


232 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Black Solder No. i 

Copper 2 pounds 

Zinc 3 pounds 

Tin 2 ounces 


Black Solder No. 2 

Sheet brass 20 pounds 
Zinc i pound 

Tin 6 pounds 


Yellow Solder for Brass 
or Copper No. i 


Copper 

Zinc 

Tin 


32 pounds 
29 pounds 
1 pound 


Yellow Solder for Copper 
or Brass No. 2 

Copper 1 pound 

Zinc 1 pound 

Tin . 


The formula on the left is stronger than the other. 

Best Soft Solder for Cast Britannia Ware 

Tin 8 pounds Lead 5 pounds 

White Solder for Raised Britannia Ware 

Tin 100 pounds Copper 3 ounces 

To make it free, add 3 ounces of lead. 


Solder for Copper 

Copper 10 pounds 

Zinc 9 pounds 

Nickel . 


German-silver Solder 
Copper 38 parts 

Zinc 54 parts 

Nickel 8 parts 


Gold Solder for 14 -Carat Gold 

Gold, 25 parts; silver, 25; brass, 12^2; zinc, 1. 


Soft Gold Solder 

Is composed of 4 parts gold, 1 of silver and I of 
copper. It can be made softer by adding brass, but 
the solder becomes more liable to oxidize. 




HANDY RECEIPTS AND FORMULAS 233 


Gold Solder No. i 


Gold 14 parts 

Silver 6 parts 

Copper 4 parts 


Gold Solder No. 2 

Gold, 6 pennyweights 
Silver, 1 pennyweight 
Copper, 2 pennyweights 


Hard Solder 

Copper, 2; zinc, 1 part. 


Pewterers’ Solder * 

Tin, 2; lead, 1 part. 


Plumbers’ 

Lead 

Tin 


Solder 

2 parts Lead 
1 part Tin 


Tinmen’s Solder 

iy 2 parts 
1 part 


Half and Half, Tinsmiths’ Solder 

Lead 1 part Tin 


1 part 


Silver Solder No. 1 

Yellow brass 70 parts 
Zinc 7 parts 

Tin n l /2 parts 


Silver Solder No. 2 

Silver 145 parts 

Brass (3 to 1) 73 parts 
Zinc 4 parts 


Solder for Silver, for the Use of Jewelers 
Fine silver 19 pwts. Sheet brass 10 pwts. 

Copper, 1 pwt. 

White Solder for Silver 

Silver 1 ounce Tin 1 ounce 



Silver Solder for Plated Metal 


Fine silver 

I ounce 

Brass 

10 pwts 


Solder for 

Steel Joints 


Silver 

19 pwts. 

Copper 

1 pwt. 


Brass 

2 pwts. 



Melt these metals under a coat of charcoal dust. 


234 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Composition and Fusing Point of Soft Solders 

Fusing point of tin-lead alloys (figures are ap¬ 
proximate) : 

Tin, 1 to lead, 25... .558° F. Tin, VA to lead, 1... .334° F. 


M 2 “ “ 1....340 

u 3 “ 1....356 

“ 4 “ a 1....365 

“ 5 a “ 1....378 

“ 6 “ “ 1....381 


“ 1 “ a 10....541 

«• 1 * a 5....511 

« 1 a a 3....482 

“ 1 a “ 2....441 

a 1 a “ 1....370 


The melting point of the tin-lead alloys decreases 
almost proportionately to the increase of tin, from 
619° F., the melting point of pure lead, to 356° F., 
when the alloy contains 68% of tin, and then in¬ 
creases to 448° F., the melting point of pure tin. 
Alloys on either side of the 68% mixture begin to 
soften materially at 356° F., because at that tem¬ 
perature the eutectic alloy melts and permits the 
whole alloy to soften. 

I'he relative hardness of the various tin and lead 
solders has been determined by Brinell’s method. 
The results are as follows: 

% Tin 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 

Hardness 3.90 10.10 12.16 14.46 15.76 14.90 14.58 

% Tin 66 67 6 S 70 SO 90 100 

Hardness 16.66 15.40 14.58 15.84 15.20 13.25 4.14 

The hardest solder is the one composed of 2 parts 
of tin and 1 part of lead. It is the eutectic, or the 
one with the lowest melting point of all the mix¬ 
tures given in the table. 

Common Pewter 

Common pewter contains 4 parts of lead to 1 
part of tin. 



HANDY RECEIPTS AND FORMULAS 235 


Composition and Fusing Points of Hard Solders 


Hard 

Fusing 


Kind 

Zinc 

Copper 

Silver 

point 

Spelter, hardest. 

. 1 

2 


700 ° 

“ hard. 

. 2 

3 


550 ° 

“ soft. 

. 1 

1 



“ fine. 

. 2 

2 

X 


Silver, hard. 


1 

4 


“ medium. 


1 

3 


“ soft. 


1 

2 • 



Coloring Solder to Match Copper Work 

To color the solder on copper work to correspond 
in color with the copper, dissolve crystal sulphate 
of copper (blue vitriol) in water and apply with a 
brush or iron rod. The more coats of this solu¬ 
tion that are applied, the deeper and nearer copper 
color is obtained. 

For copper cornice work the exposed soldering 
may be concealed by first applying shellac dissolved 
in alcohol, and before it can dry freely sprinkle 
with powdered copper bronze; or the copper bronze 
can be placed in banana oil and applied where 
wanted with a brush. Do not make up more than 
needed because it dries up quickly. 


Pattenizing or Ageing Copper Work 

The weathering, that is to say, the beautiful 

greenish tint of aged and exposed copper, can be 

hastened by generously painting the copper with a 

solution of salt and vinegar or sal ammoniac and 

water. Some use a powerful acid solution. In all 

♦ • 



















236 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


cases the operator must be careful not to get any 
on his clothes or person. 

Cleaning Soldering Coppers 

The modern method of cleaning soldering irons 
is to quickly dip them, while hot, into a cleaning 
liquid, which often is composed of just water and 
sal ammoniac. It has, however, been found that 
the coppers “smoke” excessively with this liquid so 
some workmen use water and boiled acid to the 
proportion of say one of acid to five of water; the 
objection to this liquid is that it soon eats small 
holes in the coppers, but it is to be remembered that 
eventually happens no matter what solution is used. 

How to Judge Solder 

The appearance of the solder when cold is what 
plumbers judge the quality by, and as plumber's sol¬ 
der is akin to that used by tinsmiths, only not so 
fine, it follows that this method will apply for tin¬ 
smith's solder; naturally, though, more tin is to b^ 
looked for. A small quantity is poured out on a 
level stone or brick and the color on setting is noted, 
also the number and size of bright spots on its sur¬ 
face. On a piece about the size of a silver dollar 
will appear, if the correct proportions are present, 
about four spots one-eighth inch or so in diameter. 
The side of the solder which was in contact with 
the stone will be bright. Adding lead to the solder 
will reduce the size or number of bright spots, 
and if continued will turn out solder of chalky ap¬ 
pearance and coarse texture; adding more tin to the 
solder will brighten it. 


HANDY RECEIPTS AND FORMULAS 237 

1 he solder should be well stirred before a test 
is made or an incorrect impression of its quality 
will be received and the rate of cooling also affects 
its appearance. If cooled too quickly, as would 
happen when the solder is poured on an iron plate, 
the metal will appear much finer than it really is. 
If the appearance is chalky with numerous minute 
bright spots, there is probably a small percentage 
of zinc or antimony in it, which, of course, means 
that it is not as pure as it should be. 

Doctoring Solder 

A well known writer on plumbing states in one 
of his books how much plumber’s solder may be 
refined and as tinsmith’s solder is practically the 
same and they often remelt scrap solder, it would 
seem that this method is equally useful to both 
classes of workmen. 

You may have spoiled your solder also by over¬ 
heating it or you may have been tinning your brass 
couplings by dipping them. This should never be 
done owing to the risk of overheating the brass and 
releasing a proportion of the zinc. It may also 
have happened by pouring the solder when at too 
high a temperature over a brass ferrule in the proc¬ 
ess of wiping a joint, or in the case of tinsmiths 
much soldering in galvanized iron would permeate 
the scrap solder with an excess of zinc. Now for 
the cure. 

Your solder should be made extra hot, almost 
twice the temperature it should be if all were right. 
Plumber’s solder melts at 440° F. To clean it 
you want to raise it to 8oo° F. Why? Because 


238 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

zinc melts off at 773°. Do not make it red hot 
in the daylight or you will have reached a tem¬ 
perature of about i,ioo° F. and you will spoil it. 
Throw in a lump of sulphur (rosin also helps) 
and this mixing with the zinc helps it to float. 
Stir up the contents and skim off the top, which will 
be a mixture of lead oxide, putty powder, sulphur 
and zinc. Then when it has cooled down to about 
the working point stir in tallow and some more 
rosin and skim again. Then add a little tin to re¬ 
place what was burned out in raising the metal to 
such a high temperature, and it should be ready to 
wipe with again; or for tinsmithing add tin to a 
generous amount. 

Another way to obtain the same result is to granu¬ 
late the solder by pounding it. When it reaches 
the cooling point it will break up as fine as sawdust. 
Then put it into a dish and cover it with muriatic 
acid and allow it to stand over night. This will 
remove all traces of zinc. 

If solder becomes overheated through inattention 
do not stir it until it has cooled to about the cor¬ 
rect wiping temperature; otherwise more tin will 
oxidize on the surface and be lost. If you consider 
that tin forms putty powder at 428° F. and lead 
oxidizes at 612° F., the two together at 440° F., 
you will understand what happens when you 
allow it to become red hot in the daylight, for it 
is then about 700° hotter than it should be. Do 
not add fine or scrap solder to your pot unless you 
are certain of its purity. 

Solder may be adulterated with antimony or bis- 


HANDY RECEIPTS AND FORMULAS 239 


muth to secure brightness and it will then be ex¬ 
ceedingly difficult to wipe a joint that will not drop 
at the bottom and, too, for soldering purposes will 
not flow well. Be careful always to put paper be¬ 
low a joint to catch your surplus solder, never 
allow brass or zinc to mix with it and never melt 
zinc in a pot that is to be used again for solder. 
Refer to the tables on page 234 for information 
on the melting point of solder and its component 
parts and other useful information. 

Common Soldering Fluxes 

In tinsmithing, or rather sheet metal working, 
the common fluxes for soldering purposes are: 
Commercial muriatic acid used raw on galvanized 
iron work when the solder alone is the means of 
joining the parts together. Boiled acid, zinc chlor¬ 
ide, for galvanized iron work when the solder is 
just to make a water or air-tight joint and rivets, 
or a groove or double seam hold the parts together. 

Raw acid should be used for zinc work, but 
especial care is necessary so that the acid will not 
eat holes in the metal and all acid should be care¬ 
fully cleaned away after soldering. If the zinc is 
very clean and bright boiled acid could be used. 

Boiled acid is used for soft soldering copper or 
brass work, though if the copper is dirty it should 
first be cleaned with raw acid, which should be 
washed off before applying the boiled acid. Some 
workmen use rosin, but it is not as satisfactory as 
acid, especially for speedy work. 

Rosin is used for tin roofing and tinware, though 
for rapid work on the latter boiled acid should be 


240 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


used and the article carefully cleaned in hot water 
after soldering. By “boiled” acid is meant muri¬ 
atic acid to which small pieces of zinc have been 
fed until the acid ceases to boil, after which a large 
piece of zinc is placed in and the acid allowed to 
stand awhile before using; use a strong jar for a 
container and do not do this indoors because the 
fumes are disagreeable. 

Flux for Soldering Tin Roof 

One part rosin and 2 parts binnacle oil mixed 
hot and used the same as rosin alone; or, cut with 
alcohol i pint as much rosin as possible and put on 
with a swab. Either, good when the wind blows. 
Or, saponified or red oil used with a swab along 
the seams. Solder flows more freely than with 
rosin alone as the flux. 

Special Soldering Fluid or Flux 

Prussiate of potash, borax and copperas, each I 
dram; sal ammoniac, l / 2 ounce, muriatic acid, 2 > l / 2 
ounces, well mixed, then add as much zinc as it 
will dissolve. Add i pint or more water according 
to strength required. 

Flux of Sal Ammoniac, Borax and Zinc Chloride 

Sal ammoniac and borax, each i dram; chloride of 
zinc, i ounce, water, i pint. It will not eat copper 
or tarnish tin. Use less water and it will be stronger. 

Cleaning Brass 

The articles to be cleaned must be warmed and 
then rubbed with a mixture of roche alum one 
part to water sixteen parts. Then finish with fine 
tripoli, according to requirements. 


HANDY RECEIPTS AND FORMULAS 241 


Case Hardening 

Place the article to be case hardened in an iron 
box with, horn, hoof, bone-dust or shreds of leather 
and heat blood red. Then dip the article in cold 
water. 

Another method is to heat the article, after pol¬ 
ishing, to a bright red and then rub the surface with 
prussiate of potash. Allow it to cool to a dull red 
and dip it in water. 

Case Hardening Mixture Case Hardening Mixture 
No. i No. 2 

Prussiate of Potash.3 parts Prussiate of Potash. 1 part 

Sal ammoniac.1 part Sal ammoniac.2 parts 

Bone Dust.2 parts 

Either mixture may be used with satisfactory 
results. 

Ink for Marking Galvanized Iron Work 

A marking fluid or ink that will not readily rub 
off when used on galvanized iron (or copper) is 
made by saving the filings from the soldering irons 
and depositing them in a glass receptacle which 
contains muriatic acid. After standing a short time 
this ink is ready for use and is applied as in ordi¬ 
nary writing or sketching, with a pointed hardwood 
stick. Remove the stick when not in use. 

Ink for Marking Tinware 

Tinware can be marked with an ink made by 
reducing asphalt or black varnish with turpentine 
to the desired consistency. It should be kept in a 
corked bottle and well shaken before using. 

This ink can be used for marking any bright arti¬ 
cle and is easily removed by means of a cloth dipped 





242 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


in coal oil or turpentine. Another excellent ink 
for such articles is composed of shellac varnish and 
alcohol and colored with fine lamp black. This 
forms a jet black lusterless ink, insoluble in water, 
but removable with alcohol. 

Rust-Proof Coating for Steel 

Dissolve one part of caoutchouc and sixteen parts 
of turpentine with a low temperature. Then add 
eight parts of boiled oil. Mix them by bringing 
them to the boiling point. Apply to the steel with 
a brush just as you would in varnishing. The coat¬ 
ing may be removed with turpentine. 

Removing Rust from Steel 

Brush with a paste compound of one-half ounce 
cyanide of potassium, one-half ounce castile soap, 
one ounce whiting and enough water to make a 
paste. The steel should then be washed with a 
solution of one-half ounce cyanide of potassium in 
two ounces of water. 

Cement for Fastening Brass to Glass Vessels 

Melt rosin 150 parts, wax 30, and add burnt ocher 
30 and calcined plaster 2 parts. Apply warm. 

A Cheap Cement 

Melted brimstone, either alone or mixed with 
rosin and brick dust, forms a tolerably good and 
very cheap cement. 

Cement for Fastening Blades, Files, Etc. 

Shellac 2 parts, prepared chalk 1, powdered and 
mixed. The opening for the blade is filled with 


HANDY RECEIPTS AND FORMULAS 243 


this powder, the lower end of the iron heated and 
pressed in. 

China Cement 

Take the curd of milk, dried and powdered, io 
ounces; quicklime, i ounce; camphor, 2 drams. 
Mix and keep in closely stoppered bottles. When 
used, a portion is to be mixed with a little water 
into a paste, to be applied quickly. 

Cement to Render Cisterns and Casks Water Tight 

An excellent cement for resisting moisture is 
made by incorporating thoroughly 8 parts of melted 
glue, of the consistence used by carpenters, with 4 
parts of linseed oil, boiled into varnish with litharge. 
This cement hardens in about 48 hours and renders 
the joints of wooden cisterns and casks air and 
water tight. A compound of glue with one-quarter 
its weight of Venice turpentine, made as above, 
serves to cement glass, metal and wood to one an¬ 
other. Fresh made cheese curd and old skim milk 
cheese, boiled in water to a slimy consistency, dis¬ 
solved in a solution of bicarbonate of potash are 
said to form a good cement for glass and porcelain. 
The gluten of wheat, well prepared, is also a good 
cement. White of eggs with flour and water, well 
mixed, and smeared over linen cloth, forms a ready 
lute for steam joints in small apparatus. 

Cement for Holes in Castings 

The best cement for this purpose is made by mix¬ 
ing 1 part of sulphur in powder, 2 parts of sal am¬ 
moniac and 80 parts of clean powdered iron turn- 


244 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


ings. Sufficient water must be added to make it into 
a thick paste, which should be pressed into the boles 
or seams which are to be filled up. The ingredients 
composing 'this cement should be kept separate and 
not mixed until required for use. It is to be ap¬ 
plied cold, and the casting should not be used for 
two or three days afterward. 

Cement for Coppersmiths and Engineers 

Boiled linseed oil and red lead mixed together 
into v a putty is often used by coppersmiths and engi¬ 
neers to secure joints. The washers of leather or 
cloth are smeared with this mixture in a pasty state. 

Cement for Corks 

The bituminous or black cement for bottle corks 
consists of pitch hardened by the addition of rosin 
and brick dust. 

Cement for Mending Earthen and Glass Ware 

i. Heat the article to be mended a little above 
boiling water heat, then apply a thin coating of gum 
shellac on both surfaces of the broken vessel, and 
when cold it will be as strong as it was originally. 
2. Dissolve gum shellac in alcohol, apply the solu¬ 
tion and bind the parts firmly together until the ce¬ 
ment is perfectly dry. 

Gas Fitters’ Cement. 

Mix together resin 4^2 p' .*ts, wax 1 part, and 
Venetian red 3 parts. 


HANDY RECEIPTS AND FORMULAS 245 


Transparent Cement for Glass 

Dissolve i part of India rubber in 64 of chloro¬ 
form, then add gum mastic in powder 14 to 24 parts, 
and digest for two days with frequent shaking. 
Apply with camel’s-hair brush. 

Cement for Iron Pots and Pans 

Take 2 parts of sulphur, and 1 part, by weight, 
of fine black lead; put the sulphur in an old iron 
pan, holding it over the fire until it begins to melt, 
then add the load, stir well until all is mixed and 
melted, then pour out on an iron plate or smooth 
stone. When cool, break into small pieces. A 
sufficient quantity of this compound being placed 
upon the crack of the iron pot to be mended, can be 
soldered by a hot iron in the same way a tinsmith 
solders his sheets. If there is a small hole in the 
pot, drive a copper rivet in it and then solder over 
it with this cement. 

Iron Rust Cement Nos. 1 and 2 

Is made from 50 to 100 parts of iron borings, 
pounded and sifted, mixed with 1 part of sal am¬ 
moniac, and when it is to be applied, moistened with 
as much water as will give it a pasty consistency. 
Another composition of the same kind is made by 
mixing 4 parts of fine borings or filings of iron, 2 
parts of potters’ clay and r part of pounded pot¬ 
sherds, and making them into a paste with salt and 
water to the proportions required. 


246 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Rust Joint Cement No. 3 

Quick setting 
Sal ammoniac 1 part 
Flour of sulphur 2 parts 
Iron borings 80 parts 


Rust Joint Cement No. 4 

Slow setting 
Sal ammoniac 2 parts 
Flour of sulphur 1 part 
Iron borings 200 parts 

if the joint is not re- 


The slow setting is the best 
quired for immediate use. 


Cement for Iron Tubes, Boilers, etc. 

Finely powdered iron, 66 parts; sal ammoniac, I 
part; water of a sufficient quantity to form a suit¬ 
able paste, by mixing all thoroughly together. 


Cement for Ivory, Mother of Pearl, etc. 

Dissolve 1 part of isinglass and 2 of white glue 
in 30 of water, strain and evaporate to 6 parts. 
Add 1-30 part of gum mastic, dissolve in y 2 part of 
alcohol and 1 part of white zinc. When this receipt 
is required for use warm it carefully in an ap¬ 
paratus like a glue pot, and then shake it up. 

Cements for Leather 

A mixture of India rubber and shellac varnish 
makes a very adhesive leather cement. A strong 
solution of common isinglass, with a little diluted 
alcohol added to it, makes another excellent cement 
for leather. 

Marble Cement 

Take plaster of Paris and soak it in a saturated 
solution of alum, then bake the two in an oven, the 
same as gypsum is baked to make it plaster of Paris; 


HANDY RECEIPTS AND FORMULAS 247 


after which they are ground to powder. It is then 
used as wanted, being mixed up with water like 
plaster and applied. It sets into a very hard com¬ 
position capable of taking a very high polish. It 
may be fixed with various coloring minerals to pro¬ 
duce a cement of any color capable of imitating 
marble. 

Cement for Marble Workers and Coppersmiths 

White of an egg alone, or mixed with finely sifted 
quicklime, will answer for uniting objects which 
are not exposed to moisture. The latter combina¬ 
tion is very strong and is much employed for join¬ 
ing pieces of spar and marble ornaments. A simi¬ 
lar composition is used by coppersmiths to secure 
the edges and rivets of boilers, only bullock’s blood 
is the albuminous matter used instead of the white 
of an egg. 

Cement for Joining Metals and Wood 

Melt rosin and stir in calcined plaster until re¬ 
duced to a paste, to which add boiled oil a sufficient 
quantity to bring it to the consistence of honey; 
apply warm. Or, melt rosin 180 parts and stir in 
burnt umber 30 parts, calcined plaster 15 parts and 
boiled oil 8 parts. 

Non-Combustible and Waterproof Cement Paint 

If hydraulic cement be mixed with oil, it forms 
a first rate anti-combustible and excellent water 
proof paint for roofs of buildings, walls, etc. 


248 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Plumbers’ Cement 

Black rosin, i part; brick dust, 2 parts; well 
incorporated by a melting heat. 

Red Lead Cement for Face Joints 

Mix one part of white lead and one part of red 
lead with linseed oil, using enough oil to give it the 
proper consistency. 

Cement for Stone Ware 

Another cement in which an analogous substance, 
the curd of milk, is employed, is made by boiling 
slices of skim milk cheese into a gluey consistence 
in a great quantity of water, and then incoq)orating 
it with quicklime on a slab with a muller, or in a 
marble mortar. When this compound is applied 
warm to broken edges of stone ware, it unites them 
very firmly after it is cold. 

Waterproof Cement 

Zinc white rubbed up with copal varnish to fill 
up the indentures; when dry, to be covered with 
the same mass somewhat thinner, and lastly with 
copal varnish alope. 

Cement for Cracks in Wood 

Make a paste of slaked lime I part, rye meal 2 
parts, with a sufficient quantity of linseed oil. Or 
dissolve i part of glue in 16 parts of water, when 
almost cool stir in sawdust and prepared chalk a 
sufficient quantity. Or oil varnish thickened with 
a mixture of equal parts of white lead, red lead, 
litharge and chalk. 


HANDY RECEIPTS AND FORMULAS 249 


A Good General Cement 

Shellac, dissolved in alcohol or in a solution of 
borax, forms a pretty good cement. 

Cement for Repairing Fractured Bodies of All Kinds 

White lead ground upon a slab with linseed oil 
varnish and kept out of contact of air affords a 
cement capable of repairing fractured bodies of all 
kinds. It requires a few weeks to harden. When 
stone and iron are to be cemented together, a com¬ 
pound of equal parts of sulphur with pitch answers 
very well. 

Cement to Stop a Leaky Roof 

Twenty-five pounds yellow ocher, i pound lith¬ 
arge, 6 pounds black lead, i pound fine salt; boil 
well in oil. Soak strips of cloth in the above and 
paste over the seams; first thoroughly cleaning the 
spot of all dirt and loose paint. Good where solder 
is not practicable. 

Putty for Skylights 

As a rule it is the cheapest in the end to buy 
your putty for skylight work. Each manufacturer 
has his own formula, but it is well to keep in 
mind that the cheapest putty is the dearest in the 
end. Only pure linseed oil putty should be used. 
If too soft thicken with whiting, and if too hard 
soften with linseed oil. 

A good home-made putty is composed of fine 
white sand, litharge and rosin mixed in boiled lin¬ 
seed oil. Or just mix whiting in linseed oil to the 
consistency of dough. 


250 


THE NEW TINSMITH'S HELPER 


Acid-proof Putty 

1. Melt i part of gum elastic with 2 parts of lin¬ 
seed oil and mix with the necessary quantity of 
white hole by continued kneading to the desired 
consistency. Hydrochloric acid and nitric acid do 
not attack this putty, it softens somewhat when 
warm and does not dry readily on the surface. The 
drying and hardening is effected by an admixture 
of y 2 part of litharge or red lead. 

2. A putty which will even resist boiling sulphuric 
acid is prepared by melting caoutchouc at a mod¬ 
erate heat, then adding 8 per cent of tallow, stir¬ 
ring constantly, whereupon sufficiently slaked lime 
is added until the whole has the consistency of soft 
dough. Finally about 20 per cent of red lead is 
still added, which causes the mass to set immedi¬ 
ately and to harden and dry. A solution of caout¬ 
chouc in double its weight of linseed oil, added by 
means of heat and with the like quantity (weight) 
of pipe clay, gives a plastic mass which likewise 
resists most acids. 


Black Putty 

Mix whiting and antimony sulphide, the latter 
finely powdered, with soluble glass. This putty, it 
is claimed, can be •polished, after hardening, by 
means of a burnishing agate. 

Glaziers’ Putty 

i. For puttying panes or looking glasses into pic¬ 
ture frames a mixture prepared as follows is well 
adapted: Make a solution of gum elastic in ben- 


HANDY RECEIPTS AND FORMULAS 251 

zine, strong enough so that a syrup-like fluid re¬ 
sults. If the solution be too thin, wait until the 
benzine evaporates. Then grind white lead in lin¬ 
seed-oil varnish to a stiff paste and add the gum 
solution. This putty may be used, besides the above 
purposes, for the tight puttying-in of window panes 
into their frames. The putty is applied on the glass 
lap of the frames and the panes are firmly pressed 
into it. The glass plates thereby obtain a good, firm 
support and stick to the wood, as the putty adheres 
both to the glass and to the wood. 

2. A useful putty for mirrors, etc., is prepared 
by dissolving gummi elasticum (caoutchouc) in ben¬ 
zol to a syrupy solution, and incorporating this lat¬ 
ter with a mixture of white lead and linseed oil to 
make a stiff pulp. The putty adheres strongly to 
both glass and wood, and may therefore be ap¬ 
plied to the framework of the window, mirror, etc., 
to be glazed, the glass being then pressed firmly 
on the cementing layer thus formed. Surplus putty 
should be cleaned off. 

3. Mix seventy pounds of whiting, thirty pounds 
of boiled oil and two gallons of water. If this is 
too thin, add more whiting. If too thick, add more 
oil until of suitable consistency. 

To Soften Old Putty 

To remove old putty from broken windows, dip 
a small brush in nitro-muriatic acid or caustic soda 
and apply it to the putty. In about an hour the 
putty will have become so soft that it may be easily 
removed with a glazier’s putty knife. 


252 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


To Soften Glaziers’ Putty 

1. Glaziers’ putty which has become hard can be 
softened with the following mixture: Mix carefully 
equal parts of crude powdered potash and freshly 
burnt lime and make it into a paste with a little 
water. This dough, to which about J 4 part of soft 
soap is still added, is applied on the putty to be 
softened, but care has to be taken not to cover other 
paint, as it would be surely destroyed thereby. After 
a few hours the hardest putty will be softened by 
caustic mass and can be removed from glass and 
wood. 

2. A good way to make the putty soft and plas¬ 
tic enough in a few hours so that it can be taken 
off like fresh putty, is by the use of kerosene, 
which entirely dissolves the linseed oil of the putty, 
transformed into rosin, and quickly penetrates it. 

Hard Putty 

This is used by carriage painters and jewelers. 
Boil 4 pounds brown umber and 7 pounds linseed 
oil for 2 hours; stir in 2 ounces beeswax; take from 
the fire and mix in 5J/2 pounds chalk and 11 pounds 
white lead; the mixing must be done very thor¬ 
oughly by constantly stirring or kneading. 

Painters’ Putty and Rough Stuff 

Gradually knead sifted dry chalk (whiting) or 
else rye flour, powdered white lead, zinc white, or 
lithopone white with good linseed-oil varnish. The 
best putty is produced from varnish with plenty of 
chalk and some zinc white. This mixture can be 


HANDY RECEIPTS AND FORMULAS 253 

tinted with earth colors. These oil putties must be 
well kneaded together and rather compact (like 
glaziers’ putty). 

If flour paste is boiled (this is best produced by 
scalding with hot water, pouring in, gradually, the 
rye flour which has been previously dissolved in a 
little cold water and stirring constantly until the 
proper consistency is attained) and dry sifted chalk 
and a little varnish are added, a good stuff for wood 
or iron is obtained, which can be rubbed. This may 
also be produced from glaziers’ oil putty by gradu¬ 
ally kneading into it flour paste and a little more 
sifted dry chalk as may be required. 

Waterproof Putties 

1. Grind powdered white lead or minium (red 
lead) with thick linseed oil varnish to a stiff paste. 
This putty is used extensively for tightening 
wrought-iron gas pipes, for tightening rivet seams 
on gas meters, hot-water furnaces, cast-iron flange 
pipes for hot-water heating, etc. The putty made 
with minium dries very slowly, but becomes tight 
even before it is quite hard, and holds very 7 firmly 
after solidification. Sometimes a little ground gyp- 
sum is added to it. 

The two following putties are cheaper than the 
above-mentioned red lead putty: 

2. One part white lead, i part manganese, one 
part white pipe clay, mix with linseed oil varnish. 

3. Two parts red lead, 5 parts white lead, 4 parts 
clay, ground in or prepared with linseed oil varnish. 

4. Excellent putty, which has been found invalu- 


254 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


able where waterproof closing and permanent adhe¬ 
sion are desired, is made from litharge and glycer¬ 
ine. The litharge must be finely pulverized and the 
glycerine very concentrated, thickly liquid, and clear 
as water. Both substances are mixed into viscid, 
thickly liquid lumps. The pegs of kerosene lamps, 
for instance, can be fixed in so firmly with this 
putty that they can only be removed by chiseling 
it out. For putting in the glass panes of aquariums 
it is equally valuable. As it can withstand higher 
temperature it may be successfully used for fixing 
tools, curling irons, forks, etc., in the wooden han¬ 
dles. The thickish putty mass is rubbed into the 
hole, and the part to be fixed is inserted. As this 
putty hardens very quickly it cannot be prepared 
in large quantities, and only enough for immediate 
use must be compounded in each case. 

5. Five parts of hydraulic lime, 0.3 parts of tar, 
0.3 parts of rosin, 1 part of horn water (the decoc¬ 
tion resulting from boiling horn in water and de¬ 
canting the latter). The materials are to be mixed 
and boiled. After cooling, the putty is ready for 
use. This is an excellent cement for glass, and may 
be used also for reservoirs and any vessels for 
holding water, to cement the cracks; also for many 
other purposes. It will not give way, and is equally 
good for glass, wood, and metal. 

6. This is especially recommended for boiler 
leaks: Mix well together 6 parts of powdered 
graphite, 3 parts of slaked lime, 8 parts of heavy 
spar (barytes), and 8 parts of thick linseed oil var¬ 
nish, and apply in the ordinary way to the spots. 


HANDY RECEIPTS AND FORMULAS 255 

Concrete Mixtuies 

The right kind of concrete should have the voids 
competely filled so that one stone should not touch 
another, and one grain of sand should be separated 
from the next by the fine cement. Water will go 
through concrete made from ordinary mixtures, but 
1 part cement, l l / 2 to 2 parts of sand and 4 parts 
of inch stone will be fairly watertight. Water¬ 
proofing of some kind is most always used. 

The best proportions for ordinary work is: 1: 3 :6, 
for best work; 1 :\ l / 2 :4 is used for ordinary work— 
tanks, etc. The units are taken by measure and 
not by weight. 

New Rust Preventive . 

For the preparation of this preventive the crude 
oils obtained in the dry distillation of brown coal, 
peat or other bituminous substances are, according 
to Dr. L. Beckert, subjected to a second distillation. 
The distillate passing over at 482 ° to 572 ° F. forms 
the initial point for the process. Caoutchouc 
rolled out thin and cut into strips is poured over 
with four times its quantity of this oil and allowed 
to stand for 8 days, whereby it is converted into a 
homogeneous and soft mass which can be drawn 
into threads. This mass is worked by means of a 
stirring apparatus with pale vulcan oil or other 
suitable hydrocarbon until a homogeneous, clear 
fluid drawing threads is formed. In this manner 
the mechanical incorporation of the caoutchouc 
with the oil is effected without a separation after¬ 
wards taking place. By applying the oil in as thin a 


256 


THE NEW TINSMITH'S HELPER 


layer as possible by means of a flannel rag to a 
metallic surface, and drying slowly, a thin film of 
caoutchouc oil is formed which affords an absolute 
protection against atmospheric influences. After 

exposure for one year not the slightest cracks, it 

% 

is claimed, could be detected in the film of oil even 
by a microscopical examination. To remove the 
oil the articles are thoroughly oiled with caoutchouc 
oil; after allowing the latter to act for 12 to 24 
hours, the clean metallic surface is restored by 
wiping off. It is claimed that the caoutchouc oil 
is also especially adapted for loosening rust already 
present. 


Protecting Lead Pipes 

To protect lead pipes it is recommended to pro¬ 
vide them with a coat of sulphide of lead. Dis¬ 
solve l /i oz. of caustic soda in 1^ quarts of water; 
mix the solution with one of l /i of lead nitrate (or 
an equivalent of another lead salt soluble in water) 
in Yi pint of water, and heat the mixture to 195 ° F. 
As soon as a sufficient quantity of lead salt has 
been added the fluid becomes turbid, and must be 
quickly filtered through asbestus or a similar mate¬ 
rial. To the clear fluid add 2]/ 2 ozs. of hot water 
containing 1 drachm of sulphocarbonide in solu¬ 
tion. In using the fluid it is best to heat it to 
150 ° F., and to hold the thoroughly cleansed lead 
pipe in it for a few moments, when it will be quick¬ 
ly coated with a fine layer of sulphide of lead. If 
the lead has been thoroughly cleansed the sulphide 


HANDY RECEIPTS AND FORMULAS 257 


of lead adheres very tenaciously and can be polish¬ 
ed with a piece of leather. 


Frictional Resistance of Riveted Joints 

Rivets in cooling contract longitudinally and 
draw the plates together with considerable force. 
They also contract laterally and therefore do not 
completely fill their holes when cold. Before 
shearing can take place it is consequently necessary 
that the plates shall slip on each other, such slip¬ 
ping, however, being resisted by the friction of the 
surfaces in contact. According to C. Bach, this 
frictional resistance when slipping begins ranges 
from 14,000 to 30,000 lbs. per sq. in. of rivet sec¬ 
tion at each pair of surfaces in contact. As any 
appreciable slip of a boiler joint will result in 
leakage, it is the practice of European engineers to 
design such joints according to rules based by Bach 
on the resistance to slipping. The proportions 
specified in these rules, however, do not differ 
greatly from those based on a consideration of 
shearing strength, 


Black Coating for Iron 

To protect iron as cheaply as possible from at¬ 
mospheric influences, it should be coated with 
ozokerite. Ozokerite forms a brown, resinous mass 
and melts at about 140 ° F. For lacquering iron 
articles the ozokerite is melted in a kettle, and the 
melted mass heated to about the boiling point of 
water. The sheets to be lacquered, which have been 


25S 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


previously scoured bright bv rubbing with sand, 
are immersed in the melted mass, and after drain¬ 
ing off, the ozokerite is ignited by holding the sheets 
over a coal fire. After the ozokerite has burned 
for some time the flame extinguishes, generally by 
itself, and the iron appears covered with very 
firmly adhering black coating which perfectly 
resists all atmospheric influences, and also the 
action of acids and alkaline bodies. If the iron 
is to be used for vessels for the reception of alka¬ 
line fluids, it is recommended to repeat the lacquer¬ 
ing in the manner described. 


Etching Ornamental Designs in Metal 

• 

When metal plates having an ornamental design 
are required in small quantities, the etching pro¬ 
cess is sometimes used. The photographic meth <*3 
which is employed for nearly all intricate designs 
is as follows: The design is first drawn on white 
paper to any convenient scale, in black and white. 
A photographic negative is then made, or this may 
be procured from photoengravers who make a 
specialty of such work. The blacks and whites 
must be, respectively, opaque and transparent. 
This negative is used to print the design on the 
work to be etched, the metal, in order to take the 
design, being coated with a sensitized emulsion of 
bi-chromated albumen which has the property of 
remaining insoluble in water after exposure to the 
light. The portions corresponding to the opaque 
parts of the negative thus wash out in warm water, 


HANDY RECEIPTS AND FORMULAS 259 

leaving the metal bare. Just prior to washing, 
however, the surface is coated with special litho¬ 
graphic ink, by means of a roller. The design is 
now on the metal, surrounded by a resist of a 
bi-chromated albumen base covered with a sticky 
ink. This resist is further reinforced by sprinkling 
the surface with dragon’s blood. The latter is 
melted by heating and adheres to the resist, but 
forms a powder on the unprotected surface which 
can readily be blown off. This resist is effective, 
provided the etching is not done too deeply. For 
brass and copper, a strong solution of perchloride 
of iron is generally preferred as an etching fluid, as 
this does not attack the resist like strong acids, 
although its action is comparatively slow. Nitric 
acid may be used with proper resists. While 
etching is usually employed for cutting into the 
surface of the metal, the same process can be used 
for perforating the design in the plate. 

The Niter Process of Bluing Steel 

The niter process of bluing iron and steel is as 
follows: The niter or nitrate of potash (often 
called saltpeter) is melted in an iron pot and heat¬ 
ed to about 600 degrees F. The parts to be blued 
are cleaned and polished and then immersed in the 
molten niter until a uniform color of the desired 
shade has been obtained. This requires only a few 
seconds. The articles are then removed arid al¬ 
lowed to cool, after which the adhering niter is 
washed off in water. Parts which will not warp 
may be immersed immediately after removing from 


260 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


the niter bath. After cleaning, dry in sawdust, 
and then apply some suitable oil, such as linseed, 
to prevent rusting. To secure uniform coloring, a 
pyrometer should be used to gage the temperature 
of the niter, because a higher heat than 600 degrees 
F. will produce a dark color, whereas a lower heat 
will give a lighter shade. 


Cuating for Bars of Spring Steel Not Acted Upon by 

Acids, Alkalies, etc. 

The bars are first coated with copal or asphalt 
lacquer, and dried at a high temperature. They 
are then wrapped in several layers of strongly- 
pressed paper impregnated with chromium glue, 
and subjected to a very heavy pressure, and finally 
receive a coat of the following compound: China 
clay, 50 parts; shellac, 10 ; sandarac, 8; elemi, 3 ; 
gun cotton, 2 ; camphor, l / 2 ; and oil of lavender, 5 , 
dissolved in 100 of alcohol. When half dry, the 
bars are again subjected to pressure, and, when 
entirely dry, ground. 


Bluing Steel by Heat Treatment 

Polished steel parts can be given a blue color by 
heating in hot sand, wood ashes or pulverized char¬ 
coal. Place the substance in an iron receptacle and 
stir constantly, while heating, in order to heat 
uniformly. Heat just hot enough to char a pine 
stick. The parts to be blued must be absolutely 
free from grease. They are placed in the heated 
substance until the desired color is obtained. 


HANDY RECEIPTS AND FORMULAS 261 

Further coloring is then checked by immersing in 
oil. Small parts are sometimes heated by a Bun- 
son burner or by laying upon a heated plate. For 
a light blue color, heat in sand or wood ashes, and 
for a dark blue, use pulverized charcoal. The 
quality of the color depends largely upon the fine¬ 
ness of the finish. Still another method of color¬ 
ing by heat is to immerse the parts in a molten bath 
of potassium nitrate and sodium nitrate. The 
coloring is then checked by plunging the work into 
boiling water. 

Steel fox Diop Forging Dies 

Practically all drop-forging dies are made of 
high-grade open-hearth steel. A 60 -point carbon 
steel is mostly used, although steel as low as 40 - 
point and as high as 85 -point carbon is employed 
in some cases. A special hardening treatment is 
required for the low-carbon steel, which more than 
offsets the saving in price, and, except, in special 
cases, there is no advantage in using high-carbon 
steels, owing to the expense. The average 60 - 
point carbon steel die, if properly hardened, should 
last for from 15,000 to 40,000 forgings, and some¬ 
times as many as 70,000 forgings can be made from 
one set of dies. When making dies for large forg¬ 
ings it is often thought advisable to use 80 -point 
carbon steel, and not harden the dies. This ob¬ 
viates the danger from “checking” or cracking in 
hardening, and the unhardened steel is hard enough 
to resist the tendency to stretch. A steel that is 
quite high in carbon should always be used for dies 


262 


THE NEW TINSMITH'S HELPER 


that are intended for making forgings from tool 
steel or any other hard steel. 

Bronzing of Cast Iron 

To give cast-iron the appearance of bronze, coat 
the polished iron with a thin layer of linseed oil or 
linseed oil varnish and thoroughly heat it 
in the air to bring about the oxidation 
of the metal. The temperature must be higher 
or lower according to whether a pale yellow 
or dark brown coloration is to be produced. The 
so-called Tucker bronze is obtained by greasing the 
polished iron and exposing it for 2 to 5 minutes 
to the action of vapors produced by a bath com¬ 
posed of equal parts of concentrated nitric and 
hydrochloric acids, then coating the iron with 
vaseline and heating until the latter commences to 
decompose. 

Black Varnish for Zinc 

Dissolve equal parts of chlorate of potash and 
blue vitriol in 36 times as much warm water and 
allow the solution to cool. If the blue vitriol used 
contains iron, it is precipitated as a hydrated 
oxide, and can be removed by decantation or filtra¬ 
tion. The zinc castings are then immersed for a 
few seconds in the solution until quite black, rinsed 
off in water and dried. Even before it is com¬ 
pletely dry the black coating adheres to the article 
so that it may be wiped dry with a cloth. If copper- 
colored spots appear during the operation the solu¬ 
tion is applied to them a second time, and after a 


HANDY RECEIPTS AND FORMULAS 263 

while they turn black, when the article is washed 
and dried. On rubbing the coating acquires a 
glittering appearance like indigo, which disappears 
on applying a few drops of linseed oil varnish or 
“wax milk/’ and the zinc then has a deep-black 
color and gloss. The “wax milk” is prepared by 
boiling 1 part of yellow soap and 5 of Japanese 
wax in 21 of water until the soap dissolves. When 
cold it has the consistency of a salve, and will 
keep in closed vessels for an indefinite time, 
water. The sheets to be lacquered, which are to 


Pa’nt fcr Preserving Zinc Roofs 

Fat or resinous paints for zinc roofs must be 
prepared with an abundant content of copper by the 
actual chemical solution of suitable copper pre¬ 
parations in the varnishes and oils. Such paints 
combine very intimately with the zinc surfaces, so 
that they resist the most abrupt changes of temper¬ 
ature without scaling off. For the preparation of 
such paints either copper soap prepared by precipi¬ 
tating a solution of copper salt with soap solution 
is dissolved in varnish, or the emulsion, like Rus¬ 
sian train-oil paint, mixed with solution of copper 
salt. Russian train-oil paint is prepared by mixing 
train-oil with a solution of soda or po f ash and suit¬ 
able mineral colors, so that a thinly-fluid paint is 
formed. 

Puscher claims to have found a simple process 
of applying a very durable paint of various colors 
to sheet-zinc. It is based upon the use of basic 


a>4 


THE NEW TINSMITH'S HELPER 


acetate of lead. To a solution of this salt colcothar 
may, for instance, be added, the result being a very 
agreeable, brown-red paint. Such paint was used 
for painting the five domes of the Niirnberg 
synagogue. By adding other coloring substances 
light, dark and gray colors as well as yellowish 
shades can be obtained, and thus zinc castings 
used for architectural purposes may be given the 
appearance of sculptured work. 


To Give Ground Steel Objects the Appearance of Gold 

or Good Bronze 

First remove all fatty matter and dirt from the 
steel object by washing in turpentine, benzine, or 
petroleum, then heat and apply a light gold varnish, 
which, when dry, is coated with the clearest and 
best copal lacquer. In this manner an elegant 
gold color of various shades is obtained, accord¬ 
ing to the more reddish or yellowish color of the 
varnish. 

Gold Bronze of Great Lustre on Iron 

Dissolve 3 ozs. of finely powdered shellac in 1J4 
pints of spirit of wine. Filter the varnish through 
linen and triturate a sufficient quantity of Dutch 
gold with the filtrate to give it a lustrous appear¬ 
ance. The iron, previously polished and heated, is 
brushed over with vinegar and the color applied 
with a brush. When dry the article may be coated 
with copal lacquer to which some amber lacquer 
has been added. 




CHAPTER X 


Useful Tables 

.f • 

.• ♦ 

Table i 

Black Sheet Iron and Wire Gauge 

. Black Sheets are rolled to the following Standard 
Gauges adopted by the United States, taking effect 
July i, 1893 . 

Thickness Weight 

__A__ __A_ k 


Number 
of Gauge. 

Approximate 
Thickness 
in Fractions 
of an Inch 

Approximate 
Thickness 
in Decimal Parts 
of an Inch 

Steel 

Weight Per 
Square Foot 
in Pounds 

Iron 

Weight Per 
Square Foot 
in Pounds 

8. 


.1719 

7.012 

6.875 

9. 


.1563 

6.375 

6.250 

10. 

. 9-64 

.140625 

5.737 

5.625 

11. 

1-8 

.125 

5.100 

5.000 

12. 

. 7-64 

.109375 

4.462 

4.375 

13. 

3-32 

.09375 

3.825 

3.750 

14. 

5-64 

.078125 

3.157 

3.125 

15. 

. 9-128 

.0703125 

2.869 

2.8125 

16. 

1-16 

.0625 

2.550 

2.500 

17. 

9-16 

.05625 

2.295 

2.250 

18. 

1-20 

.05 

2.040 

2.000 

19. 

7-16 

.04375 

1.785 

1.750 

20. 

3-80 

.0375 

1.530 

1.500 

21. 

. 11-32 

.034375 

1.402 

1.375 

22. 

1-32 

.03125 

1.275 

1.250 

23. 

9-32 

.028125 

1.147 

1.125 

24. 

1-40 

.025 

1.020 

1.000 

25. 

7-32 

.02187, 

0.892 

.875 

26....... 

3-16 

.01875 

0.765 

.750 

27. 

. 11-64 

.0171875 

0.701 

.6875 

28. 

1-64 

.015625 

0.637 

.625 

29. 

9-64 

.0140625 

0.574 

. 5625 

30. 

1-80 

.0125 

0.510 

.500 

31. 

7-64 

.0109375 

0.446 

.4375 

32. 

. 13-128 

.01015625 

0.414 

.40625 


A variation of 2 } 2 per cent, either way is allowed 


265 






























260 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

Table 2 

Comparison of Standard Gauges for Wire and 

Sheet Metal 

Diameter or Ttyckne* in Decimal* of an Inch 


Number 
of Gauge 


United States 
Gauge for 

Sheet and JJ™"“ 
Plate Iron 

and Steel ” ir *' G * u « B 


Binning* John A. British 
ham or Roebling's Imperial 
Stubs Sons Co. or English 
Iron Wire- Standard 
Wire-Gauge Gauge Wire-Gauge 


Trenton American 
Iron Co. Screw 
Wire- Co. Wire- 
Gauge Gauge 


0000000 

0.5 



0.4900 

0.500 


• ••••• • 

000000 

0.46875 

0.580000 


0 4615 

0.464 


»•••••• 

00000 

0 4375 

0 516500 

0.500 

0 4305 

0 432 

6.450 


0000 

0.40625 

0.460000 

0 454 

0.3938 

0.400 

0.400 


000 

0.375 

0 409642 

0.425 

0 3625 

0 372 

0.360 

0 0315 

00 

0.34375 

0.364796 

0 380 

0.3310 

0.348 

0.330 

0.0447 

0 

0.3125 

0.324861 

0 340 

0 3065 

0.324 

0.305 

0.0578 

1 

0.2825 

0.289297 

0.300 

0.2830 

0.300 

0 285 

0 0710 

2 

0.265625 

0.257627 

0.284 

0.2625 

0.276 

0.265 

0 0842 

3 

0.25 

0 229423 

0.259 

0 2437 

0.252 

0 245 

0.0973 

4 

0.234375 

0.204307 

0.238 

0 2253 

0.232 

0 225 

0.1105 

5 

0.21875 

0.181940 

0 220 

0.2070 

0.212 

0.205 

0.1236 

6 

0.203125 

0.162023 

0.203 

0.1920 

0.192 

0 190 

0.1368 

7 

0.1875 

0.144285 

0.180 

0.1770 

0.176 

0.175 

0.1500 

8 

0.171875 

0.128490 

0.165 

0.1620 

0.160 

0.160 

0.1631 

9 

0.15625 

0.114423 

0 148 

0.1483 

0.144 

0 145 

0.1763 

10 

0.140625 

0.101897 

0.134 

0.1350 

0.128 

0.130 

0.1894 

11 

0.125 

0.090742 

0.120 

0.1205 

0.116 

0.1175 

0.2026 

12 

0.109375 

Q.080808 

0 109 

0.1055 

0.104 

0 105 

0.2158 

13 

0 09375 

0.071962 

0095 

0.0915 

0.092 

0 0925 

0.2289 

14 

0.078125 

0.0640H4 

0 083 

0.0800 

0.080 

0.0806 

0.2421 

15 

0 0703125 

0.057068 

0 072 

0 0720 

0.072 

0 070 

0.2552 

16 

0 0625 

0.050821 

0.065 

0.0625 

0 064 

0.061 

0.2684 

17 

0 05625 

0.045257 

0 058 

0.0540 

0.056 

0 0525 

0.2816 

18 

0.05 

0.040303 

0.049 

0 0475 

0.048 

0 045 

0.2947 

19 

0.01375 

0.035890 

0.042 

0.0410 

0.040 

0 040 

0.3079 

20 

0.0375 

0.031961 

0.035 

0.0348 

0.036 

0 035 

0.3210 

21 

0 034375 

0.028462 

0 032 

0 03175 

0.032 

0.031 

0.3342 

22 

0.03125 

0.025346 

0.028 

0.0286 

0.028 

0.028 

0.3474 

23 

0.028125 

0.022572 

0.025 

0.0258 

0.024 

0 025 

0.3605 

24 

0.025 

0.020101 

0 022 

0.230 

0.022 

0.0225 

0.3737 

25 

0.021875 

0.017900 

0.020 

0.0204 

0.020 

0.020 

0.3868 

26 

0.01875 

0.015941 

0.018 

0.0181 

0 018 

0.018 

0.4000 

27 

0.0171875 

0.014195 

0.016 

0 0173 

0.0164 

0 017 

0.4132 

28 

0.015625 

0.012641 

0 014 

0.0162 

0.0148 

0.016 

0.4263 

29 

0.0140625 

0.011257 

0.013 

0 0150 

0.0136 

0 015 

0.4395 

30 

0.0125 

0.010025 

0.012 

0 0140 

0.0124 

0.014 

0.4526 

31 

0.0109375 

0.008928 

0 010 

0 0132 

0.0116 

0 013 

0.4658 

32 

0.01015625 

0.007950 

0 009 

0.0128 

0.0108 

0.012 

0.4790 

33 

0.009375 

C.007080 

0.008 

0 0118 

0.0100 

0.011 

0 4921 

34 

0.00859375 

0.006305 

0.007 

0.0104 

0.0092 

0.010 

0.5053 

35 

0.0078125 

0.005615 

0.005 

0.0095 

0.0084 

0.0095 

0 5184 

36 

0.00703125 

0.005000 

0.004 

0.0090 

0.0076 

0.009 

0.5316 

37 

0.006640625 0.0044.53 


0.0085 

0.0068 

0.0085 

0.5448 

38 

0.00625 

0.003965 


0.0080 

0.0060 

0.008 

0.5579 

39 


0.003531 


0.0075 

0 0052 

0 0075 

0 5711 

40 


0.003144 


0.0070 

0.0048 

0.607 

0.5842 


As there are many gauges in use differing from each other, and even the thicknesses 
of a certain specified gauge, as the Birmingham, are not assumed the same by all 
manufacturers, orders for sheets and wires should always state the w ei ght per square 
foot, or the thickness in thousandths of an inch. 
















USEFUL TABLES 


267 


Table 3 

Plate Iron 

The following table gives the weight per square 
foot for iron plates 1/16 inch up to 2 inches thick. 

Thickness Weight in Lbs. Thickness Weight in Lbs. 


3 1 * 

2.5 

iiV 

42.5 

X 

5.0 

ix 

45.0 

A 

7.5 


47.5 

X 

10.0 

ix 

50.0 

A 

12.5 

l^r 

52.5 

X 

15.0 

IX 

55.0 

1 V 

17.5 

1A 

57.5 

X 

20.0 

ix 

60.0 

& 

22.5 

1A 

62.5 

X 

25.0 

ix 

65.0 

H 

27.5 

1 H 

67.5 

X 

30.0 

IX 

70.0 

H 

32.5 

ltt 

72.5 

X 

35.0 

IX 

75.0 

H 

37.5 

1 H 

77.5 


40.0 

2 

80.0 


Table 4 


Weight of Russia Sheet Iron with Approximate 

U. S. Guage Number 


Russian 

Gauge Number 

U. S. Gauge 
Number (Approx.) 

Weight Per Sheet 
(28" = 56") Pounds 

16 

21 

14H 

15 

22 % 

13 H 

14 

23 H 

12 K 

13 

23 

12 

12 

24 

11 

11 

25 

10 

10 

26 

9 

9 

27 

8 

8 

28 

7X 

7 

29 

§X 

Average net weight 

per bundle is 

about 225 pounds. 





26S 


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1 


u 

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o * 

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o 

15 

s 


& 


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2 


X. 

u 


•& 3 


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u 


i> C 


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THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 




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Table 5 (Continued) Weights of Flat Rolled Iron Per Lineal Foot in Pounds 


269 


USEFUL TABLES H 


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Table 6 

Weights of Plate Iron Per Lineal Foot in Pounds 

Thickness in Inches 


270 


THE NEW TINSMITH'S HELPER 

88 S 382 S& 8 Sg 88 S 3888 go*'‘>«o»«»o 


£ 8 

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(iW'f35ifliS>c<C(C2t»f*h < cci*5s - 
SS2r^«SS^f?ei^SSo2r^c5'X«i-cocr^*fie5e»o 

icscrtcoiMicx-'rr'C^'CX'-tf'^f-'CCicNX'fO 

C'-N«rt>fl'C«N0CaCOCONMtX!*'5N9t? 
35e<05«ceor^'e’-«‘? 'CCN^>-*u;Neg‘ftcirtNN®o 

C^iCNCKtCX^'fCC.M'CNOrt^Ir-CMNJiXrtCl'fC 

8888888888888888888888800000 

CN>flNCNiONQNiflNCN®NPN®C<CC‘'5C®0®P 
rtn«n>f>r’f t>5‘0«ificceeNNt»KXft®Sc«-<ft 

coxxNcujt - cc5acoci^«»cpe — cc-em 

^t'Crtcacsu‘x«'TNCN^gC--rst , ;®‘f:gcc')xifO 

^aic^'^tcac^ejiowQcsici^os — 'r«occ*:r»Mr^ — «c»co 
NNnnrtn>f«''f^iS*o®®icc(deCNNXX®®*c^ 

C*NiOMNQXMOf5NeaCNU;ffNeS«OS«CM5_ 

CO'’Nrt't>fi'flONoCacC'«N«v«exC--«<5ffi(i6o 

u5N®-p;ict»®-«>ONON'tcaecnco«®( , ;f''-wo 

Mes?<coc , 5cce5f , 5»r'r'e'<»<ift*o*g*S»g«;«C5®r^e'e'XXc;©C> 

CX‘C«QaO“5NQ»>onQ*iflMex®C u ;Q 1 ';c i CC*«C 

iftWM-OXNeiflMN-OQOr'CCMNONSNCNjNO 

M^C«0''«iOSa'HP5iOCXCNt?5 { ?^’ ,|< 5XNttO 

NNNNrt«Mnn«^'f-rt'tifl«ifti5ccsNt»Nxi© 

Sf'Q2''Q2 s «Sf'nosncs(«'c«NC( , 5NCnso 

ocnoanconcencencerfcnccwscrteo 

S -MiooopQ-'POicexO'-nioexcncctixoneQ 
NNNNM«nnnnn^'r>f<f^^icift^cctfNt»r'00 

OeND 0 M«> 0 ''SnX'fQ«N(»Mp®SaCQNMiCN 0 SO 

*So5*raccoe-Mr^«oo*AC'<eo5Ccxfit^cc«S»n'f>rtei-«oo 

e»xp — e5-e«ot~®cesf5u5tcr^056c^fO<©o®»‘Cx — 
rt^cse<®>®i®<e«o<e»5c*5rtrtccp5f>5'^"^'«f<r^»n*c«S«c®xr» 

8 ®aiflO | OQioQ«geQ®ceciflcecoccQCOO 
®<‘Se»o®<*Sr^o®<«ftt^cesu l 5e-c®t‘i l 5c*3jC‘So‘aC“5o 

•c to h- x c**-> eie5»c^t»xp^e<ee»05Ct^oM»ce«ce»»c^o 
_ ^ MC4McsMMrccoc>;nrcircr , 3-4’'^''«‘'<e2S>Cic>nS 

Ct*«SxK5®M»N®OJX«S-.lflnNC®SiC<'NO 

u5‘n*<5®®f'NNiJcoC®®ooC’*'- , NCsrtvifif:eh«®®0 

Nn>»io®N»®c-Nnif. * t '*P5’*KiCN®-n®sQ 
' *■ *' * ‘ NnRc!Rnn^'f4'<fv) 




835 SSt: 8358 J?J: 8 SJ 58 S?t 8538 fe 38 ^S 8 

oo-<Nn'>f®®®sx®cc-N( , ;<f®exc-rt®ex6 

S 2 S 88 SS 582 I 2 S 838882 RS 38 K 888 S 8 

hXX®00--Nn«r l ®BC«N«KC«Nn®eN*0 

8338388238^38388388328238328 

®n5fleet»NN»®®oocc"«ftNR -».ic «c to r~ x a g 

8 ?:g 2 ?? 3882 ?? 5 SS^ 5 S 2883 g 8 gS? 8 r :58 

MMNeop5e5e*5«'e'r'» , 'eio<iic»o»C5®Ci«r^e*e»xxoic»d 

Kn^oot'oooiOHMn^inoMcpociyiCBOfi'fioe 
































Table 7 Bundling Table of Black Sheets 


USEFUL TABLES 


271 


}aaqg jad 

sn ns sn 

<-«K5 CO CO CO CO 



04 00 ■* >C 00 f* »0 «N'-!ONXO'tO'“ni!5Q 


•ipung 

4M a ! a Al 

»o«oc»C304t^ooooooaoiocot'F03»oc304 — — os 

cO'*»<i.ocoioioo4cO'*t< — co^ lOcococc^co^co 

f—f —' w* *"M i —* f*h — — f— f—< f»— f-— f—f f*“F r-4 fH w* »■* 

10 

s^aaqg ox 

•cf»}<F<i<'<j , cO'«<coooeoo4cocoeoeoo4eoo4 04 04 04 


-jaaqg 

}q3;a M 

in c© n. cs cooo «o 04 © in in iottco —oo 
t- uo co — co co to a> 04 © NiONioNoon w 

«tOO>NQCC»>0®0)iOXN®S©OiOO'1 l 

COCOeO^riSCOTfTfTfiCTfrfUUCcDiOCOCCt^OO 


©ipung 

lH a ! a Al 

CM - — O'. — O4C0'cr—©O4U0»C©iniCCOCOt'- 
ic^eo-^ , oco'^j<ic«oco»c?ot^!N»S(NcO'»j<u5oo 

— 1-F — — — — F“F f-^ F—F >—■ fFH 1—F — F— f-H F—F F—* F-H f—1 F~4 


siaaqg -ox 

— 'Freococococococoo4cococoo40404c4c40404 


laaqg 

lM a ! a Al 

ec icceuo »o ■«* © oo t^co -nmio 

lOCNXNN^COdO — CO lO 1C 03 — 

t^OCOtOCOCOt- —Tj<iOO^OCNUOINt^OIOOCO 
oo -f* ■'t ■*»*»-- Tt>'4f*o»oco»cuo>cccc'cotct^c-03 


ajpung 

4M a ! a A\ 

lOtCt'OUCN-N-scCCCQOMiCNN 

eo-'i<‘O<oeoicr^(Mco»ONC0'*j‘io5ciocct^a0r-< 

F—< — F—F F“F F—F F—F F—F F“— F—F F—F F—1 F—F F—F F—< F—F F—F F—F F—F pH 

co 

s^aaqg -ox 

«nP!nN«nNMNNNNNNNMNNH 


laaqg 

w 10 oouocouo in in 

r-KOO4iOiO0CC4CCt'- NIONIO 


4M a ! a Ai 

iO«N<CNN(CF-iCXO>COiOO>O^NnN 
•*f T «iOiOc©iOiScOCOt^cC'CCt-C-C3t'-OOOOC3 — 

◄ 

O 

^aaqg azig 

24x 72 
26x 72 
28x 72 
30x 72 
36x 72 
24x 84 
26 x 84 
28x 84 
30x 84 
36 x 84 
24x 96 
26x 96 
28x 96 
30x 96 
36 x 96 
24x120 
26x120 
28x120 
30x120 
36x120 


aipung 

lq a ! a Al 

— 04 — t^©40oooeoF*feo40o»©uci©ooo4© — 
»ct^04co»o(NcoF<rioo6Tf<40cor-ot^0300eo 

v-H —— rH *—• *-H rH ^ *—* *—« rH rH 

n 

s^aaqg -ox 

COC0040404040404C40404C4 04 C4 — 04 04 — — — 


^aaqg 

oouoco ©in no «o toao cor-. 1003000040 

UO 00 04 CO 04 CO tT © 00 00 CO lO __ • t- © CO 04 


*M a ! 9 Ai 

04CO — uOOC — CO-CO — O l( 0 — t^iOOC-'t'C^©.— 

10 lO CO CO t- CO CO C- t-~ 03 C-F C- 00 00 O 0300CO 

^ ^ ^ 


ajpung 

^q a ! a Ai 

OOCCCO04«i0iCC»t'CCOXt'‘<3O 

XCOTfiOXTfiOCCSOOf'XONOO'FOlO 

r-4 f—4 r-4 ,-H ,-H f—4 f—4 *-H f—« f—4 r4H»HHHH|HHHH 

H 

s^aaqg *ox 

000404040404040404 — 040404 — — — — — — — 


-jaaqg 

COr- 1^ CO MN 

00 CO lO CO CO CO CO 


^M a ! a Ai 

0400100010 —r^ioococoooooocoioo 

COCOC—C-C3C*C-00 00 O 00 00 C3O04OO—04iO 


ajpung 

4M a ! a Al 

© CO t'- 03 — — •># 00 00 C lO lO 04 O 04 .N —' —• 03 

00-ct<iCcO©iOr^00C3 — <X)030 —CO — 0400-^40 

HHHHHHHH ^ »—4 f—4*-H»—*^-4 

© 

B^aaqg -ox 

04 04 04 04 — 04 04*04 —I — 0404— 1 


*aaqg 

coio oo wo m —i oo co ccmmm 

lO—1CO 04 CO 00 — lO lO K500O4COt^ 


iq^Ai 

C-COOC-cf —0010 —00 00OC-1C041O04 —— OOO 
C0t^c»000t^000303 — 03030 — CO — O400-*t*CO 

*—• 1—> f—4 ^ ^ f—* ^ ^ 

< 

o 

^aaqg azig 

24x 72 
26x 72 
28x 72 
30x 72 
36x 72 

2 4 x 84 
26 x 84 
28x 84 
30x 84 
.36 x 84 

24 x 96 

26 x 96 
28x 96 
39x 96 
36x 96 
24x120 
26x120 
28x120 
30x120 
36x120 









































Table 7 (continued) Bundling Table of Black Sheets 


272 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


)aaqg jad 
id bfi 

' *' MS NQ 

rt «C CO <£> «c « 

p* ps •o 1 « cc f *c « r^— p>tC-«K!C 

tm*« ~ W~ —■ ~ ~ '•F'NNMNNNft 

J 


aipiing 

*H*! a M 

* • ' 

cs 

Bjaaqg ok 

os«*r»c«Nt'®«ct»o<c®>0‘0 | C , 0't'r 

laaqg 

*M»! a A\ 

*£ 88 SS£S £8 .££0 *£8158 

<o c-’« c o' c p< ■'f oc ci ps wi cr r»’« pi «*• *- 

— — — c»cm —C'j<N(N£Mcse^iN^jc«:iM?4fCf>;'^' 


amung 

14»l a Al 

144 

156 
147 

157 
135 
147 
159 
147 
157 
157 
144 
1.56 
140 

1.50 

144 

1.50 

162 

140 

1.50 

135 

8 

B^aoqg ok 

aoxt^i^*at^t^o<o*c<oc©*o*c , *'*o*c^ , *'eo 

w, * 


^aaqg 

jq 8 ia AV 

•O io - — 

m «o b»»oes»c .► . «o «c 

0C ci *-! pi Pi ® — <C 00 C « C PI »C P- 

F-^NNNNNNN«NNNKn«nMW^ 


o|put g 
lM»! a A5L 

NC.NNNNOWWNOMWC0CCWC0-N 

o> 

nwqs OK 



laaqg 

?M*! a A\ 

US US toCPS«/S P5P» P»P5US 

p- us pi (OiftiStoN ps <o cs a6 P* »o 

^w'^ffiiC'^CKCCXCN'CN^NCriN 

c^esc^cswc^c^c^cccoe^wccecr-coec^^ws 

< 

O 

^aaqg oxig 

24x 72 

26x 72 

28x 72 

30x 72 

36x 72 

24 x 84 

26x 84 

28x 84 

30x 84 

36 x 84 

24 x 96 

26x 96 

28 x 96 

30x 96 

36x 96 
24x120 
26x120 
28x120 
30x120 
36x120 


9 IP un H 

lM»! a A\ 

tocc^oNncacccc'.C’fCCcep 

■*rus^rus»«*ruscC'».®®p:’r®'»j , ®c'0'«pu:pi 

00 

rH 

B^aaqg ok 

®©us»C'pir5»a«C'*.-pus^«si<'*.p3><>pspspsp» 


* aa qg 

iq»! a Ai 

tCN r»M WN 

ps « <e ps ps to 

•» c oc c «' «i c ci >c n f i •• n 6 x c « e c 6 
pjpjpipspspipspsps'^.pspsps-r'f^.^r'n.us® 


®IP un 9 

iq»! a Ai ( 

p»®r^usp<t^tct^p'.p»'*fccxusp<i~®i>.cs‘0 

co^ , usps®useo'«j , usTf.^.ic<Dc5tCPS'^'»<s®W 

t- 

eiaaqg -ok 

tCiCiO^.^.iOTj.^.^.fO^.^.^CCCCCOCOeCCOfN 


laaqg 

*q»! a Ai 

»o US PSUSaoift *5 © 

NlQNmiCMNrtN I^ICNIQ 

£■ 5 s — ?5 O •* 3 « d «o @ es «’ «d 06 ©» © p»’ 

c^NccM^j.ccrteceO'j.coec^'viC^^.^is® 


aipung 

?4 s « a M 

CWCCiCCNIC-NOOOPOONiOWO 
u. ©•^usps-ipustcpsusow^ift^ioior^e*© 

16 

.rjaaqg ok 

u'iic-^f^.co^-^.^coec-^cocoeoe^Mwc'soiN 


l»aqg 

iq»! a A\ 

p»52»c co P» r»52 

«<5 US _ CXNiC PS® *- Pi US 

O csi US is.' WsV p.' C CO C4 C P» <p O © C?0CN US 
WWCCCC^'WPC^’f »T 





































Table 7 (continued) Bundling Table of Black Sheets 


USEFUL TABLES 


273 


*aaqg jad 

LI 't>S 

t^eo cor- t^co 

»— M HO COO oco 

Nn'tiooo^ic'ioV-CNoco^o^eoioo 

HHHiHHHHMHNiHr<r-lNNNNNNCO 


aipiing 

*M a ! 8 A\. 

oOK’f»roo^‘OffiTr'fcoeci<^*rHcin , iflio 

rH rH f-H r-> *—< f-H rH r—» f-h r- f-h •—• rH f-H f-h f-h f-H r- r-« ^ 

N 

e^aaqg on 

00«D<D^N»C^WNOMNNiHOir-iOO©00 

HlHl-lfMr."r-r-r-rH,—<1— r-F—<rH F-H F-H 

laaqS 

hotpm — xmmmm-p n m ho p- -* © M 

OOCNiONCiCfC 

oo 06 © ©’ n ©' © -^ n tp -< r n «> cd c*o -h <d p-’ © 

rHF-HrHrHF-HF-HrHF-HF-HF-Hp-HrHrHC^ 


a(pung 

^q 3 ia M 

^(DNcDXNOON’flM^CO^O^CCOCN 

rH F-H f-h r—> rH f-h rH rH r— r-• rH f— rH rH f-h f-h f-h rH f-h rH 

co 

N 

B^aaqg *o^ 

(OiO^MH^MNr-ONHHOXC 9 XK(' 

-jaaqg 

^q8ia M 

HO HO 00 HO M HO HO uv 

NiONifliCMClr-N (M 1.0 pTuO 

©' © O H CO C — IN CO O N CO Tp Ho’ 00 ho’ CD h-i 00 N 

rH rH rH r— F“H rH rH rH rH * F-H »— r— rH T— r-• F— 


aipung 

^q8ia AV 

NCCN^CINCOCCCONCMNCNOMWWN 

rH r— rH rH F-H F-h F-H rH »-H H F-H rH F-H F-H F-H F-H r-H F-H rH fH 

s 

feqaaqg -o^ 

^CONHONrHOOXOOOOSNOOOONt'O 

T-H rH f-h F-H F-H FH rH F-H rH F-H 

^aaqg 

^ a ! 3 Ai 

00 >0 CO iO >0 N 05 — 00 trCO conooho 

HOMIN’— N M N M M — MHO HO © Tp 00 N 

O <— (N CO ho’ N M tP 1.0 X Tf’ LO C N ^ s 00 C —• CO 

r ,rtr-’H-.r-r’fHHrHHr--^(NHHNA)f) 

h’ 

o 

^aaqg azig 

N(NWN(N’PP'<J'^>tOC®O® 0 CCC 0 

Nt'NtTNXXMOOOOCOCSOONNNNM 

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 

tPCOOOOcOtpooOOCOtPCOOOOCOtFCOMOcO 

M<N 1 NMM<NNNMMN<NNMMN 1 N<NMM 


aipung 

^q8io A v 

TPM*POTpTpNt^Or^-ptOOO-PONoOO 

TPTpuOHOTpi.OHO*p»p»pTpHO'^‘TpTpTP»C^pi?Oiio 

fH H rH rH rH rH pH rH rH rH rH —h rH rH rH rH rH ^H 


e^aaqg on 

MFHr^OOO^OC.aNOOXNONNcQO 

rH rH rH rH rH h 

laaqg 

*M a ! 3 Ai 

r^M MN NM 

_-M«! > . CO CO _ _ CO CO 

N CO TP ho’ 00 Tp HO CO P-’ T-i CO* pr» 00 0* Tp o’ *— M HO ©’ 
i— --ii— *— *— *— *— tt ■—( N *— *— *— NNNNNNM 


aipung 

00O«N(NW(NWNN(N^CNNMNCN^C5 
-rf -rf* iO tJ* iC ^ *T if CC O *0 rf CO 

rH rH rH rH f-h rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH 

CO 

n 

s^aaqg on 

^aaqg 

qq a ? 8 M 

-OOONOOOOXOXOCf't'OC'®®®® 

^H f-h 

MHOOOHOHOcpt'-©M t^HONHO 

HOcOh-OC®lt»OMCOCO HO HO ilOMCI’-h* 

M Tp HO CO O HO P-’ 00 ©’ CO oc’ O — N h- N *P CO QC M 
r-t»— i—»—iN*—f—»—<—N»——'NNNNNNNM 


ajpung 

' , M a ! 3 Ai 

OeOONOWMMPONOOOCNCCO 

HO Tp TP HO HO Tp HO Tp IO HO Tp HO Tp HJ HO *0 CO *P HO HO 

fH rH rH rH f-h f-h rH rH r*^ rH rH rH rH rH rH f-h rH rH rH ^H 

N 

N 

siaaqg on 

©©OOOOr^OCOCtTp.OfTt^<OCOnocOcOnOHOTF 

TH 

1 ' 

^aaqg 

*H a ! 3 AL 

ho HO CONOOHO pr M GC pr HO 

N ho HO HO © TP 00 N COM _ _ _ O — N HO 

HO CO P» 0C N P» 0C © —' CO © •— M HO ©;’ HO P- © -• P- 
i— — tti—N— 1 — NNNNNNNMNNNMM 



































Table 7 (continued) Bundling Table of Black Sheets 


274 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


jod 

U *>9 


CON NQ 

CO © CD cO 

eNWOtO-woo 

— CM<NCMCN!M<NCO 


I 



®IP un 9 

♦NOOfOwnco 

8 

eiaaqg on 

^4 P-4 ^ PM ^ ^4 w— W— ^4 

i®®qg 

iq»«®AV 

f»eo con- 

<0 CO « <CK5 

a«90NCC'>N« 

P4 ^4 ^ ^ 


®lP un 9 
iq »!®At 

iCfflNCK® (O'V'ON 

8 

siwqg om 

CD^^fC y D*-^COC^«—'05 

^4 ^-4 p-4 *H P4 f-4 ^-4 

*®®qs 

jq8ia M 

*3 *3 »C © CO © 00 

l^lDINlOCN'— — OX 

®©©~00^C'IC04 1 <O 

9^ ^4 *H 4^ P-4 PH 


°IP utl 9 

iq*!®M 

150 

152 

152 

150 

150 

1.50 

149 
146 
1.56 

150 

00 

o» 

r>aaqg on 

BJ’fMNON'-OOOD 

P-4 *■■4 ^4 |—4 — ^4 ^4 ^“4 ^4 


i»®qs 

iq»w M 

C0h- ^GCCOkC 

X <D *C lOiftiStON 

©C—ccutcieo-piooc 

P4 P4 44 P-4 P—* P4 ^4 P4 P4 P-4 


)3dqg j.kJ 

Id b S 


®IP un 9 

iq»!®M 

ffjwqg om 


l^oqg 

iqaiJ A V 



C^CO'f‘OXTiO<OC~~ 


g ClC^O'CC^TtOC'. N- 


ifin«P(0’-ociNt 
cs cc •— N ^ ~ 

S h- >C 
HNX5 


(OONNONNXOCO 



®IP un 9 

iq 8 ?®M 

«eONNQiON«C5 
—■^•i75»Ci0iS4 , "C-J < ‘0 


^-' H ’ 1 J ^ ' 1 ^ ^ ' 1 " J 

8 

*»®®qS on 

WCOJOCiOClSC^fO 

ft ^4 P4 ^4 P-4 P-4 p4 P4 

*®®qs 

*q 8 !®A\ 

♦ 

10 — 004‘coxeoo't — 
r^cooo4 , — oo*o*-o(>« 

CNNXCNXCJC- 

^4 pH 


ajpung 

*q*!®M 

Q«©Q©©C^eOC04- 
ic >d »r "?• *0 ■*• 10 »•■ 

00 

« 1 ®®qs °N 

^OOSDMNOf 

C4 

i»®q8 

^q*;®M 

7 •. 
8.13 
8.75 
9 38 
11.25 
8.75 
9 48 
10 21 
10.94 
13.13 















































































USEFUL TABLES 


275 


Table 9 

Weight Per Sheet of Wood’s Patent-Planished 
Iron in Pounds and Equivalent Russian Gauge 


Gauges, 


* 



Approx. 

Russian 

Gauge 

18 

20 

22 

Sq. Ft. 

— 

— 

14 

per 

Sheet 

28 X 45 

16.25 to 17 

12 to 12.5 

10 to 10.25 

8.75 

28 X 48 

17.25 to 18 

13 to 13.5 

10.5 to 10.75 

9.33 

28 X 56 

20.25 to 21 

14.75 to 15.25 

12.25 to 12.5 

10.89 

28 X 60 

21.5 to 21.75 

16.25 to 16.75 

13.25 to 13.5 

11.66 

28 X 72 

26 to 27 

18.5 to 19 

16 to 16.25 

14 

28 X 84 

30.5 to 31.25 

22.75 to 23.5 

18.75 to 19 

16.33 

30 X 45 

17.25 to 18 

13 to 13.75 

10.25 to 10.75 

9.37 

30 X 48 

18.25 to 19 

14 to 14.75 

11.25 to 11.75 

10 

30 X 56 

21.25 to 22 

16.25 to 16.75 

13.25 to 13.75 

11.66 

30 X 60 

23 to 23.75 

17.25 to 17.75 

14.25 to 14.75 

12.5 

30 X 72 

27.5 to 28.25 

20.75 to 21.25 

17 to 17.75 

15 

30 X 84 

32.25 to 33 

24.5 to 25 

19.75 to 20.25 

17.5 

Gauges, 





Approx. 
Russian ■ 

23 

24 

25 

Sq. Ft. 

13 

12 

11 

- per 
Sheet 

Gauge 

28 X 45 

9.25 to 9.5 

8.25 to 8.5 

7.25 to 7.5 

8.75 

28 X 48 

10 to 10.25 

8.75 to 9 

7.75 to 8 

9.33 

28 X 56 

11.25 to 11.5 

10.25 to 10.5 

9 to 9.5 

10.89 

28 X 60 

12.5 to 12.75 

10.75 to 10.25 

9.75 to 10.25 

11.66 

28 X 72 

15.25 to 15.5 

13.25 to 13.5 

11.75 to 12.25 

14 

28 X 84 

17.25 to 17.5 

15.5 to 16 

13.75 to 14.25 

16.33 

30 X 45 

10.25 to 10.5 

8.5 to 9 

7.5 to 8 

9.37 

30 X 48 

10.75 to 11.25 

9.25 to 9.75 

8.25 to 8.75 

10 

30 X 56 

12.5 to 13 

11.25 to 11.75 

9.5 to 9.75 

11.66 

30 X 60 

13.5 to 14 

12 to 12.5 

10.25 to 10.75 

12.5 

30 X 72 

16.25 to 16.75 

14 to 14.75 

12.25 to 12.75 

15 

30 X 84 

19 to 19.5 

16.25 to 16.75 

14.25 to 14.75 

17.5 

Gauges, 



• 


Approx. 

26 

27 

28 

Sq. Ft. 

per 

Sheet 





Gauge 

10 

9 

8 

28 X 45 

6.5 to 6.75 

6.25 to 6.5 

5.5 to 5.75 

8.75 

28 X 48 

7 to 7.25 

6.75 to 7.25 

6 to 6.25 

9.33 

28 X 56 

8.25 to 8.5 

7.75 to 8.25 

6.75 to 7.25 

10.89 

28 X 60 

8.75 to 9.25 

8 to 8.5 

7.5 to 8 

11.66 

28 X 72 

10.75 to 11 

10 to 10.5 

9 to 9.5 

14 

28 X 84 

12.75 to 13 

11.5 to 12 

10.5 toll 

16.33 

30 X 45 

7 to 7.25 

6.5 to 6.75 

6 to 6.25 

9.37 

30 X 48 

7.5 to 8 

7 to 7.5 

6.5 to 6.75 

10 

30 X 56 

9 to 9.25 

8.25 to 8.5 

7.25 to 7.5 

11.66 

30 X 60 

9.5 to 9.75 

9 to 9.25 

8 to 8.25 

12.5 

30 X 72 

11.5 to 11.75 

10.25 to 10.75 

9.5 to 9.75 

15 

30 X 84 

13.5 to 13.75 

12.25 to 12.75 

11.25 to 11.5 

17.5 










Table 10 Bundling Table Wood’s Refined Iron 


276 


THE NEW TINSMITH'S HELPER 


)aaqg jad 
U*>$ 


14 

15.17 

16.33 

17.5 

16 

17.33 

18.67 

20 

16.83 

18 24 

19.64 

21.04 


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Table 11 Bundling Table 


USEFUL TABLES 


277 


}09qg jad 

t-» CO CO b- t"* CO 

— COK3 CO CO COCO 


AJ-bg 

WCO^iOOO^iOOS^ONXO^O^COiOO 


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»—» »-H r-1 f-H *-H r-H »—* *-H »—1 r—4 *-H *—t HHfhHHHHH 


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•«f-<f'0<C0e0-cf<C0C0C004C0C0C0C004C004040404 


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lM a ! a AY 

04CSC0C0-!j , C0--00*O'0 , ©cOOf^‘0t'~C0C004C0 

CD>Oi0»OTl<i0©Tt‘CSC0*O'O«T)<C0O4C0COO4O4© 

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28x 72 

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24 x 96 

26 x 96 

28x 96 

30x 96 

36x 96 
24x120 
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Table 11 (continued) Bundling Table 


278 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


• 

V*®qg J»d 

U t>8 

srt «s r» n 

eo *o « o <6« 


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t~OQ — >oqnq- — r'.qscoM^potocopoao 
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19.87 
21 53 
23.19 
24.84 
29.81 
23.19 

25.11 
27.05 
2 * 9s 
34.78 
26.50 

28.70 

30.91 

33.12 

39.75 

33.12 

35 S7 

38.64 

41.41 

49.69 


®ip un a 

OOOnNQ'f©f»ONiONNf»NiOn«N 

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e» 

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t^<c<c*n'+<c*n'0'nm'*t}>nm‘i‘nm>i>nc<3ri 


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22.87 
24.78 
26.69 
28.59 
84.31 
26.69 
28.90 
31.13 
33.36 
40.03 
30.50 
33.04 
35.57 
38.12 
45.75 
3s 1 2 
41.29 
44.47 
47.66 

57.19 


•m 

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u , i'*'»o<o»o»otO'» , *cwe»5'*»<<ot'.*of*'«**ccof4 

mm mm pm mm mm pm mm mm mm pm mm mm ^m mm mm pm mm mm ^m mm 

00 

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25.87 
28 03 
30.19 
32.34 
3s M 
30.19 

32.69 
35.21 
37.73 
45.28 
34.50 
37.37 
40.24 
43.12 
51.75 
43.12 

46.70 
50.31 
53 91 
64.69 


Djpung 

W 3 m 

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28.87 
31 28 
33 rl«» 
36.09 
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33.69 
3 1 i Js 
39.29 

42.11 
50.53 
38.50 

41.70 
44.90 

48.12 
57.75 
48.12 
52 12 
56.14 
60.16 
72.19 


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Table 11 (continued) Bundling Table 


USEFUL TABLES 


279 


?9oqg jad 

■%& t>S 

N« _ «5N> N« 

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CMC*5'*»<»0QC'<f>0cdc^^-C0^aCO'^ , O — COkOO 
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cm 

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pHp*p*p*pHP-*PHp*pH pH PH pH 


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lH a ! 3 A\ 

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f-HHHFMHHHHHHf-HHHHHf-H-HHHHHt-HOjf-if-if-fiMc^ 


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■^POCMi-HgsCM-HOOQOOOOSOOf-OOOOr-t^CO 

pH pH p* pH pH pH pH pH pH r-H 


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Table 11 (continued) Bundling Table 


280 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 



l eqg jad 

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281 


USEFUL TABLES 

Table 13 

Sizes and Weights of Smooth Steel Wire * 


No. 

of 

gauge! 

Diameters 

Sectional 
area, 
sq in 

Weight 

No. 

of feet 
per 

pound 

Fractions 
of inch 

Decimals 
of inch 

Milli- 

mtters 

Pounds 

per 

100 feet 

Pounds 
per mile 

000000 


0.4615 

11 72 

0.16728 

56 81 

2999.0 

1.76 

• • • • 

ii« 

0 .4375 

11.11 

01S034 

5105 

2696 0 

I 959 

00000 


0 430s 

to 93 

0 14556 

49 43 

2610.0 

2/623 



0 40625 

10.32 

0 12962 

44 02 

2324 0 

2.27 

0000 


0 3938 

10.00 

0.12180 

41 36 

2184 0 

2 418 

*••••• 

H 

0 3750 

9 52 S 

0.11045 

37-5 J 

1980.0 

2 666 

1 000' 


0 3625 

9 2075 

0.10321 

35 05 

1851.0, 

2 853 


•Ha 

0 34375 

8 73 J 

0.092806 

3 t 52 

1664 0 

3 173 * 

00 


0 3310 

8 407 

0.086049 

29.22 

1543 0 

3 422 


He 

0 3125 

7-938 

0.076699 

26.05 

1375 0 

3 839 

0 


03065 

7 - 7»5 

0 073782 

25 06 

1323 0 

3 991 

1 


O 2830 

7.188 

0 062902 

21 36 

1128.0 

4 681 


?Sa 

0 28125 

7-144 

0.062126 

21.10 

1114 0 

4 740 

3 


0 2625 

6.668 

0.054119 

18 38 

970 4 

5 441 

.. 

. H 

0 2500 

6.350 

0.049087 

l6 67 

880.2 

• 5 999 

3 


0 2437 

6.190 

0.046615 

15.84 

836.4 

6 313 

4 


0.2253 

5 723 

0.039867 

13 54 

714 8 

7 386 



0.21875 

5 556 

0.037583 

12.76 

673 9 

7 835 

S 


0.2070 

5-258 

0.033654 

II 43 

603.4 

8 750 

6 


0.1920 

4 877 

0.028953 

9 *32 

549-4 

10 17 

. 

He 

0 1875 

4.763 

0.027612 

9 377 

495-1 

10.66 

7 


0 1770 

4496 

0.021606 

8 356 

441.2 

11 97 

8 

. ... 

0 1620 

dbus 

0.020612 

7.000 

369 6 

14.29 



0 15625 

3 969 

0.019175 

6.512 

343 8 

15 36 

9 


0 1481 

3 767 

0 017273 

5 866 

JOO 7 

17 os 

10 


0 1350 

3 429 

0 014514 

4 861 

256.7 

20 57 

% 

H 

0 125 

3 17,5 

0.012272 

4 16H 

220.0 

24 00 

11 


0 1205 

* 3 061 

0 011401 

3 873 

201.5 

25 82 

13 

.. 

0 1055 

2 680 

0 0087417 

2 969 

156 7 

33 69 


? 4 a 

0.09375 

2.381 

0 0069029 

2.314 

123 8 

42.66 

li 


0 0015 

2.324 

0 0065755 

2 233 

117 9 

44 78 

14 


00800 

2.032 

o 0050266 

1 .707 

90 '3 

58 58 

1 $ 


0 0720 

1.829 

0 0010715 

I 38 .I 

74-01 

72 32 

l6 

He 

0 0625 

I.58S 

0 0040680 

1.042 

55 01 

95 98 ' 

17 


0 0540 

1 372 

0.0022902 

0 7778 

41 07 

128 60 

18 


0 0475 

I 207 

0 0017721 

O 6018 

31 77 

166 20 

19 


, 0.0410 

10)1 

0 0013203 

0 4484 

23 67 

223 00 

30 


0 0348 

0 8839 

0 000951 15 

0.3230 

17 05 

.409 60 

21 


0 0317 

0.8052 

0.00078921 

0 2680 

14 «5 

373 10 



0 03125 

0 7938 

0 00076699 

0 2605 

13 75 

.483 00 

33 


0 0286 

0 7264 

0 00061242 

0 2182 

II.52 

458 40 

13 


0 0258 

0.6553 

0 00052279 

0.1775 

9 47 

563 30 

34 


0 02.30 

0 5842 

0.00041548 

0. 1411 

745 

708.70 


• For iron wire, the values in columns 6 and 7 should be multiplied by o.y3 and fa 
copper wire, by i.ifl. 

For other wire-gauges see pages 402 , 40 J, 1387 and 1424 - 
t American Steel and Wire Company’s gauge. 




























































282 


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284 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

Table 15 

Weight, Length and Strength of Steel Wire 


Gauge of J. A. Roebling’s Sons Company 


Number, 

Roebling 

Gauge 

Diain., 

In. 

Area. 

Sq. In. 

Breaking- 
load in 
Lbs. at 
Rate of 
100 (XX) 
Lbs. per 
Sq. In. 

Weight in Lbs. 

Number 
of Feet 
in 2 000 
Lbs. 

Per 

1 000 
Ft. 

Per 

Mile 

0001 >00 

0 460 

0.166191 

16 619 

558.4 

2 948 

3 582 

(XX MX) 

0 430 

0 145221 

14 522 

487.9 

2 576 

4 099 

0000 

0.304 

0.121304 

12 130 

407.6 

2 152 

4 907 

000 

0 362 

0 102922 

10 292 

345.8 

1 826 

5 783 

00 

0.331 

0.086049 

8 605 

289.1 

1 527 

6 917 

0 

0.307 

0.074023 

7 402 

248.7 

1 313 

8 041 

1 

0.283 

0.062902 

6 290 

211.4 

1 116 

9 463 

2 

0.263 

0.054325 

5 433 

182.5 

964 

10 957 

3 

0 244 

0.046760 

4 676 

157.1 

830 

12 730 

4 

0.225 

0.039761 

:i 

133.6 

705 

14 970 

5 

0.207 

0 033654 

3 365 

113.1 

597 

17 687 

6 

0 192 

0 028953 

2 895 

97.3 

514 

20 559 

7' 

0.177 

0.024606 

2 461 

82.7 

437 

24 191 

8 

0 162 

0.020612 

2 061 

69.3 

366 

28 878 

9 

0.14S 

0.017203 

1 720 

57.8 

305 

34 600 

10 

0.135 

0.014314 

1 431 

48.1 

254 

41 584 

11 

0.120 

0.011310 

1 131 

38.0 

201 

52 631 

12 

0.105 

0 008659 

866 

29.1 

1.54 

68 752 

13 

0.092 

0.006648 

665 

22.3 

118 

89 525 

14 

0.080 

0.005027 

503 

16.9 

89.2 

118 413 

15 

0.072 

0.004071 

407 

13.7 

72 2 

146 198 

16 

0.063 

0.003117 

312 

10.5 

55.3 

191 022 

17 

0.054 

0.002290 

229 

7.70 

40.6 

259 909 

18 

0 047 

0.001735 

174 

5.83 

30.8 

343 112 

19 

0 041 

0.001320 

132 

4 44 

23.4 

450 856 

20 

0.035 

0.000962 

96 

3.23 

17.1 

618 620 


This table was calculated on a basis of -483.84 lbs. per cu. ft. for steel 
wire. Iron wire is a trifle lighter. 

The breaking strengths were calculated fo^ 100 000 lbs. per sq. in. 
throughout, simply for convenience, so that the breaking strengths per 
square inch cf wires cf any strength may be quickly determined by multi¬ 
plying the values given in the table by the ratio between the strength per 
square inch and 100 000. Thus, a No. 15 wire, with a strength per square 
inch of 150 000 pounds, has a breaking strength of 


407 X 


1.50 000 
100 000 


610.5 lb. 


It must not be inferred from this table that steel wire invariably has a 
strength of 100 000 lbs. per sq. in. As a matter of fact its strength ranges 
from 45 000 lbs. per sq. in. for soft, annealed wire to over 400 000 lbs per 
sq. in. for hard wire. 























Number of Wires in Strands, B. & S. Gauge 


USEFUL TABLES 


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00 CO © 'S’ 
CO CO 04 04 

co eo yf rr 

© 00 0- CD 

— yy r-y M 

TT to t/5 CD 
CD 'S’ CO 04 
r-y r-y pH 

to eo c- c— 
*1 O 04 00 

—' H 

O- 00 00 00 

0- CD t/5 'S’ 

12 

CD 00 © — 
O CD CO 04 
CO 04 04 — 

CO U4 00O 
ID rr CO CO 

^ ^ pH H 

COtnt-O 

04-00 

*-H *H 

04 'S’ O- 04 
04 00 O- CD 

*H TJ- © 00 

CD tD 'S’ © 

s 

CO CO 04 04 
-s —« oo tD 
04 04 ^ —i 

<— t/5 04 CO 
04-00 

t w-y w-y r-y 

t-iHii5C4 
04 04 00 O- 

CO O- — tD 
0- CD CD tD 

© © CD © 
'T 'T © CO 

o 

CO 04 'S’ O 

04 CD 'S’ 04 

yy r-y r— —— 

CD — C- 04 
04 04 00 00 

C— 04 O- CO 

C- C- CD CO 

00 CO 00 05 

to t/5 TT 'S’ 

© -S’ © 'S’ 
CO © 04 04 

© 

CO " tO tO 
CO CO »—’ © 

fH ^ 

CD CO 04 tO 

C- c- CD CD 

— ('COO 

CD t£5 tO tO 

CD 04 00 'S’ 

'S’ O’ CO CO 

p-« CO ^ 

00 

—> CD r-y CD 

04 O 04 O* 

" H 

*—« 00 1.0 pH 

OOiOO 

00 t/5 04 04 
t? 'S’ 'S’ CO 

CD CO O t— 
CO CO CO 04 

TS 1 — 00 tD 
04 04 — 

Circular 

Mils 

2000000 

1750000 

1500000 

1250000 

1000000 

950000 

900000 

850000 

800000 

750000 

700000 

660000 

600000 

550000 

600000 

450000 

400000 

360000 

300000 

260000 
















































































































UUU>«M»>i^U<OiCli 


286 THE NEW TINSMITH'S HELPER 


Table 17 


Weights and Safe Loads of Carnegie Angles 


Unequal Legs Weight Safe Safe Equal Legs Weight Safe 
Sire of Thick- Per Load Load Sire of Thick- Per Load 


Angle, 

Inches 

ness. 

Inches 

Foot, 

Lbs. 

Short 

Leg 

Long 

Leg 

Angle, 

Inches 

ness. 

Inches 

Foot, 

Lbs. 

1-Poot 

Span 

4J X 3 

13/16 

18.5 

18.24 

38.61 

8 

X 8 

1 1/8 

56.9 

186.99 


9/16 

13.3 

13.33 

2S.16 



13/16 

42.0 

139.84 


5/16 

7.7 

8.00 

16.43 



1/2 

26.4 

89.28 

4 X3| 

13/16 

18.5 

24.53 

31.15 

G 

X 6 

1 

37.4 

91.41 


9/16 

13.3 

17.92 

20.93 



11/16 

26.5 

65.81 


5/16 

7.7 

10.67 

13.44 



3/8 

14.9 

37.65 

4X3 

13/16 

17.1 

17.92 

30.61 

5 

X 5 

1 

30 6 

61.87 


9/16 

12 4 

13.12 

22.40 



11/16 

21.8 

44 80 


1/4 

5.8 

6.40 

10.67 



3/8 

12.3 

25.81 

3* X 3 

13/16 

15 8 

17.60 

23 47 

4 

X 4 

13/16 

19.9 

32.11 


9/16 

11.4 

12.91 

17.17 



9/16 

14 3 

23 36 


1/4 

5.4 

6.19 

8.32 


• 

1/4 

6 6 

11.20 

3* X 2* 

11/16 

12.5 

10.56 

19.73 

31 

X 31 

13/16 

17.1 

24.00 


1/2 

9.4 

8.11 

15.04 



9/16 

12.4 

17.60 


1/4 

4 9 

4.37 

8 . (X) 



1/4 

5.8 

8.43 

3 X 2} 

9/16 

9.5 

8.75 

12.27 

3 

X 3 

5/8 

11.5 

13.87 


7/16 

7.6 

7.04 

9 92 



7/16 

8.3 

10.13 


1/4 

4.5 

4.27 

5.97 



1/4 

4.9 

6.19 

3 X 2 

1/2 

7.7 

5.01 

10.67 

21 

X 21 

1/2 

7.7 

7.79 


3/8 

5.9 

3 95 

8.32 



5/16 

5.0 

5. 12 


1/4 

4.1 

2 77 

5.76 



1/8 

2.08 

2.13 

2J X 2 

1/2 

6.8 

4 91 

7.47 

2 

X 2 

7/16 

5.3 

4.27 


5/16 

4.5 

3 31 

5.01 



1/4 

3.19 

2.67 


1/8 

1.86 

1.49 

2. 13 



1/8 

1.65 

1 39 

2 J X 1§ 

5/16 

3.92 

1.81 

4.09 

U 

X H 

7/16 

4.6 

3.20 


3/16 

2 44 

1.17 

2 99 



5/16 

3 39 

2 45 

2* X 1* 

1/2 

5 6 

2.77 

5.76 



1/8 

1.44 

1.07 


3/16 

2.28 

1.17 

2.45 

H 

X H 

3/8 

3 35 

2 0.3 

2 X 1J 

3/8 

3.99 

2.13 

3 6)3 



1/4 

2 34 

1 39 


1/8 

1.44 

0.80 

1.39 



1/8 

1 23 

0.77 

2 X H 

1/4 

2.55 

1.04 

2.45 

n 

X li 

5/16 

2 33 

1.17 


3/16 

1.96 

0.80 

1.92 



3/16 

1.48 

0 76 

H X n 

1/4 

2 34 

1.01 

1.92 



1/8 

1.01 

0.52 


1/8 

1 23 

0.56 

1.00 

1 

X 1 

1/4 

1.49 

0.60 

1J X li 

5/16 

2.59 

1.17 

1.71 



3/16 

1.16 

0 47 


3/16 

1.64 

0.78 

1.07 



1/8 

0.80 

0.33 


Safe loads are given in thousands of pounds for one foot span. 


Weights and Safe Loads of Carnegie Channels 

Depth of Weight Area of Thickness Width of Maximum 

Channel per Foot Section of Web Flange Safe Load 

in Thou- 

Inches Lbs. Sq. In. Inches Inches sands of Lbs. 


11 H 

3.38 

0.48 

2.04 

44 4 

9. 

2.65 

0.33 

1.89 

33 0 

6 ^ 

1.95 

0.19 

1.75 

+ 19 0 

7\£ 

2.13 

0 33 

1.73 

24 4 

6 >< 

1.84 

0.25 

1.65 

20 2 

5Vi 

1.55 

0.18 

1.58 

+ 14.4 

6 . 

1.76 

0.36 

1.60 

14.7 

5. 

1.47 

0.26 

1 50 

13 1 

4. 

1.19 

0.17 

1.41 

-10.2 













/ 


USEFUL TABLES 287 

Table 18 

Weights and Safe Loads of Carnegie T-Shapes 


Minimum 


Size, 

Flange by Stem. 
Inches 

Thickness. Inches 

Weight T>er 
Foot, Lb. 

1 Ft. Span 
Safe Load 

Flange 

Stem. 

5 

X 3 . 

. K 

—. 

13.4 

11.41 

5 

X2H. 

. X 

A 

10.9 

8.96 

4K 

X 3K. 

. A 

H 

15.7 

22.72 

4K 

X 3 . 

. X 

X 

9.8 

9.71 

4K 

X 3 . 


A 

8.4 

8.32 

4K 

X 2K. 

. X 

X 

9.2 

6.72 

4 K 

X 2K. 


A 

7.8 

5.76 

4 

X 5 . 

. K 

K 

15.3 

33.39 

4 

X 5 . 

. X 

X 

11.9 

25.92 

4 

X 4H. 

. K 

K 

14.4 

27.09 

4 

X 4H. 

. X 

X 

11.2 

21.12 

4 

X 4 . 

. K 

K 

13.5 

21.55 

4 

X 4 . 

. X 

X 

10.5 

16.85 

4 

X 3 . 

. X 

X 

9.2 

9.60 

4 

X 3 . 


A 

7.8 

8.21 

4 

X 2K. 

. X 

X 

8.5 

6.61 

4 

X 2K. 


A 

7.2 

5.65 

4 

X 2 . 

. X 

X 

7.8 

4.27 

4 

X 2 . 

. A 

A 

6.7 

3.63 

3K 

X 4 . 

. K 

K 

12.6 

21.12 

3K 

X 4 . 

. X 

X 

9.8 

16.53 

3K 

X 3K. 

. K 

K 

11.7 

16.32 

3K 

X 3K. 

. X 

X 

9.2 

12.69 

3K 

X 3 . 

. K 

K 

10.8 

12.05 

3K 

X 3 . 

. X 

X 

8.5 

9.49 

3K 

X 3 . 

. A 

X 

7.5 

9.07 

3 

X 4 . 

. K 

K 

11.7 

20.69 

3 

X 4 . 


A 

10.5 

18.35 

3 

X 4 . 

. X 

X 

9.2 

16.11 

3 

X3H. 

. K 

K 

10.8 

15.89 

3 

X 3K. 

. A 

A 

9.7 

14.19 

3 

X 3K. 

. X 

X 

8.5 

12.37 

3 

X 3 . 

. K 

K 

9.9 

11.73 

3 

X 3 . 


A 

8.9 

10.45 

3 

X 3 . 

. X 

X 

7.8 

9.17 

3 

X 3 . 


A 

6.7 

7.89 

3 

X 2K. 

. X 

X 

7.1 

6.40 

3 

X 2K. 


A 

6.1 

5.55 

3 

X 2K. 

. K 

K 

5.0 

4.59 

2K 

X 3 . 

. X 

X 

7.1 

8.96 

2K 

X 3 . 


A 

6.1 

7.68 

2 K 

X 2K. 

. X 

X 

6.4 

6.29 

2K 

X IK. 

A 

A 

2.87 

0.93 

2K 

X 2K. 


A 

4.9 

4.37 

2 

X 2 . 

. A 

A 

4.3 

3.31 

2 

X IK. 

. K 

K 

3.09 

1.60 

IK 

X IK. 

. K 

K 

3.09 

2.03 

IK 

X IK. 

. K 

K 

2.47 

1.49 

IK 

X IK . 

. K 

K 

2.02 

1.01 

1 

X 1 . 

. A 

A 

1.25 

0.49 






















































2S8 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


How to Estimate on Quantity and Cost of 
Corrugated Sheets 

First, select the best lengths of sheets that will fit the 
space you intend covering, not forgetting the end laps. 

On siding, a one-inch or two-inch end lap is sufficient, 
but on roofing it varies from three to six inches, accord¬ 
ing to pitch of roof. 

The common 2 to 3-inch corrugated sheets will lay 24 
inches wide with a side lap of one corrugation, but the 
selling measurement is 26 inches wide. 


A 6-ft. 

sheet 

measures 

13 

sq. ft. and 

lay 

12 sq. 

« • - 

11 

* « 

15 Mi 

44 44 

44 

14 

•• 8 ** 

44 

44 

17% 

44 44 

44 

16 

" 9 “ 

44 

44 

19% 

44 44 

44 

18 

.. 10 .. 

44 

44 

21% 

II II 

44 

20 

.. 12 .. 

44 

44 

26 

44 II 

44 

24 


In the above table end laps are not considered. 
You make your own allowance for end laps. 


Table 19 


Measurements of Corrugated Sheets 

Covering Length of 

Kind of Width of Depth of Number of Width Width of Longest 
Corruga- Corruga- Corruga- Corruga- Lapped Sheet Sheet? 

tion, tion, tion, tions to One Cor- Corru* Fur- 

Inches Inches Inches the rugation, gated, nished. 

Sheet Inches Inches Feet 



ft 

l 

6 

21 

27 

10 

24 

H to H 

10 

24 

20 

10 

IX 

H to x 

19 H 

24 

20 

10 

H 

X 

34 X 

25 

20 

8 


Weight of Corrugated Sheets Per Square for 
Sheets 30^2 Inches Wide Before Corrugating 

Weight per Square of 100 Square 

Num- Weight Weight Feet, when Laid, Allowing 6 Inches Weight 

ber per per Lap in Length and 2 1 3 Inches or per 

by Thick- Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft. One Corrugation in Width of Sq. Ft. 
Birm- ness. Flat, Corru- Sheet for Sheet Lengths of Flat 

ingham Inches Lbs. gated, - Galvan- 

Gauge Lbs. 5 6 7 8 9 10 ixed 

Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet 


10 

.005 

2 

.61 

3 

.28 

305 

358 

353 

3.50 

348 

346 

2.95 

18 

.049 

1 

.97 

2 

48 

275 

2711 

267 

204 

202 

201 

2 31 

20 

.035 

1 

.40 

1 

.70 

1'-. 

192 

190 

188 

ISO 

18ft 

1.74 

22 

.028 

1 

.12 

1 

.41 

150 

1 54 

152 

1 50 

110 

1 is 

1 46 

24 

.022 


.88 

1 

11 

123 

121 

119 

118 

117 

117 

1 22 

20 

.018 


.72 


.91 

101 

99 

97 

97 

90 

95 

1.06 















USEFUL TABLES 


289 


Table 20 


Weight of Corrugated Sheets Per 100 Square 

Feet in Pounds 

r nrr „ oa . 2K in. in. 

H in. IK in. 2 in. 26 in. 27 K in. 3 in. 5 in. 
tlons ’ Wide Wide 


U. S. Std. 
Sheet 
Metal 
Gauge 

Painted 

Galvanized 

Painted 

Galvanized 

Painted 

Galvanized 

Painted 

Galvanized 

Painted 

Galvanized 

Painted 

Galvanized 

Painted 

Galvanized 

29 


81 


81 


77 


77 


78 


77 


77 

28 

71 

88 

71 

88 

68 

84 

68 

84 

69 

85 

68 

84 

68 

84 

27 

78 

95 

78 

95 

75 

91 

75 

91 

76 

92 

75 

91 

75 

91 

26 

85 

102 

85 

102 

82 

98 

82 

98 

83 

99 

82 

98 

81 

97 

25 

99 

116 

99 

116 

95 

111 

95 

111 

97 

113 

95 

111 

95 

111 

24 

113 

130 

113 

130 

109 

125 

109 

125 

110 

126 

109 

125 

108 

124 

23 



127 

144 

122 

138 

122 

138 

124 

140 

122 

138 

122 

137 

22 



141 

158 

136 

151 

136 

151 

137 

153 

136 

151 

135 

151 

21 



155 

172 

149 

165 

149 

165 

151 

167 

149 

165 

148 

164 

20 



169 

186 

163 

178 

163 

178 

165 

181 

163 

178 

162 

178 

18 





216 

232 

216 

232 

219 

235 

216 

232 

215 

231 

16 





270 

286 

270 

286 

274 

290 

270 

286 

269 

285 

14 







338 

353 

342 

358 

338 

353 

336 

352 

12 







472 

4S8 

478 

494 

472 

488 

470 

486 

10 

• • • 




• • • 

• • • 

607 

623 

615 

631 






Table 21 


Number of Corrugated Iron and Steel Sheets in 
.One Square (100 Square Feet) 

3-Inch Corruga- 2J-Inch Corruga- lj-lnch Coiruga- 
tions. Width tions. Width tions. Width 
Length of Sheet, (flat) 28 Inches, (flat) 28 Inches, (flat) 28 Inches. 
Inches Width (after cor- Width (after cor- Width (after cor¬ 
rugating) 26 rugating) 26 rugating) 25 

Inches Inches Inches. 


60 

9.231 

72 

7.692 

84 

6.593 

96 

5.769 

108 

5.128 

120 

4.616 

144 

3.846 


9.231. 

9.600 

7,692 

8.COO 

6.593 

6.857 

5.769 

6.000 

5.128 

5.333 

4.616 

4.800 

3.846 

4.000 


Table 22 


Spacing of Supports for Corrugated Sheets 

Nos. 16 and 18 . 6 to 7 feet apart 

Nos. 20 and 22 . 4 to 5 feet apart 

No. 24 . 2 to 4 feet apart 

No! 28 ...!...!..!...... 2 feet apart 






















290 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Table 23 

Corrugated Sheets—Formed 


Weights per Bundle 


Product 

Ga. 

Sheets 

60 

Ins. 

72 

Ins. 



per Bdl. 

Ptd. 

Gal. 

Ptd. 

Gal. 

Corg. \ 25 in. wide 

29 

10 


84 

• • • 

101 

l\i m *' / after Corg. 

28 

10 

94 

91 

89 

109 

2* “ ) 26 in. wide 

27 

10 

81 

98 

98 

118 

2H' " \ after 

26 

10 

89 

106 

106 

127 

3' “ > Corg. 

24 

8 

94 

108 

113 

130 

22 

6 

88 

98 

106 

118 

2M in. Corrugated. 27^ 

29 

10 


90 


108 

in. wide after Corru- 

28 

10 

79 

98 

95 

117 

gating 

27 

10 

87 

105 

105 

127 

6 in. Corrugated, 28 in. 

26 

10 

95 

113 

114 

136 

wide after Corrugat- 

24 

8 

101 

116 

121 

139 

ing 

22 

0 

04 

105 

113 

127 

Two “V” Crimped 

29 

10 


78 


93 

(without Sticks) 

28 

10 

69 

85 

82 

102 

Beaded Celling 

27 

10 

76 

91 

91 

110 

26 

10 

82 

98 

99 

118 

Three “V” Crimped 

29 

10 


79 


95 

(without Sticks) 

2S 

10 

70 

86 

84 

104 

Pressed Standing Seam 

27 

10 

77 

93 

92 

112 

(without Cleats) 

26 

10 

84 

100 

101 

120 

Weatherboard Siding 

29 

10 


81 


97 


28 

10 

71 

88 

86 

105 


27 

10 

78 

95 

94 

114 


26 

10 

85 

102 

102 

122 

Plain Brick Siding 

29 

10 


84 

• • • 


Rock Face Brick Siding 

28 

10 

74 

91 

• • • 


Rock Face Stone Siding 

27 

10 

81 

98 

• • • 



26 

10 

89 

106 

• • • 

... 


G a. 

Lin. Ft, 
per Roll 

Ptd. 

Gal. 



Plain Roll or Self Cap. 

29 

50 


81 


• • • 

(without Cleats) 

28 

50 

71 

88 

• • • 

• • • 

27 

50 

78 

95 

• • • 



26 

50 

85 

102 

• • • 

• • • 

Roll and Cap (with Caps 

29 

50 


85 

• • • 

• • • 

and Cleats) 

28 

50 

75 

93 

■ • • 

• • • 


27 

50 

83 

100 

• • • 

• • • 


26 

50 

90 

108 

« • • 

• • • 


















































USEFUL TABLES 


291 


Table 23 (continued) 

Roofing and Siding Products 


and Roll in Pounds 


84 Ins. 

96 Ins. 

108 

Ins. 

120 

Ins. 

132 

Ins. 

144 

Ins. 

Ptd. 

Gal. 

Ptd. 

Gal. 

Ptd. 

G al. 

Ptd. 

Gal. 

Ptd. 

Gal. 

Ptd. 

Gal. 

• • • 

117 


134 


151 


168 


184 


201 

104 

128 

iis 

146 

i33 

164 

148 

182 

i63 

200 

177 

219 

114 

138 

130 

158 

146 

177 

163 

197 

179 

217 

195 

236 

124 

148 

142 

169 

159 

190 

177 

211 

195 

233 

213 

254 

132 

151 

151 

173 

170 

194 

188 

216 

207 

237 

226 

259 

123 

138 

141 

157 

159 

177 

176 

197 

194 

217 

212 

236 


126 


144 


162 


180 


198 


216 

ill 

137 

i27 

156 

143 

176 

159 

195 

174 

215 

i90 

234 

122 

148 

139 

169 

157 

190 

174 

211 

192 

232 

209 

253 

133 

159 

152 

181 

171 

204 

190 

227 

209 

249 

228 

272 

141 

102 

162 

185 

182 

208 

202 

231 

222 

254 

242 

278 

132 

148 

151 

169 

170 

190 

189 

211 

208 

232 

227 

253 


109 


125 


140 


156 


171 


187 

96 

118 

110 

135 

124 

152 

137 

169 

isi 

186 

i(35 

203 

106 

128 

121 

146 

136 

165 

151 

183 

166 

201 

181 

219 

115 

137 

132 

157 

148 

177 

165 

196 

181 

216 

198 

236 

• • • 

111 


127 


143 


159 


175 


191 

98 

121 

112 

138 

126 

155 

i40 

173 

154 

190 

168 

207 

108 

130 

123 

149 

138 

168 

154 

186 

169 

205 

185 

224 

117 

140 

134 

160 

151 

180 

168 

200 

184 

220 

201 

240 


113 


129 


145 


162 


178 


194 

ioo 

123 

i 14 

141 

128 

158 

143 

176 

157 

193 

171 

211 

110 

133 

125 

152 

141 

171 

157 

190 

172 

209 

118 

228 

120 

143 

137 

163 

154 

184 

171 

2(1 1 

188 

224 

205 

245 


Weights of Bands Used in Bundling Flat Black 
and Galvanized Sheets 

Width of Bundle—ins. 24 26 28 30 36 

Weight of one Band—lbs.84 .90 .96 1.02 1.20 


To Bronze Copper Bluish-gray.—According to Dr. 
Bottger, a brightly polished sheet of copper acquires a 
beautiful bluish-gray color by applying to the surface 
a fluid obtained by the warm digestion of cinnabar 
with a solution of sodium sulphide, to which some 
caustic lime has been added. 











































292 THE NEW TINSMITH'S HELPER 

Table 24 

Weights of Steel, Wrought Iron, Brass and 

Copper Plates 

Birmingham or Stubs’ Gauge 

Number Thickness Weights in Lbs. per Foot 

of in Inches - ■ ■ ■ 

Gauge Steel Iron Brass Copper 


0000 

.454 

000 

.425 

00 

.380 

0 

.340 

1 

.300 

2 

.284 

3 

.259 

4 

.238 

5 

.220 

6 

.203 

7 

.180 

8 

.165 

9 

.148 

10 

.134 

11 

.120 

12 

.109 

13 

.095 

14 

.083 

15 

.072 

16 

.065 

17 

.058 

18 

.049 

19 

.042 

20 

.035 

21 

.032 

22 

.028 

23 

.025 

24 

.022 

25 

.020 

26 

.018 

27 

.016 

28 

.014 

29 

.013 

30 

.012 

31 

.010 

32 

.009 

33 

.008 

34 

.007 

35 

.005 

36 

.004 


18.52 

18.16 

17.34 

17.00 

15.30 

15.20 

13.87 

13.60 

12.24 

12.00 

11.59 

11.36 

10.57 

10.36 

9.71 

9.52 

8.98 

8.80 

8.28 

8.12 

7.34 

7.20 

6.73 

6.60 

6.04 

5.92 

5.47 

5.36 

4.90 

4.80 

5.45 

4.36 

3.88 

3.80 

3.39 

3.32 

2.94 

2.88 

2.65 

2.60 

2.87 

2.32 

2.00 

1.96 

1.71 

1.68 

1.43 

1.40 

1.31 

1.28 

1.14 

1.12 

1.02 

1.10 

.898 

.88 

.816 

.80 

.734 

.72 

.653 

.64 

.571 

.56 

.530 

.52 

.490 

.48 

.408 

.40 

.307 

.36 

.326 

.32 

.286 

.28 

.204 

.20 

.163 

.16 


19.431 

20.556 

18.190 

19.253 

16.264 

17.214 

14.552 

15 402 

12.840 

18.590 

12.155 

12.865 

11.085 

11.733 

10 . 1 S 6 

10 . 7 M 

9.416 

9.966 

S l i , s 9 

9 . 196 

7.704 

8.154 

7 . 00,2 

7.475 

6.834 

6 . 7 oi 

5.785 

0.070 

5.137 

5.436 

4.667 

4.938 

4.000 

4.303 

3.552 

3.769 

3 . 0 S 1 

3.262 

2.782 

2.945 

2.483 

2.627 

2.097 

2.220 

1.797 

1.902 

1.498 

1.585 

1.869 

1.450 

1.198 

1.270 

1.070 

1.132 

.911 

.997 

.856 

.906 

.770 

.815 

.685 

.725 

.599 

.634 

.556 

.589 

.511 

.544 

.428 

.453 

.385 

.408 

.842 

.362 

.2996 

.317 

.214 

.227 

.171 

.181 




USEFUL TABLES 293 

Table 25 

Weight of Sheets of Wrought Iron, Steel, Copper 
and Brass Per Square Foot in Pounds 


American 

or B. & S. Thickness Iron 
Gauge in Inches 


0000 

.46 

18.46 

000 

.4096 

16.44 

00 

.3648 

14.64 

0 

.3249 

13.04 

1 

.2893 

11.61 

2 

.2576 

10.34 

3 

.2294 

9.21 

4 

.2943 

8.20 

5 

.1319 

7.30 

6 

.1620 

6.50 

7 

.1443 

5.79 

8 

.1285 

5.16 

9 

.1144 

4.59 

10 

.1019 

4.09 

11 

.0907 

3.64 

12 

.0808 

3.24 

13 

.0720 

2.89 

14 

.0641 

2.57 

15 

.0571 

2.29 

16 

.0508 

2.04 

17 

.0453 

1.82 

18 

.0403 

1.62 

19 

.0359 

1.44 

20 

.0320 

1.28 

21 

.0285 

1.14 

22 

.0253 

1.02 

23 

.0226 

.906 

24 

.0201 

.807 

25 

.0179 

.718 

26 

.0159 

.640 

27 

.0142 

.570 

28 

.0126 

.507 

29 

.0113 

.452 

30 

.0100 

.402 

31 

.0089 

.358 

32 

.0080 

.319 

33 

.0071 

.284 

34 

.0063 

.253 

35 

.0056 

.225 


Steel 

Copper 

Brass 

18.70 

20.84 

19.69 

16.66 

18.56 

17.53 

14.83 

16.53 

15.61 

13.21 

14.72 

13.90 

11.76 

13.11 

12.38 

10.48 

11.67 

11.03 

9.33 

10.39 

9.82 

8.31 

9.26 

8.74 

7.40 

8.24 

7.79 

6.59 

7.34 

6.93 

5.87 

6.54 

6.18 

5.22 

5.82 

5.50 

4.65 

5.18 

4.90 

4.14 

4.62 

4.36 

3.69 

4.11 

3.88 

3.29 

3.66 

3.46 

2.93 

3.26 

3.08 

2.61 

2.90 

2.74 

2.32 

2.59 

2.44 

2.07 

2.30 

2.18 

1.84 

2.05 

1.94 

1.64 

1.83 

1.73 

1.46 

1.63 

1.54 

1.30 

1.45 

1.37 

1.16 

1.29 

1.22 

1.03 

1.15 

1.08 

.918 

1.02 

.966 

.817 

.911 

.860 

.728 

.811 

.766 

.648 

.722 

.682 

.577 

.643 

.608 

.514 

.573 

.541 

.458 

.510 

. 482 - 

.408 

.454 

.429 

.363 

.404 

.382 

.323 

.360 

.340 

.288 

.321 

.303 

.256 

.286 

.270 

.228 

.254 

.240 



294 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

Table 26 

Weight of Drawn Copper Bars 

Standard Rectangular Sizes. Pounds 
per Lin. Ft. 


•b* 

T- 

\ Pound* 

- - - ' 

Six* 

Pound* 

! * Six* 

■ 

Po>.df 


■* 

.1206 

Vi x2 

1.929 

Vi xl 

2.894 

i\i H * 

.1507 

Vi x 2 Vi 

2.170 

V 4 X 14 

3.617 

Ax \ 

.1809 

Vi x 24 

2.412 

Vi x 14 

4.341 

Y»x % 

.2110 

Vi x24 

2.653 

V* x 1 Vi 

5.064 

;Ax 1 

.2412 

Vi x3 

2.894 

V* x 2 

5.788 

A x 14 

.3014 



Vi x 21* 

6.511 

A xl4 

.3617 

4 x 1 

1.447 

Vi x24 

7.235 



* x lVi 

1.809 

Vi x2Vi 

7.958 

Hi * 

.2412 

Vi x 14 

2.170 

Vi x3 

8.681 

Hx H 

.3014 

Vi x 1 * 

2.532 

Vi x 3 Vi 

9.405 

V* x V* 

.3617 

Vi x2 

2.894 

Vi x34 

10.13 

HX % 

.4220 

Vi x 2Vi 

3.256 

| Vi x3Vi 

10.85 

Wx 1 

.4823 

V* x 24 

3.617 

Vi x 4 

11.58 

4 X 14 

.6029 

Vi x 2Vi 

3.979 

Vi x4Vi 

12.30 

HxlH 

.7235 

Vi x3 

4.341 

Vi x 44 

13.02 

Hxl% 

.8440 

Vi x3‘i 

4.702 

Vi x4Vi 

13.75 

Hx 2 

.9646 

Vi x34 

5.064 

Vi x5 • 

14.47 

4 x24i 

1.085 

Vi x37i 

5.426 

Vi x5Vi 

15.19 

V* x 2 H 

1.206 

Vi x4 

5.788 

4 x 54 

15.92 

>4 *24 

1.326 

Vi x44 

6.149 

Vi x 5 Vi 

16.64 

Hx3 

1.447 

Vi x44 

6.511 

Vi x 6 

17.36 



Vi x4Vi 

6.873 



Ax Vi 

.3617 

Vi X5 

7.235 



Ax % 

.4522 



1 x 1 

3.858 

A x 4 

.5426 

4 x 1 

1.929 

1 x 14 

4.823 

A x % 

.6330 

4 x 1 Vi 

2.412 

1x14 

5.788 

A x 1 

.7235 

4x14 

2.894 

1 x 1 % 

6.752 

A x IV* 

.9043 

Vi x 1 Vi 

3.376 

1 x 2 

7.717 

AxlH 

1.085 

4 x 2 

3.858 

1x24 

8.681 

AxJH 

1.266 

4 x 2 ‘i 

4.341 

1x24 

9.646 

Ax2 

1.447 

4 x 24 

4.823 

1 x 2Vi 

10.61 

A x 2*4 

1.628 

4 x 2 Vi 

5.305 

1x3 

11.58 

A x 24 

1.809 

4x3 

5.788 

1 x 34 

12.54 

A x2Vi 

1.989 

4 x 3 Vi 

6.270 

1x34 

13.50 

A x 3 

2.170 

4x34 

6.752 

1 x3Vi 

14.47 



4 x 3Vi 

7.235 

1 x 4 

15.43 



4x4 

7.717 

1 x 44 

16.40 

'Ax Vi 

-.4823 

4x4 >4 

8.199 

1x44 

17.36 

4 x 4 

.6029 • 

4x44 

8.681 

1x44 

18.33 

H* H 

.7235 

4 x4Vi 

9.164 

1x5 

19.29 

* x 71 

.8440 

4x5 

9.646 

1x54 

20.26 

% x 1 

.9646 

4 x5Vi 

10.13 

1x54 

21.22 

Vi x iv* 

1.206 

4x54 

10.61 

1 x 5V» 

22.19 

4x14 

1.447. 

4 x5Vi 

11.09 

1 x 6 

23.15 

4 xl4 

1.688 

. 1 

4 x 6 

11.58 






























USEFUL TABLES 


295 


Table 27 

Weights per Sq. Ft. of Copper and Brass Sheets 

American or B. & S. Gauge 


K« 

Thickness 

Copper 

1 Pound* 

Bmm 

Pounds- 

jOOOO 

.46 In., or A in. full. 

20.838 

19.688 

000 

.40964 in. 

18.557 

17.533 

00 

.3648 in. or % in. scant. 

16.525 

15.613 

0 

.32486 in. 

14.716 

13.904 

1 

.2893 in. 

13.105 

12.382 

2 

.25763 in. or M, in. full. 

11.670 

11.027 

3 

T 22942 }n, t . t T T t . 

10 392 

9 819 

4 

.20431 in. . 

9.255 

8.745 

5 

.18194 in. or A in. scant. 

8.242 

7.783 

6 

.16202 in. 

7.340 

6.935 

7 

.14428 in. 

6.536 

6.175 

8 

.12849 in. or % in. full. 

5.821 

6.499 

9 

.11443 in. 

6.183 

4.893 

10 

.10189 in. 

4.616 

4.361 

11 

.090742 in. 

4.110 

3.884 

12 

.0808 in. 

3.66 

1.457 

13 

.0720 in. 

3.26 

1.03 

14 

.06408 in. 

2.90 

2.743 

15 

.057068 in. 

2.585 

2.442 

16 

.05082 in. 

2.302 

2.175 

17 

.045257 in. 

2.05 

1.937 

18 

.0403 in. 

1.825 

1.725 

19 

.0359 in. 

1.626 

1.636 

20 - 

.0320 in. 

1.448 

1.367 

21 

.02846 in. 

1.289 

1.218 

22 

.02535 in. 

1.148 

1.085 

23 

.02257 in. 

1.023 

.966 

24 

.0211 in. 

.910 

.860 

25 

.0179 in. 

.811 

.766 

26 

.0159 in. 

.722 

.682 

27 

.01419 in. 

.643 

.603 

28 

.01264 in. 

.573 

.541 

29 

.01126 in. 

.510 

.482 

30 

.01003 in. 

.454 

.429 

31 

.0089 in.. 

.404 

.382 

32 

.0079 in. 

.360 

.340 

33 

.0071 in. 

.321 

.303 

34 

.0063 in. 

.286 

.269 

35 

.0056 in. 

.254 

.240 

86 

.0050 in. 

.226 

.214 

37 

.00445 in.. 

.202 

.191 

38 

00396 in. 

.180 

.170 

OQ 


.160 

.151 

40 

.00314 in. 

i 

.142 

.135 


Bright Asphalt Varnish for Sheet Metals.—Boil coal- 
tar until it shows a disposition to harden on cooling; 
this can be ascertained by rubbing a little on a piece 
of metal. Then add about 20 per cent, of lump 
asphalt, stirring it with the boiling coal-tar until all 
the lumps are melted, when it is allowed to cool and 
kept for use. 






















































THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


290 


Table 28 


Dimensions and Resistances of Pure Copper Wire 


Am 

W tight and length, 
sp. gr. 8.0 

Resistance at 7|* F. 

Circular 
mils <d2) 

1 mil — 
.001 in. 

Square 
mils (42 
x.7854) 

Lbs. 

per 

1.000 

ft. 

Lbs. 

per 

mils 

Fsst 
per lb. 

R 

ohms 

per 

1.000 

ft. 

Ohms 

per 

mils 

Feet 

per 

ohm 

Ohms 
per lb. 


0000 460.000 211600.00 166190.'641.2 
000409.640 167805.00 131790.508.5 
00 364.800 13,3079.40 1045204403.3 


0 324.950 105592.50 
1 289.300 


83694.20 

2 257.630’ 66373.00 

3 229.420 52634.00 

4 204.310 41742.00 

5 181.940 33102.00 
61162.020 26250.50 

7 1 14.2M' "20M6.00 

8 128.490 16509.00 

9 114.430 13594.00 
10101.890 10381.00 
llT90.742| 8234.00 

■ 12 80J06 6529.90 

13 71.961 6178.40 

14’ 64.084 4106.80 

15| 67.068 3256.7 

16! 60.820 _2582.9 
IT! 457257 204872 

40.303 1624.3 

35.390 1252.4 

31.961 1021.5 

28.462 810.10 

25.347 
22.571 
20.100 
17.900 


18 

19 

20 
21 

""22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 
”32 

33 

34 
85 
36 

”37 

88 

39 

40 


509.45 

404.01 

320.40 


12.641 
11.257 
10.025 
_ 8.928 
7.950 
7.080 
6.304 
5.614 
5.000 

4.453 

3.965 

8.531 

3.144 


159.79 

126.72 

100.5 

_79.71 

63.20 

60.13 

39.74 

31.52 

25.000 


15.72 

12.47 

9.89 


82932. 

65733. 


”621357 

41339 

32784, 

25998. 

20617 

16349. 

12966. 

10284. 

8153.2 

6467.0 

5125.6 
40C7.1 
3146.9 
2557.8 

2028.6 


319.8 

253.6 

MIT" 

159.5 

126.5 
100.3 

79.55 


3375.7 
2677.0 
2123.0 
1684.5 
1335.2 

1558.8 

839.68 

665.91 

528.05 

418.81 


C3709332.1T 
50.03 263.37 
39.68,208.88 
31.46 165.63 
24.95 137.37 


642.70 504.78 


19.79 104.18 
15.69 82.632 
12.44 65.525 
9.869,51.956 
7.827)41.237 

1608.6 6.207 32.683 

1275.7 4.922 25.925 
983.64 3.904 20.051 
802.28 3.096 16.315 
636.25 2.455,12.936 

1.947 10.243 
1.544 8.1312 
1.224 6.4416 



1.56 .04906 
1.971.06186 
2.49 .07801 
.09831 
.12404 
715640 


.25903 20383. 
.32664 16165. 
.41187 12820. 
.51909 10409. 
.65490 8062.3 
1-82582,63937? 
6.29 .19723 1.0414 5070.2 


.000076736 

.00012039 

.00019423 

.00030772 

.00048994 

.00078045" 

.0012406 

.0019721 

.0031361 

.0049868 


.24869 1.3131 4021.0 
.31361 1.6558 3188.7 
.39546 2.0881 2528.7 
19871 2.6331 2 1 

o !• f/va a .012608 

.020042 
.031380 
.050682 


400.12 

317.31 

251.64 


125.50 

99.526 

78.933 

62.604 

497637 

39.372 

31.212 

24.756 

19.635 


.C2881 
.79281 
1 . 

40.20 1.2607 


.5898 


3.3201 1590.3 
4.1860 1261.3 
5.2S00 1000.0 , 

6.6568:793.18 II_. 

873940,629.08.080585“^ 
.12841 


63.912.0047 10.585 498.83 
80.59 2.5908 13.680 385.97 .20880 
101.63 3.1150 16.477 321.02 31658 
128.1 1 1.0191 21.221 248.81 .51501 

161.59 5.0683 26.761 197.30 .. 

203.766.3911 33.745 156.47 1.3023 
264.26 8.2889 43.765 120.64 2.1904 
324.00 10.163 53.658 98.401 3.2926 

lin 


408.56 12.815 67.660 78.037 5.2355 
”515.15 16.152 85.283 61.911 8.3208' 
649.66 20.377 107.59 49.087 13.238 
819.21 25.695 135.67 38.918'21.050 
■ I. .971W5.1216 1032.96 32.400 171.07 30.86433.466 
15.940 254.01 199.50 .7700'4.0656 1 302.61 |40^68l215.79124.469 35.2.35 

. , : '. . . ' , - 


19.83 15.567 


.48432.5344 
.3841'2.0064 
.3046 1.5840 
.2415'L2672 
.1915 
.1519 
.1205 
.09553 
07576 


12.347 

9.7939 

7.7676 


."IT 1 5 
.03778 
.02996 


.7920 

.6336 

.5280 


2071.22 

2611.82 


64.966'343.02 15.393) 134.56 
81.921 432.54 12.207 213.96 
3293.97jl03.30 545.39 9.6812'340.25 
4152^22 127.27 671.99 7.8573 528.45 


: — 

r AnA « 1 AA « Aaa . ^ I___ 


6602.71 207.08 1093.4 4.8290 1367.3 
8328.30 261.23T379.3 3.8281 '2175.5 
10501.35 329.35 1738.9 3.0363 3458.5 


4224 i: j >> ' 115.24 2 : ; - ' • .74 

30508 3168, 1669L06 :05.5 1.9093 8TB3 


.2640 20854.65'660.37j3486.7'1.6143 13772. 
.2112 26302.23j832.48 4395.6 1.2012 21896. 
■1584 33175.94 1049 .7 6542.1; .9527j34823. 






















































USEFUL TABLES 


297 


Table 29 


Weight of Copper, Brass, Iron and Steel Wire 
Diameters Determined by Brown & Sharpe Gauge 


No. of gauge 

Decimal eouiv., 
inch- 

Weight of wire per 1000 linear feet 

Wrought iron, 
founds 

Steel. 

pounds 

Copper, 

pounds 

Brass, 

pounds 

0000 

.46000 

560.^4 

566.03 

641.2 

605.18 

000 

.40964 

444.68 

448.88 

508.5 

479.91 

00 

.36480 

352.66 

355.99 

403.3 

380.67 

0 

.32486 

279.67 

282.30 

319.8 

301.82 

1 

.28930 

221.79 

223.89 

253.6 

239.35 

2 

.25763 

175.89 

177.55 

201.1 

189.82 

3 

.22942 

139.48 

140.80 

159.5 

150.52 

4 

.20431 

110.62 

111.66 

126.5 

119.38 

5 

.18194 

87.720 

88.548 

100.3 

94.666 

6 

.16202 

69.565 

70.221 

79.55 

75.075 

7 

.14428 

55.165 

55.685 

63.09 

59.545 

8 

.12849 

43.751 

44.164 

50.03 

47.219 

9 

.11443 

34.699 

35.026 

39.68 

37.43? 

10 

.10189 

27.512 

27.772 

31.46 

29.687 ' 

11 

.090742 

21.820 

22.026 

24.95 

23.549 

12 

.080808 

17.304 

17.468 

19.79 

18.676 

13 

.071961 

13.722 

13.851 

15.69 

14.809 

14 

.064084 

10.886 

10.989 

12.44 

11.746 

15 

.057068 

8.631 

8.712 

9.869 

9.315 

16 

.050820 

6.845 

6.909 

7.827 

7.587 

17 

.045257 

5.427 

5.478 

6.207 

5.857 

18 

.040303 

4.304 

4.344 

4.922 

4.645 

19 

.035890 

2.413 

3.445 

3.904 

3.684 

20 

.031961 

2.708 

2.734 

3.096 

2.920 

21 

.028462 

2.147 

2.167 

2.455 

2.317 

22 

.025347 

1.703 

1.719 

1.947 

1.838 

23 

.022571 

1.350 

1.363 

1.544 

1.457 

24 

.020100 

1.071 

.1.081 

1.224 

1.155 

25 

.017900 

.8491 

.8571 

.9710 

*9163 

26 

.01594 

.6734 

.6797 

.7700 

.7267 

27 

.014195 

.5340 

.5391 

.6107 

.5763 

28 

.012641 

.4235 

.4275 

.4843 

.4570 

29 

.011257 

.335S 

.3389 

.3841 

.3624 

30 

.010025 

.26G3 

.2683 

.3046 

.2874 

31 

.008928 

.2113 

.2132 

.2415 

.2280 

32 

.007950 

.1675 

.1691 

.1915 

.1808 

33 

.007080 

.1328 

.1341 

.1519 

.1434 

34 

.006304 

.1053 

.1063 

.1205 

.1137 

35 

.005614 

.08366 

.08445 

.09553 

.09015 

36 

.005000 

.06625 

.06687 

.07576 

.0715 

37 

.004453 

.05255 

.05304 

.06008 

.05671 

38 

.003965 

.04166 

.04205 

.04765 

.04496 

39 

.003531 

.03305 

.03336 

.03778 

.03566 

40 

.003144 

.02620 

.02644 

.02996 

.02827 

Specific gravity 

7.7747 

7.848 

8.900 

8.461 

Weight cubic foot 

485.874 

490.45 

555.6 

528.2 
































































298 


THE NEW TINSMITH S HELPER 


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Table 30 (continued) 

For weight of Copper Strip add 5% 


USEFUL TABLES 


299 



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1 



































































































300 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

Table 3 1 

Weight per Ft. of Seamless Brass Tube 

Stubs or Birmingham Gauge. Measured in Outside 

Diameters 

(To ascertain the weights of Seamless Copper Tube, 
add 5 per cent to the weights of Brass Tube) 


Gauge No.| 3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

~TT 

nr 

Thick!*** of 
each No. in 
dccim*l 
r»rt» of in. 

.259 

’.23S 

.220 

.203 

.180 

.165 

.148 

.134 

.120 

.109 

.095 

.03$ 

Kr»c. of in . 
corre* pond's 
cloodjr to 
S*usr No*. 

V4 

if 


U 

A 


A 


H 


A 

A 

OuUld* 
diam., incht* 













a « 

v* 

a 

s 

* 

Vi 

'• 

% 

ft 

* 

ft 

% 

ft 

1 

1V4 

1V4 

IS 

lVi 

IS 

IS 

1 % 

2 

2S 

2V4' 

2 * 

2 S 

2S 

2 % 

2 Vi 

3 

3H 

3S 

3* 

3S 

3S 

3* 

3S 






. 177777 





. 

► 




. 
















.18 

.27 

.35 

.44 

.63 

.61 

.70 

.79 

.87 

.96 

1.04 

1.13 

1.22 

1.39 

1.56 

1.74 

1.91' 

2.08 

2.26 

2.43 

2.60 

2.78 

2.95 

3.12 

3.30 

3.47! 

3.64 

3.81 

3.99; 

4.16 

4.33 

4.51' 

4.68 

4.85 

5.03 

6 .20| 

.177 

.256 

.335 

.413 

.492 

.571 

.649 

.728 

.807 

.885 

.964 

1.042 

1.12 

1.28 

1.44 

1.59 

1.75 

1.91 

2.06 

2.22 

2.38 

2.54 

2.69 

2.85 

3.01 

3.17 

3.32 

3.48 

3.64 

3.79 

3.95 

4.11 

4.27 

4.42 

4.58 

4.74 

.170 

.238 

.307 

.376 

.444 

.513 

.681 

.650 

.718 

.787 

.855 

.924 

.99 

1.13 

1.27 

1.40 

1.64 
1.68 
1.82 
1.95 
2.09 
2.23 
2.36 
2.50 

2.64 
2.77 
2.91 
3.05 
3.19 
3.32 
3.46 
3.60 
3.73 
3.87 
4.01 
4.15 

• 16<> 
.220 
.280 
.340 
.400 
.460 
.520 
.580 
.640 
.700 
.759 
.819 
.88 

1 00 
1.12 
1.24 
1.36 
1.43 
1.60 
1.72 
1.84 
1.96 
2.08 
2.20 
2.32 
2.44- 
2.56 
2.68 
2.79 
2.91 
3.03 
3.15 
3.27 
3.39 
3.51 
3.63 





. 









.40 

.52 

.64 

.76 

.88 

.99 

1.11 

1.23 

1.35 
1.47 

1.59 

1.83 
2.07 
2.30 
2.54 
2.78 
3.02 
3.26 
3.50 
3.73 
3.97 
4.21 
4.45 
4.69 
4.92 
5.16 
5.40 
6.64 
5.88 
6.11 

6.35 

6.59 

6.83 
7.07 

.39 

.49 

.60 

.71 

.81 

.92 

1.03 

1.13 

1.24 

1.35 

1.45 

1.67 

1.88 

2.10 

2.31 

2.52 

2.74 

2.95 

3.16 

3.38 

3.69 

3.80 

4.02 

4.23 

4.44 

4.66 

4.87 

5.08 

5.30 

5.51 

5.72 

5.94 

6.15 

6.37 

.37 

.47 

.57 

.66 

.76 

.86 

.95 

1.05 

1.15 

1.24 
1.34 

1.63 
1.73 
1.92 
2.11 
2.31 
2.50 

2.69 
2.89 
3.08 
3.27 
3.47 
3.66 
3.85 
4.05 

4.24 
4.43 

4.63 
4.82 
5.01 
5.21 
5.40 

5.69 
5.79 






i!oo 

1.28 

1.47 
1.65 

1.84 
2.03 
2.22 
2.60 
2.97 
3.35 
3.72 
4.09 

4.47 

4.84 
5.21 
5.59 
5.96 
6.34 
6.71 
7.08 
7.1.' 
7.83 
8.20 
8.58 
8.95 
9.33 
9.70 

10.07 

10.45 

10.82 

’ i !og 

1.23 

1.41 

1.58 
1.75 

1.92 
2.09 

2.41 
2.78 
3.12 
3.47 
3.81 
4.15 
4.50 
4.84 
5.18 
5.53 
5.87 
6.21 
6.56 
6.90 

7.24 

7.59 

7.93 
8.27 
8.62 
8.96 
9.30 
9.65 
9.99 

i!o3 

1.19 
1.35 
1.50 
1.66 
1.82 
1.98 
2.30 
2.61 
2.93 
3.25 
3.57 
3.88 

4.20 
4.52 
4.84 
5.15 

r 

5.79 

6.11 

6.42 

6.74 

7.06 

7.38 

7.69 

8.01 

8.33 

8.65 

8.96 

9.28 

.70 

.84 

.99 

1.13 
1.28 

1.43 

1.67 

1.72 
1.87 
2.16 
2.45 
2.75 
3.04 
3.33 
3.62 
3.92 
4.21 
4.50 
4.80 
5.09 
5.38 

5.67 
5.97 
6.26 
6.55 
6.85 

7.14 

7.43 

7.72 
8.02 
8.31 
8.60 

.66 

.79 

.92 

1.05 

1.18 

1.31 

1.44 

1.57 

1.70 

1.96 

2.22 

2.48 

2.74 

3.00 

3.26 

3.78 

4.04 

4.30 

4.56 

4.82 

5.08 

5.34 

5.60 

5J86 

6.12 

6.38 

6.64 

6.90 

7.16 

7.42 

7.68 


To Determine Weight Per Foot of a Tube of a Given Inside Diameter, Add to 
Weights in Above List the Weights Given Below Under Corresponding 
Gauge Numbers. 


Gauge No. 

3 I 4 | 6 | 6 I 7 

8 t 9 1 

lo 

11 | 12 | 13 |14 

Increase in 

till 

I 


| I 

lbs. per foot 

1.6487 1.3077,1.1174^95141.7480 

.6285|.5057 

.4145 

.32241.2743 .2084'.1590 


































































USEFUL TABLES 


301 


Table 31 (continued) 

Weight per Ft. of Seamless Brass Tube 

Stubs or Birmingham Gauge. Measured in Outside 

Diameters 


Gauge No. 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

"2 T 















each No. in 
decimal 

.072 

.065 

.058 

.049 

.042 

.035 

.032 

.028 

.025 

.022 

.020 

.018 

.016 

parts of in. 














Frac. of in.. 













— — — • 

correspond- 


A 


A 



1*3 





« 

JL 

inc closely to 
Cause Nos. 













n 

Outside 













- 

diam., inches 














% 


.045 

.045 

.043 

.040 

.036 

.034 

.031 

.029 

.026 

.024 

.022 

020 

A 

.0% 

.092 

.087 

.078 

.070 

.062 

.057 

.051 

.047 

.042 

.039 

.035 

.032 

y* 

.148 

.139 

.129 

.114 

.101 

.087 

.080 

.072 

.065 

.058 

.053 

.048 

.043 

A 

.200 

.186 

.170 

.149 

.131 

.112 

.104 

.092 

.083 

.074 

.067 

.061 

.055 

% 

.252 

.233 

.212 

.184 

.161 

.137 

.127 

.112 

.101 

.090 

.082 

.074 

.066 

A 

.304 

.279 

.254 

.220 

.192 

.163 

.150 

.132 

.119 

.106 

.096 

.087 

.078 

% 

.356 

.326 

.296 

.255 

.222 

.188 

.173 

.152 

.137 

.121 

.111 

.100 

.089 

•?n 

.408 

.373 

.338 

.290 

.252 

.213 

.196 

.173 

.155 

.137 

.125 

.113 

.101 

% 

.460 

.420 

.380 

.326 

.283 

.238 

.219 

.193 

.173 

.153 

.140 

.126 

.112 

u 

.511 

.467 

.421 

.361 

.313 

.264 

.242 

.213 

.191 

.169 

.154 

.139 

.124 

% 

.563 

.514 

.463 

.396 

.343 

.289 

.265 

.233 

.209 

.185 

.169 

.152 

.136 

n 

.615 

.561 

.505 

.432 

.373 

.314 

.288 

.253 

.227 

.201 

.183 

.165 

| .148 

% 

.667 

.608 

.54 T 

.467 

.404 

.339 

.311 

.274 

.245 

.217 

.197 

.178 

.159 

u 

.719 

.655 

.589 

.502 

.434 

.365 

.334 

.294 

.263 

.232 

.211 

.191 

.171 

1 

.77 

.70 

.63 

.54 

.46 

.389 

.358 

.314 

.281 

.248 

.226 

.204 

.182 

1 % 

.87 

.79 

.71 

.61 

.52 

.439 

.404 

.354 

.317 

.280 

.255 

.230 

.205 

1 % 

.98 

.89 

.80 

.68 

.59 

.490 

.450 

.395 

.354 

.312 

.284 

.256 

.223 

1% 

1.08 

.98 

.88 

.75 

.65 

.540 

.496 

.435 

.390 

.343 

.313 

.282 

.251 


1.19 

1.08 

.96 

.82 

.71 

.591 

.542 

.476 

.426 

.375 

.342 

.308 

.274 

1% 

1.29 

1.17 

1.05 

.89 

.77 

.641 

.588 

.516 

.462 

.407 

.371 

.334 


1 % 

1.39 

1.26 

1.13 

.96 

.83 

.692 

.635 

.556 

.498 

.439 

.399 

.360 

* 

1 % 

1.50 

1.36 

1.22 

1.03 

.89 

.742 

.681 

.597 

.534 

.470 

.428 

.386 


2 

1.60 

1.45 

1.30 

1.10 

.95 

.793 

.727 

.637 

.570 

.502 

.457 

.412 


2*4 

1.71 

1.55 

1.38 

1.17 

1.01 

.843 

.773 

.678 

.606 

.534 

.486 



2^4 

1.81 

1.64 

1.47 

1.24 

1.07 

.894 

.819 

.718 

.642 

.566 

.515 



2% 

1.91 

1.73 

1.55 

1.32 

1.13 

.944 

.866 

.758 

.678 

.597 

.544 



2*4 

2.02 

1.83 

1.63 

1.39 

1.19 

.995 

.912 

.799 

.714 

.629 

.573 



2% 

2.12 

1.92 

1.72 

1.46 

1.25 

1.045 

.958 

.839 

.750 

.661 




294 

2.23 

2.01 

1.80 

1.53 

1.31 

1.096 

1.004 

.880 

.786 

.693 




2% 

2.33 

2.11 

1.89 

1.60 

1.37 

1.146 

1.050 

.920 

.822 

.724'. 



3 ' 

2.43 

2.20 

1.97 

1.67 

1.43 

1.197 

1.096 

.960 

.859 

.756 




3*4 

2.54 

2.30 

2.05 

1.74 

1.49 

1.247 

1.143 

1.001 

.895 

.788 




3*4 

2.64 

2.39 

2.14 

1.81 

1.55 

1.298 

1.189 1.041 

.931 

.8201 




394 

2.74 

2.48 

2.22 

1.88 

1.62 

1.348 1.235 

1.082 

.967 

.851 




394 

2.85 

2.58 

2.30 

1.95 

1.68 

1.399 1.281' 

1.122 

1.003 

.883 




394 

2.95 

2.67 

2.39 

2.02 

1.74 

1.449 1.327 

1.162 1.039 

.915 




394 

3.06 

2.76 

2.47 

2.09 

1.80 

1.50 

1.373 

1.203 1.075 

.946 




3% 

3.16 

2.86 

2.56 

2.16 

1.86 

1.55 

1.42 

1.243|1.111 

.978 





To Determine Weight Per Foot of a Tube of a Given Inside Diameter, Add to 
Weights in Above List the Weights Given Below Under Corresponding 
Gauge Numbers. 


Gauge No. 

15 

16 

17 

18 | 19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 | 26 

27 ‘ 

Increase in 
lbs. per ft. 

.1197 

.0375 

.0777 

.O 554 !.0407 

.0283 

.0236 

.0181 

.0144 

.0112 

.ooocj.corc 

.0059 


























































































302 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Tablk 31 (continued) 

Weight per Ft. of Seamless Brass Tube 

Stubs or Birmingham Gauge. Measured in Outside 

Diameters 



[- 










Gauge No. 

1 5 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

It 

12 

Vkicjitna of 

each No. in 
decimal part* 

.259 

.238 

.220 

.203 

.160 

,165 

.148 

.134 

.120 

1 .102 

of inch 











frac of Inch. 











coma pond- 
in* cloaaly to 

4 

it 


ii 

rV 

U 

A 











faus* Non. 











Outsidt 

flam.. Inchfi 











4 

11.19 

10.33 

9.60 

8.90 

7.94 

7.31 

6.58 

6.98 

5.37 

4.89 

4H 

11.57 

10.68 

9.91 

9.19 

8.20 

7.64 

6.79 

6.17 

6.55 

5.05 

4<4 

11.94 

11.02 

10.23 

9.48 

8.46 

7.78 

7.01 

6.37 

6.72 

6.21 

4S 

12.32 

11.36 

10.55 

ft.77 

8.72 

8.02 

7.22 

6.56 

5.89 

5.37 

4V» 

12.69 

11.71 

10.87 

10.07 

8.98 

8.26 

7.43 

6.75 

6.06 

6.52 

4S 

13.06 

12.05 

11.18 

10.36 

9.24 

8.60 

7.65 

6.94 

6.24 

6.68 

4\ 

13.44 

12.39 

11.50 

10.65 

9.50 

8.73 

7.86 

7.14 

6.41 

6.84 

4% 

13.81 

12.74 

11.82 

10.95 

9.76 

8.97 

8.07 

7.33 

6.58 

6.00 

6 

14.18 

13.08 

12.14 

11.24 

10.02 

9.21 

8.29 

7.53 

6.76 

6.15 

6 * 

14.56 

13.42 

12.45 

11.53 

10.28 

9.45 

8.60 

7.72 

6.93 

6.31 

6*4 

14.93 

13.77 

12.77 

11.82 

10.53 

9.6ft 

8.71 

7.91 

7.10 

6.47 

6*» 

15.31 

14.11 

13.09 

12.12 

10.79 

9.92 

8.93 

8.11 

7.28 

6.62 

<64 

15.68 

14.4'. 

13.41 

12.41 

11.05 

10.16 

9.14 

8.30 

7.45 

6.78 

5S 

16.05 

14.80 

13.72 

12.70 

11.31 

10.40 

9.35 

8.49 

7.62 

6.94 

64 

16.43 

15.14 

14.04 

13.00 

11.57 

10.64 

9.57 

8.69 

7.80 

7.10 

64 

16.80 

15.48 

14.36 

13.29 

11.83 

10.88 

9.78 

8.88 

7.97 

7.25 

6 

17.17 

15.83 

14.67 

13.58 

12.09 

11.12 

9.99 

9.07 

8.14 

7.41 

64 

17.92 

16.61 

15.31 

14.17 

12.61 

11.59 

10.42 

9.46 

8.49 

7.72 

64 

18.67 

17.20 

15.94 

14.75 

13.13 

12.07 

10.85 

9.85 

8.84 

8.04 

64 

19.42 

17.89 

16.58 

15.34 

13.65 

12.54 

11.28 

10.23 

9.18 

8.35 

7 

20.16 

18.57 

17.21 

15.92 

14.17 

13.02 

11.70 

10.62 

9.53 

8.67 

74 

20.91 

19.26 

17.85 

16.51 

14.69 

13.50 

12.13 

11.01 

9.87 

8.98 

74 

21.66 

19.95 

18.48 

17.10 

15.21 

13.97 

12.56 

11.39 

10.22 

9.30 

74 

22.41 

20.64 

19.12 

17.68 

15.73 

14.45 

12.98 

11.78 

10.67 

9.61 

8 

23.07 

21.27 

19.69 

18.20 

16.33 

15.03 

13.49 

12.22 

10.96 

9.97 

84 

23.82 

21.95 

20.32 

18.80 

16.87 

15.51 

13.91 

12.62 

11.32 

10.30 

84 

24.56 

22.62 

20.96 

19.37 

17.38 

15.99 

14.35 

13.01 

11.66 

10.61 

84 

25.30 

23.30 

21.60 

19.97 

17.90 

16.47 

14.47 

13.40 

12.00 

10.92 


To Dtltrminf Weight Per Foot of 1 Tube of a Given Inside Diameter, Add to 
Weights in Above List the Weights Given Below Under Corresponding Gauge 
Numbers. 


Gauge No. 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

— 

12 

Increase in 
lbs. per foot 

1.5487 

1.3077 

1.1174 

j 

.9514 

_ 

! 00 

1_p 

.6285 

.5057 

4145 

.3324 

.2743 























































USEFUL TABLES 


303 


Table 31 (continued) 


Weight per Ft. of Seamless Brass Tube 

Stubs or Birmingham Gauge. Measured in Outside 

Diameters 


Gauge No. 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

Thickness of 
each No. In 
decimal parts 
of inch 

.095 

.083 

.072 

.065 

.058 

.049 

.042 

.035 

.032 

.028 

.025 

.022 

rrac. of inch. 

correspond- 
ins closely to 
sause Nos. 

A 

A 


A 


A 



A 











Outside 
diam.. inches 




1 









4 

4H 

4 * 

4% 

4% 

4% 

4\ 

4% 

5 

6«4 

6 % 

bVt 

5% 

5* 

6 % 

6 

6 Vi 

6 % 

6 % 

7 

7% 

7* 

7% 

8 

8V4 

8% 

4.28 

4.42 

4.56 
4.69 
4.83 
4.97 

5.11 
5.24 
5.38 
5.52 
5.65 
5.79 
5.93 
6.07 
6.20 
6.34 
6.48 
6.75 
7.03 
7.30 

7.57 
7.85 

8.12 
8.40 
8.71 

3.75 

3.87 
3.99 

4.11 
4.23 

4.35 
4.47 
4.59 
4.71 
4.83 
4.95 
5.07 
5.19 
5.31 
5.43 
5.55 
5.67 
5.91 
6.15 
6.39 

6.63 

6.87 

7.11 

7.35 

7.63 

3.26 

3.37 
3.47 
3.58 
3.68 
3.78 
3.89 
3.99 
4.09 
4.20 
4.30 
4.41 
4.51 
4.61 
4.72 
4.82 
4.93 
5.13 
5.34 
5.55 
5.76 
5.96 
6.17 

6.38 
6.64 

2.95 

3.05 

3.14 

3.23 

3.33 

3.42 

3.52 

3.61 

3.70 

3.79 

3.89 

3.98 

4.08 

4.17 

4.26 

4.36 

4.45 

4.64 

4.83 

5.01 

5.20 

5.39 

5.58 

5.76 

7.05 

2.64 

2.72 
2.81 

2.89 

2.97 
3.06 

3.14 
3.22 

3.31 
3.39 

3.48 
3.56 

3.64 

3.73 
3.81 

3.89 

3.98 

4.15 

4.31 

4.48 

4.65 

2.23 

2.30 

2.38 

2.45 

2.52 

2.59 

2.66 

2.73 

2.80 

2.87 

2.94 

3.01 

3.08 

3.15 

3.22 

3.29 

3.37 

3.51 

3.65 

3.79 

3.93 

1.92 

1.98 

2.04 

2.10 

2.16 

2.22 

2.28 

2.34 

2.40 

2.46 

2.52 

2.58 

2.65 

2.71 

2.77 

2.83 

2.89 

1.601 

1.651 

1.702 

1.752 

1.803 

1.853 

1.904 

1.954 

2.005 

2.055 

2.106 

2.156 

2.207 

2.257 

2.308 

2.358 

2.409 

1.466 

1.512 

1.558 

1.604 

1.650 

1.697 

1.743 

1.789 

1.835 

1.881 

1.928 

1.974 

2.02 

1.284 

1.324 

1.364 

1.405 

1.445 

1.486 

1.526 

1.566 

1.607 

1.147 

1.183 

1.219 

1.255 

1.291 

1.010 













• 





« aw • • 













. 








• • • 














































To Determine Weight Per Foot of a Tube of a Given Inside Diameter, Add to 
Weights in Above List the Weights Given Below Under Corresponding Gauge 
Numbers. 


Gauge No. 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21. 

22 

23 

24 

Increase 
in lbs. 
per foot 

.2084 

.1590 

.1197 

.0975 

.0777 

.0554 

.0407 

.0283 

.0236 

.0181 

.0144 

.0112 





































































































304 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Table 32 

Weights and Measurements of ‘Star Brand ’ Seam- 


Rkgular and 


Iron pipe sixes..'. 

4 

4 

4 

4 

H 

1 

m 

14 

2 

Regular 

Brass, weight per lineal ft. 
Copper, weight per lineal 
foot... 

.246 

.437 

612 

911 

1.235 

1.740 

2 557 

3 037 

4 017 

259 

459 

.644 

958 

1 298 

1 829 

2.689 

3 193 

4 224 

Exact outside diameter. .. 

.405 

540 

.675 

.840 

1 050 

1 315 

1 660 

1 900 

2 375 

Exact inside diameter . 

281 

.375 

484 

625 

.822 

1 062 

1 368 

1 600 

2 062 

Exact thickness of walls 

.064 

.083 

0% 

.1075 

114 

126 

.146 

150 

157 

Brass, theoretical safe work¬ 
ing pressure. Factor safety 




1024 

840 

750 

628 

580 

509 

six. 

177C 

1465 

1160 

Copper, theoretical safe 
working pressure. Factor 




798 

630 

663 


435 

?81 

safety six.. .. . 

1332 

1102 

870 

471 

Internal area cross section 

.057 

104 

.192 

.305 

533 

863 

1 496 

2 038 

3 355 

Thickness of walls at bot- 










tom of thread . 

036 

.040 

.043 

.048 

.052 

059 

065 

070 

079 

Extra Heavy 







3 291 



Brass, weight per lineal ft.. 
Copper, weight per lineal 

352 

.593 

805 

1.191 

1.622 

2 386 

3 98C 

5 508 





1.706 

2.509 

3 460 


5 791 

foot. 

.371 

624 

847 

1.253 

4 191 

Exact outside diameter.... 

.405 

540 

.675 

840 

t 050 

1.315 

1 660 

1 900 

2 375 

Exact in ided ..meter 

.205 

294 

421 

542 

.736 

951 

1 272 

l 494 

1 933 

Exact thickrr s of walls. . 

.100 

.123 

.127 

.149 

.157 

.182 

194 

203 

.221 

Brass, theoretical safe w ork¬ 
ing pressure. Factorsafety 










six . 

444: 

34C1 

2508 

2166 

173C 

1500 

1250 

1142 

1006 

Copper, theoretical safe 
working pressure. Factor 










safety six .. ........ 

33ir 

2351 

1881 

1625 

1302 

1125 

938 

857 

755 

Internal an a cr< ss section . 

.033 

.068 

.139 

.231 

452 

.710 

1.271 

1.753 

2 935 

Thickness of walls at bottom 










of thread .. 

.068 

.075 

.079 

.088 

096 

107 

.119 

128 

146 

Number of threads per In.. 

27 

18 

18 

14 

14 

114 

114 

114 

114 

Approximate length of 









threads', inches. 

H 

u. 

K 

%/ 

8 ' 

h 

1 

1 

14 


Note.—W eights are in pounds, diameters and thicknesses in inches, areas in square 
thread and indicates pounds per square inch internal pressure. 


Black Varnish for Iron and Steel.—A black varnish 

of a splendid tone is produced on steel and iron by tur¬ 
pentine and sulphur boiled together, laid on with a 
a brush. The evaporation of the turpentine leaves a 
thin layer of sulphur, which unites with the iron when 
heated a short time over a gas or spirit flame. The 
varnish is durable and perfect. 



























USEFUL TABLES 


305 


Table 32 (continued) 


less Brass and Copper Tube. Iron Pipe Sizes 


Extra Heavy 


2 K 

3 

3M 

4 

4K 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

5.830 

8.314 

10.85 

12.29 

13.74 

15.40 

18.44 

23.92 

30.05 

36.94 

43.91 

6.130 

8.741 

11.41 

12.93 

14.44 

1G .19 

19.39 

25.15 

31.60 

38.84 

46.17 

2.875 

3.500 

4.000 

4.500 

5.000 

5.563 

6.625 

7.625 

18.625 

9.625 

10.750 

2.500 

3.062 

3.500 

4.000 

4.500 

5.062 

6.125 

7 062 

7.982 

8.937 

10.019 

.188 

.219 

.250 

.250 

.250 

.250 

.250 

.283 

.322 

.340 

.370 

518 

461 

449 

427 

412 

400 

375 

366 

357 

349 

340 

391 

346 

337 

320 

309 

300 

281 

275 

267 

261 

255 

.783 

7.388 

9.887 

12.730 

15.940 

19.990 

28.890 

38.740 

50.040 

63.630 

78.840 

.096 

.100 

.118 

.129 

.139 

.151 

.172 

.193 

.214 

.236 

.258 

8.407 

11.24 

13.66 

16.41 

20.07 

22.51 

31.32 

41.22 

47.00 



8.839 

11.82 

14.37 

17.25 

21.10 

23.67 

32.93 

43.34 

49.42 



2.875 

3.500 

4.000 

4.500 

5.000 

5.563 

6.625 





2.315 

2.892 

3.358 

3.818 

4.250 

4.813 

5.750 





.280 

.304 

.321 

.341 

.375 

.375 

.437 





991 

904 

846 

814 


.763 

740 





743 

678 

635 

611 


578 

555 





4 209 

6 569 

8 856 

11.450 

14.180 

18.190 

25.960 





.172 

.196 

.213 

.233 


.267 

.329 





8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

1 H 

l H 

1 H 

lVs 

IK 

1H 

IK 

IK 

IK 

IK 

IK 


inches. The safe working pressure is calculated on thickness of walls at bottom of 
These weights are theoretically correct,.but variations must be expected in practice. 


Paint for Sheet-iron Roofs.—The priming color is 
linseed oil with red-lead; for painting use 1 part of 
verdigris, 1 of white-lead, and 3 of linseed oil; or, % 
of verdigris, IV 2 of white-lead and 2 1 /6 of linseed oil. 
The sheet-iron receives three coats, the first before it 
is used, the second after the first is thoroughly dry, 
and the third three days later. 




































306 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Rule to Determine Safe Working Pressure 
For Seamless Brass and Copper Tube 
in Pounds per Sq. Inch 

First—Ascertain the tensile strength of the 
metal in the tube. 

Second—Multiply the tensile strength by the 
thickness of the metal in inches, or decimal parts 
of an inch. 

Third—Divide by the radius (one-half of the 
inside diameter) expressed in inches, and the re¬ 
sult shows the bursting pressure in pounds per 
square inch. 

Fourth—Divide the bursting pressure by the 
factor of safety to determine safe working pres¬ 
sure. If a safety factor of six (6) is allowed, 
divide the bursting pressure by six (6). 

Example: A tube 4 in. inside diameter, No. 8, 
B. & S. gauge, made of Brass, which has a tensile 
strength of 40,000 lbs. per square inch, shows 428 
lbs. pressure per square inch as follows: 


40,000 lbs. per square inch 
.1284 or No. 8 B. & S. thick. 


>4 dia. of 4 in. 1 5136.0000 
Tube = 2 in. f 2568.0000 


Factor of 

safety, 6 


428 lbs. pressure per square inch. 




Table 33 Weights per Linear Foot of Brazed Brass Tube 

H to 3 \i In. Outside Diameter, Nos. 8 to 24, Brown & Sharpe Gauge. To Ascertain the Weights of 
__ Brazed Copper Tube, Add 5 Per Cent to the Weights of Brass Tube 


USEFUL TABLES 


307 




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Table 34 Weight of Brass, Copper and Tobin Brass Rods 

Pounds per Linear Foot 


308 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


z l 

6 o« 

■5 « 



• /y/fj 

• xc» 

- //AW 

Tobin Bronxe 

0 

0 

I 

rtSaft- 

NCCf'X 

NOacrt 

▼ C X O ^ 

— O CO Cf^ 
o: h* x — r> 

— 04 04 CN 

SS855 
— ® 5 ^ o 

32S883 

O *C C N N 30 

0 

X 

« « 

*m 05 — r^. oc 

-*■ e x * 

OC-N« 

•*■ *r X 

NNCPtrt 

occs-^ 

N « i«© N 
-N -r C X C 
NC'rNN 

— nnnk 

ps n — * « 
-r — — « © 
<c ~ <c — c 

f! ■*■ «r •« *<S 

c*s*^« 

f~ * N ® ® N 

n ««c — ae © 

© © p» x x ® 

•a 

c 

= 

OS 

00 

— e- <c oc 

— **■ 3 ac a 

— t 3 t~ r~ 
C 3 — — 04 

NMft'CJC 

^CC5-^ 

•C •- X 05 •- 
?5CJC-C 

---C4W 

MO04«5- 

CrtCrtN 

XP4COT 

04 CO CO ^ ^ 

» 0 « « «to 

a ^ ® ^ 0 0 

T44CCN 

t 

a 

c 

O 

a 

0 

2 

* 

>c —1 

INilxr; 
n ^ M c 
-< O *- C N 
© C ~ N W 

05 C -f 

05 05 ‘‘O ^ wO 
C«{^*OC 
tCOCCM 

O5CC0CN 
x O wo co 
•0 30^4*0 0 

— 04 05 04^ 
*f* h- 04 — 04 
CO 04 4^ 04 

w cc ^ *f *0 

*•“ — 3 — •« N 
r~ M 3 «C — * 

*«c « » » 

5 

3 

£ 

N 05 

O co 

O O 04 CO 

e 0 e 

'NXr'^h* 

*r .*0 e 04 c 
wo 05 04 

fOr-f — 

MNt^Oi 
X — WO C5 X 

- WW54W 

3$3;?5 

oc « 00 xr O 

n-+ ■* *n<c 

s ‘0 ro - C ^ 

^ 05 x 04 05 
c n 0 . e ▼ - 

ChNXCiC 

•■4 

*0 

c 

3 

O 

a* 

MH 

N 0 O 

— T* C X 05 

© © *■*•■* 04 

xOCOC 
-c is / f 
N ac *0 *o * 
f .0 «-'• ® — 

*N 

04 wo ~ © *n 

«OCNC 

•r O x O 

--NC4W 

O -* OCO WO 
ro 04 co r>» co 
C **• X 04 

wrtec^^ 

SSNXXfl 
NNC —® 3 

MNNXnl 

■QiQCCNX 

I 

c 

c 

0 

; 

- 

M 

00 <N 

■» © n r» 0 

N® N ® N 

— 

O 0 >■* co 

rt'CI'* 

05 — X — X 
-r —• 05 — 
tCNC^ 

ON$C« 
-« 05 © t c 
‘Cr'-’r* 

— 04 04 04 

WO h* CO WO 

2§SSs 

lO^XCC 

•oeesNX 

e 

3 

£ 

H 

ONCM 
f r» 05 0 C 
-•CMWC 

X ^ 04 

»CNN«- 

-C^Ct 

0 05 ~+ 

■Mfliflt'N 
-?• CO 04 T 

NO^ruC04 

—• 04 04 04 CO 

05 f 05 ^4 «r 
90O«OC 

O - C 04 N 

CO ** T WO WO 

' • l« N C , f 

«ae«CN 

CCNKQa 


■O 

C 

3 

5 

04 N 

— — o \ 

*r 0 X X 

O O ^ ^ N 

* O CO 

h. »r -r e **4 

D WO 04 — CO 
•r wo r* 05 — 

05 c 05 x e 

C CO — — -r 

■o e C5 04 wo 

---04 04 

r>. — »>• © 

05 C X 04 
x 01 e 0 wo 

MCOCC^’T 

-X^C5-0 — 

O. N X - N 

05 05 WO c C 

*rOK5CNN 

Diameter 

In 

Inchon 

J* 35*X*. 



*XXsr. 



















































































Table 34 (continued) 
Pounds per Linear Foot 


USEFUL TABLES 


309 


Diameter 

in 

Inches 


LISES' 

04 04 04 04 04 

04 04 04 X X 

X5 

xrtrjt*rTr 

2£ 

■f 130000 


c 

0 

tr 

C3 

0 x 

co © r>- 0 -* 
O O CO 0 X 

CMC5XN 

•fCXOrt 
r^x © n< x 

O ►h X © © 

© x *r © x 

NXt'O 

—« x © x © 


X 

O 

kd 

OOCJO^^ 

n -f »o n r. 

HXOXP5 
04 04 04 04 X 

go 0 ® « 

W*f OOC 

-H X © © X 

x © © — 

pH pH 

© 







N 

0 

C 

3 

Square 

00CNHX 

WHOJXC 

©-<*-• 04 x 

pH pH pH H pH 

tc 0 

0 uo 

*f 0 X O M 
pH pH 04 

-» O 04 05 X 
phiOhN^t 

ON004X 
04 04 X X X 

44.63 

51.24 

58.29 

65 81 

73.78 

82 20 

91 08 

100.4 

110.2 

120 5 

131.2 

c* 















•o 

a 

p 

Ci CO pH 

f : i 0 c pf 

O 04 05 Tf X 
Pf 05 ^ pH x 

04 r}< ’O O 04 
NOCNM 

0 *r x © -o 

© 04 

©***»© -H 

OtCXtOC© 


0 

XX3JOO 

pH pH 

04 -r © r>- 

•H *H pH pH pH 

05 h X iO O 
04 04 04 X 

O © O H S 

X ^ ^ © 0 

•pf* *H X © X* X 

© r>-x © © 

pH 


Hexagon 

UO 

© 04 © r>» 0 

pH pH pH pH 

© 04 © X 
X 0 05 X X 

X O CO X 0 

pH ^H ^H pH 

M t*?* Ol 
O 04 COOOI 

x »o © 10 
04 04 04 X X 

X © © © ^ 

© © x © 

© © x © 1 ^ 
T ^ 0 © © 

75 39 

83 54 

92.10 

101 1 

110 5 

120.3 

0 

r \ 

w 

Square 

© 04 X © X 
oxcifl^r 

©*-« 0* CO rr 

pH pH pH pH pH 

X 04 X CO 04 

^ Tf O N H 

ON05^T 
PH PH PH CN4 04 

OXOXtO 
0 p^ x 

OOpHPf 0 
04 04 X X T 

l^p © X © X 

04 04 © PH 

Si*H05X 
** © © © h- 

© © 

©^rxN©© 

^ © © © x 

X © © ^ 04 X 

pH pH H pH 


•0 

c 

O *H 1/5 

X X © © X 
OWOOW 

04 X "■* 05 '*? 
CO X 005 

x 04 » o ph 
X © © 04 © 

04-*©^^ 

-h © x 

N©XN 

X tO © 04 pH 


O 

X © © © ~ 

pH pH 

04 X © X 

ph pH pH ^H pH 

© 04 © 04 

04 04 04 04 X 

M X Tf p“* 
X^t^O© 

X XX H« © © 

© ^ X © © © 

pH pH 


a 

0 

i 

N 

05 X 0 x 0 . 
0 ^ © 04 05 

XXN04t> 
h.*f hOO 

H © pH © 

© pH •**< * 




X 

© 

C5 05 c ^ ^ 

»H ^H P< 

0 CC 3S 

pH pH pH h 

04 ^ co x ; 

04 04 04 04 . 



g 

© 

fa 

c5 

OONNiC 
tO X *■« 05 X 

50 O X P ® 
SCC00O 

04 © © © • 

*T © *f 04 • 



u 

CQ 

P 

© ~* 04 04 X 

pH pH pH «H ^H 

tcoxox 

— -H — 04 04 

© r- © x • 

04 04 X X • 




G 

0 x X 
i.*' h* h 3J x 
X X 

05 X ^ ^ ^ 
^ c co X PH 

© -H tO X * 
© © © © ; 




O 

pH 

oc»®oo 

-HCC'f 0 * 

©phxco ; 

—• 04 04 04 . 



Diameter 

in 

Inches 

^H pH ^H ^H pH 

04 04 04 04 04 

s Q0Vap\G0 \H 
0\Kl\t-\ 'A 

04 04 04 X X 

J5Sf 

X X 

JS 

*« »o © © © © 


These weights are theoretically correct, but variations must be expected in practice. 































































































Bare Copper Wire 

Dimensions and Weight* 


310 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Pound* 

per Mile 

NK)Ce 

CC CM CM — 

12.95 

10.27 

8.143 

6.458 

r - 121 

4 061 

3 221 

2 554 

2 026 

1.606 

1.274 

1.010 

sSSl 

Pound* 
per 1000 ft. 

6 212 
4.916 
3.901 
3.100 

*> oa 

CM , 

.9699 

7652 

.6104 

.4806 

.4865 

.3027 

.2398 

.1937 

Nor*o 

•.t CMgg 

Circular 

Mil* 

2 052 09 

1 624 09 

1 288.81 

1 024 00 

812.25 
640 09 
510.76 
404.01 

320.41 

252.81 

201.64 

158 76 

127 69 

100.00 

79 21 

64 00 

;ss8 

C C-. *5 
SfifCN 

b 

tjS 

5 

C4 c 

ICCCC 
c^cc oc c. 

icc'C’- 
yf rftt CC 

28 4626 
25.3467 
22.5719 

20 1009 

17 9004 

15 9408 

14 1957 
12.6416 

11.2577 

10.0253 

8.9278 

7.9.504 

7.0800 

6.3049 

5.6147 

5.0000 

CD « 

*! 

££28 

CM CC 'T 
CM CM CM CM 

»o«r^oo 

CM CM CM CM 


0C CC C% CO 

Pound* 
per Mile 

3 382. 

2 682. 

2 127. 

1 687. 

1 338. 

1 061. 
841.2 
657.1 

529.1 

419 6 
332.7 

263 9 

ncttc* 

« »C «— yf 

ctcno 

82.77 

65 64 
52.05 
41.28 

Pound* 
per 1000 ft. 

640.5 

507.8 

402.8 

319.5 

253.3 
200.9 

159.3 

126.3 

100.2 

79 44 

63 03 

49 98 

39 61 

31 43 

24 90 
19.76 

15 69 
12.44 

9 869 
7.812 

Circular 

Mils 

211 600 00 
167 772.16 
133 079.04 
105 560 01 

S3 604 19 
66 357.76 
52 624 36 
41 738 49 

33 087 61 
26 244 00 
20 822 49 
16 512 25 

13 087 36 
10 383 61 

8 226 49 

6 528 64 

5 184.00 

4 108.81 

3 260 41 

2 580.64 

Diameter 

Mil* 

460 0000 
409 6431 
364 7977 
324.8617 

289 2977 
257 6270 
229 4235 
204.3075 

181 9411 
162.0232 
144 28.58 
128 4902 

114 4238 
101 8973 
90.7432 
80.8083 

71.9619 

64 0839 
57.0684 
50.8209 

1 ® & 








' CM C'C Tf 

ec h- 0C 

OO — CM 


* « 

ggg° 



~ ~ ~ 


ajO 

■ P+4 
























































































USEFUL TABLES 


311 


<u 

c 




§ £ 


U- 

o 

x 

5 

0 

c 

IN 


C 

o 

(J 


in 

rn 

w 

►J 

ra 

< 

H 


u 

£ t 

Q. 

a 


(3 I 

<D 

I 


c3 

o 

c 

c 

c 

c3 

oc 

1 

« 


Ohms per 
Pound 

.815 3 

1.206 

2.061 

3.278 

5.212 

8.287 

13.18 

20.95 

33 32 

52.97 

84.23 

133.9 

213.0 

338.6 

538.4 

856.2 

— ©; — X 

© © -r t- 
X — V V 






--NX© 

Feet per 
Ohm. 

107.8 

1 . 56.0 

124.4 

08.66 

78.24 

62.05 

49.21 

39.02 

30.95 

24.54 

19.46 

15.43 

12.24 

9.707 

7.698 

6.105 

4.841 

3.839 

3.045 

2.414 

8 

*rf* ^ e-* H 

r- r- © © 

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CNWlO 

©©t^t^ 

i - 050 'f 

1-4 ^»4 ^t 4 

r rr 

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© CO cm co 

CM CO ^ © 

r- © r- © 
exo« 

— — 

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r- — t- -r 
— N N X 

n -t r- © 
X -f> x to 
T}< kO to X 

(NNNC 

©r-x© 

OXI-H 

o 


• 



»-4 »-4 CM 

£ ** 

Tf © — 
(CX^IO 

© x O i-i 

© -»• © 

X — x © 

r^ —r-o 
nxkf® 

SlNrin 

©ox — 

R O 

£$ 

C~ 

»o«o«c 

NOOifl 
<-i — N N 

N O — -f 
X -T © © 

81 

103 

130 

164 . 

Cffl^X 
© N — N 

n x -r © 

® g 
*1 

r^QCCiO 

hmhCJ 

hOBtC 
N N N (N 

© © X 
N IN N N 

© © — N 
NXXX 

X Tf © © 

xxxx 








tT © >-1 — 

x © 




U 

g* 

© 1HCCN 
NWCO 
© ^ »-* CO 

X © © X 
XNX® 
^NNO 

NXN 

N to 05 kO 

— ©X© 

iCXiCN 

05t-ifM 

©x©x 

~ C 
« 2 
c ° 

j=*« 

c 

llil 

© *“H 

8888 

x — r- n 

8885 

05 — © © 

Hxmce 

©oco 

t— N N N 

N C N — 

— NX© 

„ 




XN 


So 

oocc 

-}< — © 05 
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mo^h 

x — x x 
C Tj< o o 

t- © -- © 
05 X © C 5 
niOOH) 

© x © © 
© C © X 
NOME 

© © -r © 

© © — Tf 

© X X N 


© © CM © 

CM 

X©©-t 

binnh 

H H 


C 

© © — 05 

ICNhh 

NMifiC 

, 6.54 
.825 
, 040 
.312 

■?®ON 
© X X — 

to O to X 

N -J* C © 
XMSX 
— N©X 

r^x —o 

© X X N 

S 3 

,£ 3 ^ 

o 



— N N X 

-1< © © X 

© CO © »—< 
r— r-4 CN 

b 

o J 

©x©x 

05 CO O © 

X — N N 

»—« © 


or. r-v 

e8 

© —f- X 

385 s 

Xtpr-X 

N © 05 -J< 

— — — N 

x©xx 

— 05 C 5 N 
XX TJ< to 

N X © X 
©©©X 
r- ® n © 

X © -f © 

© N X — 

© © — © 

c~ 





N N X -f 

B. * S. 
Gauge 

0000 

000 

00 

0 

— NX-}« 

ko tor- x 

© © »—' CM 

1—4 

CO IC © 

*“4 
















































































312 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


2 

I 

o 

e 


£ IfNlCN to tC tC tO tC tO __ _ 

c . c J-po — c<: * « « •v —oc — e^ — ae — -r — oc — ae «*• ce e* sc ^ » 

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find the weight of octagon rod. take weight of round rod of a given sire and multiply by 1.084. 
find the weight of hexagon rod, take the weight of round rod of a given size and multiply by 1.12. 




















USEFUL TABLES 


313 


Table 36 

Copper and Yellow Metal Nails 

To the pound and lengths of various sizes. 


COPPER 


REGULAR CUT 


Size 

Length 
in inches 

Number to 
pound about 


% 

907 


Ye 

660 

• e • • • • • 

% 

566 

2d 

1 

466 

3d 

H4 

285 

4d 

H4 

200 

5d 

1% 

165 

-Cd 

2 

97 

7d 

214 

77 

8d 

2 ‘4 

69 

9d 

2% 

55 

lOd 

3 

44 

12d 

3 >4 

47 

16d 

3V4 

38 

18d 

3*4 

26 

20d 

4 

26 

30d 

AM 

20 

40d 

5 

17 

50d 

5 M 

13 

60d 

'6 

10 


CUT COPPER SLATING NAILS 

1V* in., about 190 to the pound. 
1% in., about 135 to the pound. 


COPPER WIRE 

STANDARD SIZES 


Size 

Length and gauge 

In. No. 

Number to 
pound about 


% 

16 

1406 


Y* 

14 

692 


% 

14 

602 

2d 

1 

15 

765 

3d 

n; 

11 

196 

3d 

i% 

14 

522 

4d 

H4 

11 

165 

4d 

IM 

13 

274 

5d 

1Y* 

12 

216 

6d 

2 

10 

102 

6d 

2 

12 

170 

7d 

2U 

8 

51 

7d 

2 >4 

9 

72 

7d 

214 

11 

131 

8d 

2M 

10 

91 

9d 

2Y* 

10 

73 

lOd 

3 

9 

63 

12d 

314 

9 

50 

16d 

314 

8 

40 

20d 

4 

6 

26 

30d 

414 

6 

20 

40d 

5 

4 

15 

50d 

614 

3 

12 

60d 

6 

2 

8 

To determine the number of Brass 
Nails to the pound, add 5 per cent to 
number of Copper Nails. 


COPPER WIRE SLATING NAILS 


;UT YELLOW METAL SLATING 
NAILS 

1V4 in., about 154 to the pound. 
H4 in., about 140 to the pound. 


To the 
lb. about 


% in., No. 12 gauge. 303 

1 in., No. 12 gauge.270 

H4 in., No. 11 gauge. 196 

1% in., No. 10 gauge. 134 

1!4 in., No. 12 gauge. 231 

Ha in., No. 12 gauge. 210 



























314 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Table 37 


Weight of Aluminum Sheets 


B.&S. B.&S. Corre- Weight 
Gauge Gauge sponding Per 
No. Decimal Fractional Sq. Ft. 
Parts of Part of Alumin- 
an Inch an Inch um. Lbs. 


B &S. B.&S. Corre- Weight 
Gauge Gauge sponding Per 
No. Decimal Fractional Sq. Pt. 
Parts of Part of Alumin- 
an Inch an Inch um. Lbs. 


orxx) 

.460 

15/32 

6.406 

20 

.032 

1/32 

.445 

ooo 

410 


5.704 

21 

.028 


.396 

00 

. 365 

3/8 

5.080 

22 

.025 


.353 

0 

.325 

21/64 

4 524 

23 

.023 


.314 

1 

.289 

9/32 

4 029 

24 

.020 


.280 

2 

.258 

1/4 

3 588 

25 

.018 


.249 

3 

.229 

15/64 

3 195 

26 

.016 

1/64 

.222 

4 

.204 

13/64 

2.845 

27 

.014 


.197 

5 

.182 

3/16 

2.534 

28 

.013 


.176 

6 

.162 

5/32 

2 256 

29 

Oil 


.157 

7 

.144 

9/64 

2 009 

30 

.010 


.140 

8 

. 128 

1/8 

1 789 

31 

.009 


.124 

9 

.114 

7/64 

1.594 

32 

.00795 

i • 

.1107 

10 

.102 


1 418 

33 

.00708 


.0985 

11 

.091 

3/32 

1.264 

34 

.0063 


.0877 

12 

.081 

5/64 

1.126 

35 

. (X)56 


.0782 

13 

.072 


1.002 

36 

.005 


.0696 

14 

.004 

1/16 

.892 

37 

.00445 


.0620 

15 

.057 


.795 

38 

0039*i 


. 0052 

Hi 

.051 

• • 

.708 

39 

.00353 


.0491 

17 

.045 

3/64 

.630 

40 

.00314 


.0438 

18 

Oft) 


.561 

41 

. 0028 



19 

.036 

• • 

.500 

42 

.00249 



To obtain the 

weight of aluminum in bars, sheets, etc.. 

divide the weigl 

of similar pieces of copper by 3.3, 

brass by 3 

1 and steel by 2.9. 



Table 38 

Weights of Aluminum and Brass Sheets 


Stubs* 

Gauge 

Nearest 

No. 

Weight Per Sq. Ft. 
in Ounces 

A 

Stubs’ 

Gauge 

Nearest 

No. 

Weight Per Sq. Ft. 
in Ounces 

r 

Brass 

Aluminum 

f - 

Brass 

Aluminum 

35 

3.424 

1.22 

13 

65.05 

21.35 

33 

5 472 

1.83 

12 

74 67 

24 70 

31 

6.846 

2 44 

11 

82.19 

27.15 

29 

8 896 

3.05 

10 

91.76 

30.50 

27 

10 96 

3.60 

9 

101.34 

33 55 

26 

12 32 

4.27 

8 

112 99 

37.50 

24 

15 05 

4.88 

7 

123 26 

40.85 

23 

17.12 

5 49 

6 

139.02 

46.00 

22 

19 20 

6.10 

5 

150.65 

50.00 

21 

21.92 

7.32 

4 

163.04 

53 95 

19 

28 80 

9 75 

3 

177 44 

64. ao 

18 

33 60 

12.23 

2 

194.48 

67 95 

16 

44 48 

14.65 

1 

205.44 

77.10 

15 

49 28 

17.10 

0 

232 83 


14 

56.83 

19.50 















USEFUL TABLES 


315 


Table 3g 


Weight of Round Zinc Rods Per Lineal Foot 


% inch diameter 

X “ 

X “ 

X “ 

% u 

« u 


.33 pounds 
.58 

.90 “ 

1.30 
1.78 

2.32 “ 


Table 40 

Weights of Aluminum Sheets 

Stubs’ Thickness Weight in Pounds of Aluminum of Same Thickness 

Gauge in Decimal , - 1 -*-, 

(Nearest) Parts of Sheets Sheets Sheets Sheets Sheets 
No. 1 Inch 14 x 48 24 x 48 30 x 60 36 x 72 48 x 72 


35 

.00537 

0 

35 

0 

61 

0.96 

1 . 

38 

1.83 

33 

.00806 

0 

53 

0 

92 

1.43 

2 . 

06 

2.75 

31 

.0107 

0 

71 

1 

22 

1.91 

2 . 

75 

3.66 

29 

.0134 

0 

89 

1 

53 

2.38 

3. 

43 

4.57 

27 

.0161 

1 

07 

1 

,83 

2.86 

4. 

12 

5.49 

26 

.0188 

1 

25 

2 . 

14 

3.33 

4. 

80 

6.40 

24 

.0215 

1 

42 

2 

44 

3.81 

5. 

49 

7.32 

23 

.0242 

1 

60 

2 

75 

4.29 

6 . 

17 

8.23 

22 

.0269 

1 

.78 

3 

05 

4.76 

6 

,86 

9.14 

21 

.0322 

2 

14 

3 

.66 

5.72 

8 

23 

11.00 

19 

.0430 

2 

.85 

4 

.88 

7.62 

11 

00 

14.70 

18 

. 0538 

3 

56 

6 

.10 

9.52 

13 

75 

18.30 

16 

.0645 

4 

.27 

7 

.32 

11.45 

16 

.50 

22.00 

15 

.0754 

4 

,98 

8 . 

53 

13.35 

19 

20 

25.60 

14 

.0860 

5 

.69 

9 

75 

15.30 

21 

,95 

29.30 

13 

.095 



10 

.70 

16.80 

24 

10 

32.00 

12 

.109 



12 

.40 

19.20 

27 

75 

37.20 

11 

.120 



13 

.60 

21.35 

30. 

.50 

40.85 

10 

.134 



15 

30 

23.80 

34 

.20 

45.70 

9 

.148 



16 

80 

26.20 

37. 

80 

50.30 

8 

.165 



18 

.60 

29.30 

42 

.10 

56.10 

7 

.180 



20 

.40 

32.00 

46 

.00 

61.30 

6 

. 203 



23 

.00 

36.00 

51 

.80 

69.20 

5 

.220 



25 

.00 

39.00 

56 

. 10 

75.00 

4 

.238 



27 

.00 

42.10 

60 

.70 

81.10 

3 

.259 



29 

.30 

46.00 

66 

.10 

88.10 

2 

.284 



32 

20 

50.30 

72 

.50 

96.60 

1 

.300 



34 

00 

53.10 

76 

50 

102.20 

0 

.340 



38 

.60 

60.40 

86 

90 

116.00 


One ounce per square foot aluminum sheet is 0.0044 inch thick and cor¬ 
responds to about No. 37 B. & S. gauge. 

Rolled Aluminum has a specific gravity of 2.72. 
One cubic foot weighs I96 510 /iooo pounds. One 
square foot of one inch thick weighs I4 126 /iooo 
pounds. 


/ 

























316 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Table 41 


Dimensions of Stove Bolts 


Diam. of bolt, inch. 

H 

Hi 

X 

1>« 

H 

X 

N 

No. of threads per inch. 

32 

2a 

24 

22 

18 

18 

16 


Wire Tacks 


Diameter of bolt, in. 

H 

Si 

H 

X 


X 

H 

H 

H 

1 

Diameter of head, in 

h 

H 

M 


l 

l H 

1 Vi 


1»4 

2 

Thickness of head, in. 

H 

hi 

S, 

hi 

H 

Hi 

St 

H 

X 

h 


Physical Properties of Monel Metal 

This is a natural alloy of copper and nickel which 
shows, when analyzed, a composition of 68 to 70% nickel, 
about 1 %% iron, and the remainder copper. It is prac¬ 
tically non-corrosive from atmospheric influences, fresh 
or salt water, or superheated steam, and is only slightly 
affected by acid fumes. The physical properties of Monel 
metal are remarkable on account of the high tensile 
strength and yield point. Tests of hot rolled Monel metal 
rods gave results as follows: 

Yield point-58,760 lbs. 

Tensile strength -85,972 lbs. 

Elongation in 2 in_38% 

Reduction in area_59% 

The metal is readily rolled into sheets and is used for 
a variety of purposes, such as roofing and cornice work, 
sheathing vessels, making cooking utensils, perforated 
screens, and in fact for any purpose where non-corrosive 
sheet metal is particularly desired to meet special con¬ 
ditions. Monel metal sheets are much more expensive 
than copper sheets of similar sizes, and for general 
use they do not give any better service, but under 
certain conditions better results are secured. Before 
adopting Monel metal for any purpose, careful investi¬ 
gation should be made to ascertain if the conditions 

































USEFUL TABLES 


317 


actually demand an expensive metal of this nature. Monel 
metal may be procured in various commercial shapes, 
among which are the following: Sheets, rods, wdre, cast¬ 
ings, forgings, wire cloth, bolts and nuts, rivets, screws, 
nails and tacks. 

Melting point ___1360° C (2480° F) 

Specific gravity (cast) .......-----8.87 

Weight per cubic inch (cast) --—..0.319 lbs. 

Weight per cubic inch (rolled) ---0.323 lbs. 

Coefficient of expansion (20° C-100° C) .00001375 per 1° C 
Electrical resistivity— 

256 ohms per mil-foot (Temp: Coefficient, 0011 per 1° F) 

Electrical conductivity —-- 4 % (copper 100%) 

Heat conductivity --1/15 that of copper 

Modulus of elasticity --23,000,000 


Table 42 

Weights of Hot Rolled Monel Metal Rounds 

o 


Diameter 
in Inches 

Weight per 
lineal foot 
in pound* 

Diameter 
in inches 

Weight per 
lineal foot 
in pounds 

Diameter 
in inches 

Weight pel 
lineal foot 
in pounds 

A 

.012 

1A 

5.244 

3 V4 

32.155 

K 

.048 

1 % 

5.756 

3V4 

37.291 

A 

.108 

1A 

6.291 

3% 

42.810 

Vi 

.190 

IV* 

6.849 

4 

48.706 

A 

.297 

1A 

7.432 

4 V4 

54.985 

% 

.428 

1% 

8.039 

4V* 

61.644 

A 

.583 

1H 

8.669 

4% 

63.714 

K 

.761 

lVi 

9.321 

5 

76.105 

A 

.963 

Hi 

10.001 

sy* 

83.908 

% 

1.189 

1% 

10.702 

5V* 

92.086 

\i 

1.439 

HI 

11.428 

5% 

100.648 

Vi 

1.712 

2 

12.178 

6 

109.590 

il 

2.010 

2% 

13.747 

6 V4 

118.916 

% 

2.331 

2V4 

15.411 

6V* 

128.617 

li 

2.676 

2% 

17.171 

6% 

138.703 

1 

3.044 

2K 

19.027 

7 

149.168 

1 A 

3.436 

2% 

20.977 

7 >4 

160.009 

1 % 

3.853 

2\ 

23.022 

7V* 

171.238 

1A 

4.293 

2% 

25.162 

7% 

182.843 

IK 

4.756 

3 

27.399 

8 

194.827 





















318 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

Table 43 

Weight of Hot Rolled Monel Metal Flats 


81m Lb ln<W 

Weight per 
lintel foot 
in pound* 

Six* in Inc hen 

W*i*ht per 

lintel foot 
in pounds 

SiM in Inches 

Weight PM 

r 1 

In pound* 

Ax H 

.121 

A x 2 

2.422 

H x2H 

7.267 

Ax H 

.182 

Hx H 

1.090 

$1 x 1A 

3.739 

A x 1 

.242 

H x 1 

1.453 

% x 1H 

4.239 

Hx H 

.242 

H xlH 

1.817 

% x 1H 

5.087 

Hx H 

.303 

HxlH 

2.180 

% xlH 

5.935 

Hx H 

.3C3 

H x 1H 

2.544 

H x 2 

6.783 

H x 1 

.484 

H x2 

2.T07 

H x2H 

7.631 

H xlH 

.606 

H x 1 

1 .978 

H x2H 

8.479 

H xlH 

.727 

HxlU 

2 •** ’ 

1 xlH 

4.845 

HxlH 

.848 

% x r *■ 

2 907 

1 xlH 

5.814 

H x 2 

.960 

% x l't 

3. S£ 1 

1 xlH 

6.783 

A x H 

.363 

H x 2 

3.873 

1 x 2 

7.752 

A x H 

.454 

H x2H 

4.360 

1 x2H 

8.721 

A x H 

.545 

ii x u 

1.673 

1 x2H 

9.690 

A x 1 

.727 

A x 1 

2.171 

1 x2H 

10.659 

A xlH 

.908 

A x 1H 

2.725 

1A xlH 

8.053 

A x 1H 

1.090 

A x 1H 

3.270 

1H xlH 

7.267 

A xlH 

1.272 

A x 2 

4.360 

1H x2 

9.690 

A x2 

1.454 

H x 1 

2.422 

1 H x 2 H 

12.112 

H x 1 

.969 

H x 1H 

3.028 

1H x3 

14.535 

H xlH 

1.211 

r ;i x 1H 

3.634 

1H x 1% 

9.993 

H xlH 

1.453 

H x 1H 

4.239 

1H x2H 

13 324 

H x 1H 

1.693 

H x 2 

4.845 

1H x3 

15.988 

H x 2 

1.938 

H x2H 

5.451 

1Hx2 

11.628 

A x H 

.454 

xl 

2.544 

1H x2A 

11.991 

A x H 

.605 

H xl 

2.907 

1H x 2H 

14.535 

A x H 

.903 

H x 1H 

3.634 

1H x 3 

17.442 

A x 1 

1.211 

H x 1H 

4.360 

1H x3H 

20.349 

A x 1'* 

1 514 

H xlH 

5.087 

14x4 

23.256 

A x 1H 

1.817 

H x 2 

5.814 

2 x 6 

46.512 

A xlH 

2.119 

H x2H 

6.541 




Table 44 

Weight of Iron Lined Brazed Brass Tube 


Pounds per linear foot 


H 

in. 

diameter _ 

.... 0.197. 

1 

in. 

diameter 

.... 0.812 

A 

in. 

diameter_ 

— 0.312 

m 

in. 

diameter 

.. 1.063 

H 

in. 

diameter .. 

... 0.400 

IX 

in. 

diameter 

_ 1250 

H 

in. 

diameter . 

...... 0.514 

1U 

in. 

diameter 

... 1.350 

A 

in. 

diameter _ 

_ 0.720 

2 

in. 

diameter 

2.000 

































USEFUL TABLES 

Table 45 

Hot Rolled Hexagon Monel Metal Bars 


319 


Sis* in inches 

Weight per 
lineal foot 
in pound* 

Site in inehee 

Weight per 
lineal foot 
in pounds 

Site in inches 

W’elght per 

lineal foot 
irt pound* 

Vft 

.0605 

1 A 

5.4652 

2Vt 

24.2250. 

A 

.1357 

1V4 

6.0466 

2% 

26.7056 


.2423 

1 A 

6.6667 

2 \ 

29.3026 

A 

.3787 

1% 

7 3256 

2% 

32.0545 

* 

.5465 

1 A 

8.0233 

3 

34.8840 

A 

.7403 

1 % 

8.7210 

3t4 

41.0856 

% 

.9690 

1 A 

9.4574 

3 Vi 

47.6748 

A 

1.2248 

1 % 

10.2326 

3% 

54.6516 

% 

1.5155 

lift 

11.1629 

4 

62.0160 

U 

1.8333 

1 % 

11.8606 

4<4 

70.1556 

% 

2.1822 

lift 

12.7520 

4V4 

78.6828 

il 

2.5620 

1 % 

13.6435 

4% 

87.5976 

% 

2.9690 

111 

14.5350 

5 

96.9000 

ift 

3.4070 

2 

15.5040 

5V4 

106.9776 

1 

3.8760 

2 M 

17.5195 

6V4 

117.4428 

1 A 

4.3799 

2 >4 

19.6126 

5% 

128.2956 

1% 

4.9225 

2 % 

21.8606 

6 

139.5360 


All weights given in these tables are theoretical and some variation should be 

expected in practice. 


Table 46 

Quantity of Nails Required for Different Kinds 

of Work 

For 1,000 shingles allow 5 lb. fourpenny nails or 3Vz lb. 
threepenny 

1,000 laths, 7 lb. threepenny fine, or for 100 sq. yd. 
of lathing, 10 lb. threepenny fine 

1,000 sq. ft. of beveled siding, 18 lb. sixpenny 

1,000 sq.ft, of sheathing, 20 lb. eightpenny or 25 lb. 
tenpenny 

1,000 sq. ft. of flooring, 30 lb. eightpenny or 40 lb. 
tenpenny 

1,000 sq. ft. of studding, 15 lb. tenpenny and 5 lb. 
twentypenny 

1,000 sq. ft. of 1 by 2^4-in. furring, 12-in. centers, 
9 lb. eightpenny or 14 lb. tenpenny 

1,000 sq. ft. of 1 by 2 1 / 4-in furring, 16-in centers, 
7 lb. eightpenny or 10 lb. tenpenny 













320 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Table 47 Steel Wire Nails, Spikes and Tacks 

Size, weight, gauge and approximate 
number to the pound. 


VJSBpHed from Catalogue o( Amnr»n Steel and Wire Company. 1910 
American Sled and Wire Company *» gauge. J*:: p"'. : * 















































321 


USEFUL TABLES 


Table 47 (continued) 


Steel Wire Nails, Spikes and Tacks 


Clinch-nails 

Fence 

-NAILS 

Slating-nails* 


Length, 


Number 


Number 


Number 

Size 

Gauge 

to 

Gauge 

to 

Gauge 

to 


in. 


Pound 


Pound 


Pound 

2d 

1 

14 

710 



12 

411 

3d 

14 

13 

429 

No. 5 smallest 

104 

225 

4d 

14 

12 

274 

size 

104 

187 

5 d 

1 4 

12 

235 

10 

142 

10 

142 

6 d 

2 

11 

157 

10 

124 

9 

103 

7 d 

8 d 

24 

2 4 

11 

10 

139 

99 

9 

9 

92 

82 

Barbed roofing-nailsf 

9 d 

24 

10 

90 

8 

62 

4' x No. 13 

714 

10 d 

3 

9 

69 

7 

50 

H'XNo. 12 

469 

12 d 

34 

9 

62 

6 

40 

1 " X No. 12 

411 

16 d 

34 

8 

49 

5 

30 

1 4* X No. 12 

365 

20 d 

4 

7 

37 

4 

23 

1 4*X No. 11 

251 


♦Length same as clinch-nails of corresponding size. 
fRoofing-nails are designated by the length, not by penny. These nails 
are made in lengths up to 2 inches. 


Table 48 

Dimensions of Round and Square Washers 


Size of 
Bolt, 
In. 

Size of 
Hole, 
In. 

U. S. Standard, 
Round 

Narrow Gage, 
Round 

Standard Sizes, 
Square 

Outside 

Diam., 

In. 

Thick¬ 

ness, 

In. 

Approx. 
No. in 
100 Lb. 

Outside 

Diam., 

In. 

Thick¬ 

ness, 

In. 

Width, 

In. 

Thick¬ 

ness, 

In. 


4 

4 

^64 

44.300 





Va. 

H 

4 

18,100 

4 

4 

4 





4 . 

4 

13,600 

4 



4 

4 

1 

H« 

7,700 

4 

4 

14 

4 

4 

4 

14 

%4 

4,500 

14 

n< 

14 

4 

4 

4 

14 


3,400 

14 

Hi 

2 . 

4 



1 4 

lit 

2,700 

1 4 

Hi 



4 

S 9 
%* 

14 

4 

1.400 

14 

4 

24 

4 

4 

%* 

2 

4 

1,200 

14 

4 

2 4 

4 

u 

%* 

24 

Hi 

760 

2 

Hi 

3 

4 

1 

14* 

2 4 

Hi 

570 

24 

Hi 

34 

4 

14 

14 

2 4 

Hi 

490 

24 

Hi 

4 

4 

14 

14 

3 

Hi 

415 

24 

Hi 

44 

4 

14 

14 

34 

Mm 

325 

3 

M4« 

5 

4 

14 

14 

34 


275 

34 

M4x 

6 

4 

1 H 

1 4 

3 

1^4 

245 





1 

1 ii 

4 

1^4 

200 



6 

4 

1 74 

A /3 

2 

4 4 

1 u. 

185 




1 /! 

2 

24 

4 V? 

X Vi« 

170 



6 

4 

2 4 

24 

44 

4 

140 




24 

24 

5 

ttt 

115 






♦Holes in square washers Hi in. larger for these four sizes, 
























































322 


THE NEW TINSMITH'S HELPER 


Tabu-: 49 

Cut Nails and Spikes 


Sizes, lengths, and approximate number per pound 
Taken from the Handbook ol the Cambria Steel Company 


Sizes 

length. 

inches 

Common 

Clinch 

Finishing 

Casing 
and hos 

-■ —j 

Pending 

-- 

Spikes 

24 

I 

740 

400 

1 too 




id 

*»M 

460 

260 

880 


• ••••••« | 

• • • # » m 

4 d 

iB 

280 

iHo 

uo 

470 



Sd 


aio • 

«2S 

350 

300 

too 

• • • • 

64 

3 

160 

too 

300 

210 

80 


7 d 

zlt 

120 

80 

210 

180 

60 

• • • •*» 

64 

ill 

88 

- 68 

168 

130 

S3 

• • • • •• ga 


3 h 

73 

5* 

130 

107 

38 


10 4 

3 

60 

48 

104 

88 

26 


1 id 

3U 

48 

40 

9* 

70 

20 


l 6 d 

3B 

33 *. 

34 

W •' 

S3 

18 

17 

304 

4 

23 

24 

78 

3® 

l6 

U 

3 Sd 

4H 

70 






jorf 

aVi 

16H 



JO 


11 

tod 

5 

It 



ai 


O 

Sod 

SB ' 

IO 



7C 


jB 

6ad 

6 

8 



l6 


6 


«B 






5>i 


7 

• ••%•••• 

*•*•••*• 


• • • • ■ • 

• 

S 


Sues 

Length. 

inches 

Barrel 

Light 

barrel 

Slating 

Sizes 

length, 

inches 

Plat 

grip. 

fine 

E.igo> 

grip. 

fine 


1 H 

H 

H 

1 

7 S 0 

600 

Soo 

4 so 




t* 

1 462 

•••••# 





W 

1 300 





3d ' 

l 

1 100 

960 

U 


340 

id 

iB 

800 

7 S 0 


iB 

310 

400 

*d 

IB 

6.so 

600 

id 

1*4 

280 

j 04 

280 




Shingle' 


iH 

Hi 

210 


Tobacco 

Brads 








id 

VfO 

224 

220 





5 d 

*>4 

*•••••• 


180 

ijo 



6d 

2 




97 

8S 

68 

170 

. . 

7 d 

314 




94 

74 

62 


84 

all 




90 

73 

60 

94 

7>i 




S8 

A* 

10J 

3 




#0 

124 

3'4 






40 

»7 

t «4 

3 B 



» • • • • a 



••• ••• 

























































































USEFUL TABLES 


323 


Table 50 

Table Showing Number of Star Brand Brass 
Escutcheon Pins to the Pound 

Length Measured under the Head 

No. M H A H H A l IH IX IH 2 


12 . 720 650 460 416 400 336 272 212 192 170 

13 . 1120 948 672 528 480 400 380 320 229 220 

14 .1875 1312 1100 950 830 692 600 432 378 320 272 

15 .2440 1820 1376 1152 960 888 720 576 580 432 400 

16 .3100 2240 1720 1460 1275 1130 980 720 592 578 464 

17 .3540 2700 2076 1812 1500 1185 1051 928 800 640 ... 

18 .4972 3175 2550 2450 2200 1740 1520 1216 960 . 

19 .7303 5140 4130 3565 2900 . 

20 . 9932 8419 6374 5500 4155 . 


Table 51 

Oval Head Copper Braziers’ Rivets 

Length Measured under the Head 


Numbers. 000 1 234567 89 10 

Diameter of shank. 3 8 a A A ll ft A il M A A 

Length, inches. A % A A % H % ft H 1!4 1M 1' 4 

Number to pound.. 160 148 66 49 37 28 23 19 13 8 6 5 


Table 5 2 

Approximate Dimensions of Tinners’ Rivets 

Diameter, Diameter, 

Size Length Wire Size Length Wire 

Gauge Gauge 


8 

oz. 

ft 

32 

No. 13^ 

3 A lbs. 

n 

No. 

8 

10 

a 


“ 13 

4 

u 


M 

7A 

12 

u 

A 

“ 12K 

5 

u 

H 

a 

6H 

14 

u 

"A 

“ 12 

6 

u 

6{ 

u 

6 

1 

lb. 

Si 

“ HH 

7 

u 

43 

u 

5A 

\M 

u 


“ 11 

8 

u 

n 

u 

4H 

1A 

u 

n 

“ 10H 

9 

u 

If 

u 

4 A 

IK 

u 

H 

“ 10 

10 

u 

43 

u 

4 

2 

a 

a 

“ 9A 

12 

u 

A 

u 

3 

2 A 

u 


“ 9 

14 

u 

if 

u 

2 

3 

m 

iV 

“ " 8 M 

16 

u 

44 

u 

1 




Table 

53 






Oval Rivets and Burs to the Pound 

Length Measured under the Head 

No A % % A H % H Vs 11 A 1L Burs 

9 317 270 254 220 206 193 189 165 138 116 107 101 '60 

12 496 390 332 302 27S 264 256 216 200 172 . 1064 



















THE NEW TINSMITH'S HELPER 

Table 57 

Number of Rivets and Burs to the Pound 


BELT RIVETS ONLY 



Nos. 

7 

8 

8 

9 

12 

13 

Length, in.. 

V* 

A 

U 

U 

* 

A 

No. in lb. 

188 

312 

240 

340 

625 

860. 


HOSE RIVETS AND BURS 


No. 

A 

H 

A 


A 

% 

\ 

% 

Burs 

« 

7 

164 

138 

133 

128 

120 

113 

102 

92 

352 

8 

209 

173 

169 

152 

145 

130 

no 

100 

400 


Table 58 

Dimensions of Carriage Bolts 


Title. 

Ounce 

Length. 

In. 

Number 

per 

Pound 

Title, 

Ounce 

length, 

In. 

Numbei 

per 

Pound 

Title. 

Ounce 

Length, 

In. 

Number 

per 

Pound 

1 

H 

16 000 

4 

'A 

4 000 

14 

% 

1 143 

1H 

hi 

10 606 

6 


2 666 

16 

H 

1 000 

2 

H 

8000 

8 

H 

2 000 

18 

% 

888 

2 H 

\ 

6 400 

10 

% 

1 600 

20 

1 

800 

3 

H 

5 333 

12 


1 333 

22 

1 hi 

7-’7 




• m 



24 

1H 

666 


Wire earpet-tacka are made polished, blued, tinned, or coppered; ther 
are also upholsterers’ and bill-posters’ or railroad tacka. 

























































































USEFUL TABLES 


325 


Table 56 


Hot Rolled Square Monel Metal Bars 


Size In inches 

Weight per 
lineal foot 
in pound* 

Size in inches 

\ 'eight per 
lineal toot 
in pounds 

Size in Inciies 

Weight pa* 
lineal foot 
in pounds 

H 

.4717 

1 

3.3570 

1 % 

7.279 

V4 

.8392 

1% 

4.2481 

1 % 

8.440 

% 

1.3113 

1 % 

5.2442 

1 % 

9.4423 

K 

•1.8880 

1H 

6.3450 

2 

11.020 

% 

2.5702 

1 % 

7.5543 




Table 57 

Minimum Size Branch Pipes for Grinding Wheels 


Diameter of Wheels. 

Maximum 
grinding 
surface, 
sq ins. 

Minimum 
diameter' 
of branch 
pipe in ms. 

6* or less, not over 1' thick. 

19 

3 

7* to 9' inclusive, not over 1 f* thick . 

43 

3» 

4 

10' to 16* inclusive, not over 2' thick ... 

101 

to 19* inclusive, not over 3* thick . 

20^ to 24' inclusive, not over 4' thick. 

180 

302 

4| 

5 

30* inclusive, not over 6* thick.. 

472 

6 


Table 58 

Minimum Size Pipes for Buffing Wheels 



Maximum 

Minini-int 

Diameter of wheels. 

grinding 

diatr.- Or 

surface. 

of brao-b 


sq in. 

pipes 
in ins 

6* or less, not over 1* thick . 

19 

3* 

4 

7* to 12* inclusive, not over H* thick .... . 

13* to 16’ inclusive, not over 2* thick .. 

17* to 20* inclusive, not over 3* thick. 

57 

101 

4* 

189 

5 

21* to 24* inclusive, not over 4’ thick. 

302 

54 

25* to 30* inclusive, not over 5* thick. 

472 

<4 


Soldering Flux for Iron or Steel.—A good flux for 
soldering cast or wrought iron or steel is made by dis¬ 
solving into one pint of muriatic acid all the zinc it 
will take up. Strain the liquid, and add as much 
ammonia as may be required to turn the liquid white. 
Add 4 oz. of salammoniac, 1 teaspoonful of turpen¬ 
tine and 1 tablespoonful of alcohol. Shake the mix¬ 
ture well and keep the container corked. 















































320 


THE NEW TINSMITH'S HELPER 


Table 59 Dimensions of Wood Screws 

(Included Angle of Flat Head = 82 Deg.) 


_ U 

£ fc 
a. 

Diam. of 
Screw, In. 


Diam i f 
Head. In. 

|-£ 

Ik 

h 

•sS 
! 6^ 

Diam. ai 
Screw, In. 

Diam. of 
Head, In. 

Ij 

M 5, 
H 

0 

0 0578 

hi 


0.110 

'44 

+ 

32 

16 

0 268 

'1*4 + 

0 526 

M.« - 

9 

1 

2 

0 071 ( > 

*w 


0 136 

*44 

— 

28 

17 

) 882 

hi 

() 552 

**44 + 

0 

0 0X42 

■**4 

+ 

0 162 

hi 

+ 

26 

18 

0.295 

'*44 - 

0.578 

*h« - 

8 

3 

0.0973 


+ 

0 1S8 

hi 


24 

19 

0.308 

hi — 

0 604 

* *44 - 

8 

4 

0 110 

*44 

+ 

0 214 

hi 

— 

22 

20 

0 321 

nu - 

0 630 

H + 

8 

5 

0 124 

»» 


0 240 

>h4 

+ 

20 

21 

0 334 

J '44 + 

0 656 

: hi 

8 

6 

0.137 

*44 


0.266 

>?*4 

-f 

18 

22 

0 347 

'hi + 

0.682 

mu - 

7 

7 

0 150 

‘>1 


0 292 

'*44 

— 

16 

23 

0.361 

! *44 

0 708 

* *44 + 

7 

8 

0 163 

tt* 

-F 

0.318 


+ 

15 

24 

0 374 

H - 

0 734 


7 

9 

0 176 

>1*4 

+ 

0 344 

'hi 

+ 

14 

25 

0.387 

*%* - 

0.760 

* *44 - 

7 

10 

0.1.X9 

>i» 

+ 

0.370 

H 

— 

13 

26 

0.400 

'hi - 

0.786 

*hi + 

6 

11 

0 203 

l **4 


0.396 

* *44 

+ 

12 

27 

0 413 

'hi -i- 

0.812 

'hi 

6 

12 

0 216 

lil 


0 422 

•X4 


11 

28 

0.426 

M« + 

0.838 

M4i - 

6 

13 

0 229 

'*♦4 

— 

0 448 

* *44 

— 

11 

29 

0.439 

lie + 

0 864 

»*44 + 

6 

14 

0.242 

‘i 

— 

0.474 

*hl 

+ 

10 

30 

0 453 

’*44 

0 890 

MU 

6 

15 

0.255 


+ 

0 .500 



10 








Table 6o 


Wood Screw Thread, Am. Screw Co.’s Standard 


No of 
Screw 

Diam¬ 

eter 

Threads 
per In. 

No. of 
Screw 

Diam¬ 

eter 

Thread* 
per In. 

No. of 
Screw 

Diam¬ 

eter 

Threads 
per In. 

0 

0 058 

32 

11 

0.203 

12 

22 

0 347 

7 

1 

0 071 

28 

12 

0.216 

11 

23 

0 361 

7 

2 

0 0.84 

26 

13 

0 229 

11 

24 

0 374 

7 

3 

0 097 

24 

14 

0.242 

10 

25 

0.387 

7 

4 

0 110 

22 

15 

0.255 

10 

26 

0.400 

6 

5 

0.124 

20 

16 

0.268 

9 

27 

0 413 

6 

6 

0 137 

18 

17 

0 282 

9 

28 

0 426 

6 

7 

0 150 

16 

18 

0.295 

8 

29 

0.439 

6 

8 

0 163 

15 

19 

0.308 

8 

30 

0.453 

6 

9 

0 176 

14 

20 

0 321 

8 




10 

0.189 

13 1 

21 

0.334 

8 





Table 6i 


Wood Screw Thread, Asa S. Cook Co.’s Standard 


No. of 
Screw 

Diam¬ 

eter 

Threads 
per In. 

No. of 
Screw 

Diam¬ 

eter 

Threads 
per In. 

No. of 
Screw 

Diam¬ 

eter 

Threads 
per In. 

0 

0 058 

30 

9 

0 176 

14 

18 

0 295 

8 

1 

0 071 

28 

10 

0 189 

13 

20 

0 321 

7 5 

2 

0 084 

26 

11 

0.203 

12.5 

22 

0 347 

7.5 

3 

0 097 

24 

12 

0.216 

12 

24 

0 374 

7 

. 4 

0.110 

22 

13 

0 229 

11 

26 

0 400 

6 5 

5 

0 124 

20 

14 

0 242 

10 

28 

0 426 

6.5 

6 

0.137 

18 

15 

0 255 

9.5 

30 

0.453 

6 

7 

0 1.50 

17 

16 

0 268 

9 




8 

0 163 

15 

17 

0 282 

8.5 









































































USEFUL TABLES 


327 


Table 62 

Elements of Standard Worm Thread 


Diam¬ 

eter, 

Inches 

No. of 
Threads 
per Inch 

Diam¬ 

eter, 

Inches 

No. of 
Threads 
per Inch 

Diam¬ 

eter, 

Inches 

No. of 
Threads 
per Inch 

Diam¬ 

eter, 

Inches 

No. of 
Threads 
per Inch 

0.056 

62 

0.125 

40 

0.281 

26 

1.370 

24 • 

0.064 

62 

0.154 

40 

0.3125 

26 

*1.4375 

24 

0.072 

62 

0.175 

32 

0.375 

26 

1.500 

24 

0.080 

62 

0.1875 

32 

0.5625 

20 



0.092 

56 

0.250 

26 

1 000 

26 



0.104 

44 

0.266 

26 

*1.290 

24 




*For right-hand thread only. 

Table 63 

Gas Fixture Threads 


Nomi¬ 

nal 

Size 

Actual 

Diam. 

of’ 

Thread 

Threads 

per 

Inch 

Nomi¬ 

nal 

Size 

Actual 

Diam. 

of 

Thread 

Thread.- 

per 

Inch 

Nomi¬ 

nal 

Size 

Actual 

Diam. 

of 

Thread 

Threads 

per 

Inch 

0.148 

0.148 

32 

Vs 

0.390 

27 

H 

0.770 

27 

0. 196 

0.196 

32 

K 

0.459 

27 

% 

0.885 

27 

No. 4 

0.246 

27 

Vi 

0.515 

27 

1 

1.006 

27 

w 

0 260 

27 

K 

0 578 

27 




74 

% 

0.342 

27 

H 

0.637 

27 

.... 

. 



Table 64 

Cycle Engineers' Institute Standard Thread 


Threads per In. 

Depth of 
Thread 

Width of Flat 
at Top of 
Thread 

Width of Flat 
at Bottom 
of Thread 

j Double Depth 
of Thread 

J Threads per In. 

Depth of 
Thread 

| Width of Flat 
at Top of 
Thread 

Width of Flat 
at Bottom 
of Thread 

j Double Depth 
of Thread 

1 

0.6866 

0.3350 

0.3100 

1.3732 

5 

0.1373 

0.0670 

0.0629 

0.2746 

IK 

0.5492 

0.2680 

0.2480 

1.0984 

6 

0.1144 

0.0558 

0.0517 

0.2289 

l Yi 

0.4577 

0.2233 

0.2066 

0.9144 

7 

0.0981 

0 0479 

0.0443 

0.1962 

2 

0.3433 

0 1675 

0.1550 

0.6866 

8 

0.0858 

0.0419 

0.0388 

0.1716 

2H 

0.2746 

0.1340 

0.1240 

0.5492 

9 

0.0763 

0.0372 

0.0344 

0.1526 

3 

0.2289 

0.1117 

0.1033 

0.4577 

10 

0.06S7 

0.0335 

0.0310 

0.1373 

2>Yi 

0.1962 

0.0957 

0.0886 

0.3924 

12 

0.0572 

0.0279 

0.0258 

0.1144 

4 

0.1716 

0.0838 

0.0775 

0.3433 

16 

0.0429 

0.0209 

0.0194 

0.0858 

4 Yt 

0.1526 

0.0744 

0.0689 

0.3052 

20 

0.0343 

0.0167 

0.0155 

0.0687 




































































328 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Table 65 

Spiral Riveted Steel Pipe as Manufactured by 
American Spiral Pipe Works, Chicago 



Sta ndat.p Weight Pipe 


fee Galvanised 
Pipe for: 


Exhaust Steam, 
Pump Suction. 
Diam* Brine Circulation, 
eter, Refrigerating 
Inches , Coils. Etc. 


U * Galvanised o r 
Asphalted Pipe fo 


Paper and Pulp 
Mills, 
Irrigation, 

Pump Discharge, 
Water Pipe 
Lines, Etc. 


Extra Heavt Weight Pipe 


Asphalted for: 


5 S’ 

j* a 


Hi 

g.si 


. 8-g 

*83 = 

<.§8 


«8 

et-g 

|&g 

»- w O 

a. Qc 


J* . c 

■I? 


— i 


o £ 
a m j 


Intake Mains. 
Water Works, 
Hydraulic Min* 
ing, 

Water Sup Lines 


Galvanised and 
Flanged for: 


Compressed Air. 
Pump Suction. 
Condenser Pipes, 
Vacuum Pipes, 
Etc. 


§. 

15 

-* s 

.a'-' 


• tt 

13 } 

! 

3.8 J 


• l" 2 
>.£ * 


c 
5 

a 


8* 


•"§ 

it* 8 

1M 

a. o*. 
<'5 


A .c 

£ S" 

=> 3 g. 

“If 

Set 25 . 

• 

ac JJ 

< 3 


3 

No. 20 

10 50 

50 35 

2 25 

1500 

CO 

0 

55 

*0.55 

*0 40 

2.60 

1.500 

4 

• 

70 

45 

3 00 

1125 

« 

.80 

55 

3.45 

2000 

5 

• 

1 00 

.55 

4 00 

900 

m 

1.10 

65 

4.50 

1200 

6 

No. 18 

1.20 

.75 

5 00 

1000 

No. 16 

1.30 

90 

6 40 

1250 

<* 

7 

• 

1 40 

.80 

6.00 

860 

m 

1.50 

.95 

7.50 

1070 

8 

• 

1 .70 

.95 

7 00 

750 

m 

1 85 

1.15 

8 90 

935 

9 

• 

2 00 

1.10 

8 00 

665 

m 

2 20 

1 30 

10 25 

835 

10 

No. 16 

2 60 

1 45 

11 00 

7.50 

No. 14 

2 80 

1 65 

13 25 

935 

1! 

• 

2.85 

1.55 

12 00 

680 1 

• 

3.05 

1.80 

14 75 

850 

12 

m 

3 15 

1.80 

14 00 

625 

41 

3.40 

2 15 

17 00 

781 

13 

m 

3 60 

1.95 

15 00 

575 

• 

3.80 

2.35 

18 25 

720 

14 

No. 14 

4 00 

2 50 

20 00 

670 

No. 12 

5 00 

3 30 

.'t 5n 

935 

15 

41 

4 40 

2 75 

22.00 

625 

41 

5 25 

3 60 

26.85 

875 

16 

« 

5 00 

3 05 

24 00 

585 

41 

6 00 

3 80 

29 20 

820 

18 

• 

6 00 

3.50 

29 00 

520 

41 

7 00 

4.20 

34 70 

675 

20 

• 

7 00 

3 90 

34 90 

470 

41 

8 00 

4 80 

40 30 

655 

22 

No. 12 

9 00 

5 55 

40 00 

595 

No. 10 

10 00 

6 20 

50 10 

765 

24 

m 

10..50 

6 00 

50 00 

540 

« 

12 00 

7 00 

60 20 

705 

26 

m 

11 80 

8 50 

58 00 

505 

« 

13.00 

9 55 

66 00 

650 

28 

No. 10 

14 60 

10 25 

27 00 

605 

No. 8 

16 60 

11 .65 

83 00 

735 

30 

* 

15 70 

11 25 

79 00 

560 

• 

17 65 

12 60 

90 00 

685 

32 

m 

16 70 

12 00 

85 00 

525 

41 

19 25 

13 80 

97 00 

675 

36 

m 

18.45 

13 20 

94.00 

469 

* 

21 00 

15 00 

112 00 

573 

40 

m 

20 80 

14 90 

106 00 

420 

* 

25 00 

17 80 

128 00 

515 


The above list is for pipe in standard lengths, with flanges attached or bolted joint 
connection. 

We recommend the use of bolted joints with asphalted pipe for all high pressure 
water work*. 

































































USEFUL TABLES 


329 


Table 65 (continued) 

Note. —Standara Flanjes (Fig. 3) are used with spiral pipe unless other¬ 
wise specified. When other than the standard flanges are required, be 
sure to give outside diameter of flange, number and size of bolts, and diam¬ 
eter of bolt circle. All flanges and flanged fittings are drilled in multiples of 
four so that fittings may be made to face in any quarter, and holes straddle 
center line. 



w*a. 


j 3> <k & 




Pig*. 4 .— Fittftjg*. 


Diameters and Drilling of r *Dimensions of Standard 
Standard Flanges Fittings 


Size, 

Ins. 

Outside 
Diameter A 

Bolt Circle B 

Number of 
Bolts 

Size of Bolts 

Length of 
Bolts 

Center to Face 
"A” 

Center to Face 
45° Ell “C” 

Center to Face 
Branch "D” 

Center to Face 
Y, Branch 
“E” 

Length of Re¬ 
ducer “L” 

3 

6 

4 H 

4 

V 

IVx 

3H 

2H 

9 

2 V 


4 

7 

5% 

8 

V 

IVx 

4 V* 

2% 

11 

2*i 

23 

5 

8 

6% 

8 

V 

IVx 

5Vx 

3Vx 

12 

3 

23 

6 

9 

TV* 

8 

v 

1 Vx 

6V 

3 V 

13V 

3Vx 

23 

7 

10 

9 

8 

V 

IVx 

7 Vx 

4V* 

15 

4Vx 

22 

8 

11 

10 

8 

V 

2 

8Vx 

4V 

17 

5 

22 

9 

13 

llVx 

8 

V 

2 

9Vx 

5.V 

lsy 

5Vx 

22 

10 

14 

\2Vx 

8 

Vi 

2 

10}4 

5 V 

21 

5 V 

33 

11 

15 

13*/* 

12 

Vi 

2 

11 

5*4 

22 V 

5*/x 

33 

12 

16 

14Vx 

12 


2 

12V 

6 V 

24 

6 

33 

13 

17 

IbVx 

12 

X A 

2 

13 

5V 

26 

OVx 

33 

14 

18 

18Vx 

12 

Vi 

2Vx 

14 

6 

27 

6 V 

32 

15 

19 

17 V 

12 

Vi 

2Vx 

15 

5 V 

29V 

OVx 

32 

16 

21H 

19V 

12 

Vi 

2Vx 

16 

6'H* 

31V 

7 

32 

18 

23 Vx 

21V 

16 

V* 

2Vi 

16M 

8V 

35 

7 V 

32 

20 

25 Vx 

23 V* 

16 

V* 

2V \ 

18 

9V 

38 V 

8 

32 

22 

28 h 

26 

16 

Vs 

2 V 

20 

10 

41 

9 

32 

24 

30 

27 *4 

16 

Vh 

2Vi 

22 

11 

44 

10 

32 

1 

Q4 \/. 

31 s' 

24 

V 

3 

23 

13 




28 


34 

28 

Vi. 

3 

24 

14 






36 

28 

*2 

3 

25 

15 




32 

OO /\ 

41 

3814 

28 

/4 

Vi 

3 

26 

16 




QA 


42 3 . 

32 

3? 

3 V 

28 

18 




40 

* J /4 

50 

46*4 

32 

V* 

3 V 

30 

20 



s , 


♦Face to center dimensions arc not changed on reducing outlets to tees 
and crosses. On increasing outlets, the face to center dimensions are the 
same as their respective standards. 








































330 


THE NEW TINSMITH S HELPER 


¥) 

"O 

c 

3 

o 

a* 


V 

a 

• H 

VO Oh 

vO 

Cd • 

J < 

< -M 

H o 

K 

iH 

o 

(A 

bfl 


C 

>—i 

Ci 

c 

>—I 

X 


s 

o 

c 


t/3 

a> 

N 

X 


c 

M 

• 

• 

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t MNl 

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X 

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•«* t>. -*J* 00 

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c 
1—1 

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. . K\ 

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xxxx 

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CO 


4 . CO 

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• • 

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I-d 

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• • h\ 

:S£ :»R 


• • 

• • 


-r 

• cs 

• • 00 

• rH • r-H 

W-l 1 MN 

• • 

• • H 

c 
«—• 




3SS0R 

: 

e* 


!NW(N 

• fH f—* fH 

04 X cs -« 0 *■* 


• 

c 


iSSES 

co \ *o\eo\»o\ 


SXisSS : 

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04 C4 "“i 1 —* *b r—l 

• 


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iSSS* HSC£<£ &££g^’££g 

*—< i - ' •-< *—« t —« 1-4 00 


c SSS 




j\?s\oo\oo\c<\flc 
«<-<\<— co\«-«\iq\ 
CN ^ 


a> 

c. 

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a 

u 


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=5 

O 

£ 

*a 

u 

• ^ 

rt 


0 

Bi 

. a 

W3 _ 

o C 

jxi ;:::&.§: :j,srs 

e? : :ox l-o^ :^n gj 

s s g «oxrr -18 1 s fs.5 s 

I-S.-g;a."."x*3 i sITO^S-S 

ffi ffiO wotHcSi 


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USEFUL TABLES 


331 


Table 67 


Weight of Lead Wire Per Lineal Foot in Pounds 

Correspond- Correspond- Approximate 
Diameter in ing Decimal ing Fractional Number of 

Brown & Sharpe Gauge Equivalent Equivalent Feet to Pound 


No. 8. 


. .16202 

A (F) 

10 

No. 8. 


. .12849 

y* (F) 

15 H 

No. 10. 


. .10189 

A (S) 

25 

No. 11. 


. .09074 

A (S) 

31 

No. 12. 


. .08081 

A (F) 

40 

No. 13. 


. .07196 

A (S) 

50 

No. 14. 


. .06408 

A (F) 

62 ^ 

No. 15. 


. .05706 

*‘(S) 

77 

No. 16. 


. .05082 

A (F) 

100 

No. 17. 


. .04525 

A (S) 

125 

No. 18. 


. .0403 

A (S) 

166 

No. 19. 


. .03589 

A (F) 

200 

No. 20. 


. .03196 

A 

250 

No. 21. 


. .02846 

A 

332 

No. 22. 


. .02535 

A 

400 

No. 23. 


. .02257 

A 

510 

Note. — Sizes above No. 6 B. & S. gauge 

increase by 3*2 of an inch. 

(F) = Full. (S) = 

Scant. 






Table 68 



Weights of Wrought Iron, Copper and Lead Pipe 

Thick. Wrought 

Copper 

Lead Thick. Wrought 

Copper Lead 

Inch. Iron 


Inch 

Iron 


1-32 .326 

.38 

.483 5-32 

1.627 

1.90 2.417 

1-16 .653 

.76 

.967 3-16 

1.950 

2.28 2.900 

3-32 .976 

1.14 

1.450 7-32 

2.277 

2.66 3.383 

1-8 1.300 

1.52 

1.933 1-40 

2. COO 

3.04 3.867 


Rule: To the interior diameter of the pipe, in inches, 
add the thickness of the metal; multiply the sum by the 
decimal number opposite the required thickness and under 
the metal’s name; also by the length of the pipe in feet; 
and the product is the weight of the pipe in pounds. 

1 . Required the weight of a copper pipe whose interior 
diameter is 2 l /z in., its length 20 ft., and the metal % in. 
in thickness. 

2.25 + .125 = 2 . 37 s X 1.52 X 20 = 72.2 lbs. 




















332 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Table 69 


Lead and Tin-Lined Lead Pipe 


C.I.brr 
in Inch* 

Loiter 

W«l#h» p«r foot 

Lb*. O* 

in 

Inchr* 

Vr»c oqulv. 
of U>cka«M 

OuUld* dl»«c 
to lor he* 

s 

AAA ’ 

1 

12 

.183 

A S 

.74 

% 

AA 

1 

8 

.173 

a f 

.72 

s 

A 

1 

4 

.143 

A F 

.66 

s 

B 

1 

0 

.128 

Vi F 

.63 

H 

C 

0 

12 

.103 

A S 

.58 

H 

D 

0 

10 

.088 

A S 

.55 

S 

E 

0 

7 

.068 

A F 

.51 

A 

B 

1 

0 

.111 

A F 

.66 

tV 

C 

0 

13 

.096 

A F 

.63 

Vi 

AAA 

3 

0 

.255 

Vi F 

1.01 

Vi 

AA 

2 

0 

.185 

A S 

.87 

Vi 

A 

1 

12 

.170 

H S 

.84 

Vi 

B 

1 

4 

.130 

Vi F 

.76 

Vi 

C 

1 

0 

.105 

A S 

.71 

Vi 

D 

0 

12 

.085 

A F 

.67 

Vi 

E 

0 

9 

.065 

A F 

.63 

s 

AAA 

3 

8 

.253 

V4 F 

1.13 

% 

AA 

2 

12 

.213 

A S 

1.05 

s 

A 

2 

8 

.198 

if F 

1.02 

s 

B 

2 

0 

.167 

U S 

.96 

N 

C 

1 

8 

.128 

Vi F 

.88 

S 

D 

1 

0 

.088 

A S 

.80 

% 

E 

0 

12 

.073 

A S 

.77 

Vi 

AAA 

4 

12 

.280 

A F 

1.31 

*4 

AA 

3 

8 

.230 

if S 

1.21 

\ 

A 

3 

0 

.205 

*1 S 

1.16 


B 

2 

4 

.160 

A F 

1.07 

\ 

C 

1 

12 

.130 

Vi F 

1.01 

Vi 

D 

1 

4 

.095 

A F 

.94 

V* 

E 

1 

0 

.080 

A F 

.91 

1 

AAA 

6 

0 

.295 

i! S 

1.59 

1 

AA 

4 

12 

.255 

Vi F 

1.51 

1 

A 

4 

0 

.210 

II F 

1.42 

1 

B 

3 

4 

.180 

if F 

1.36 

1 

C 

2 

8 

.140 

A 

1.28 

1 

D 

2 

0 

.115 

A F 

1.23 

1 

E 

1 

8 

.085 

A F 

1.17 

lVi 

AAA 

6 

12 

.285 

A F 

1.82 

1V4 

AA 

5 

12 

.250 

% 

1.75 

lVi 

A 

4 

12 

.210 

a f 

1.67 

1V4 

B 

3 

12 

.170 

a s 

1.59 












USEFUL TABLES 


333 


Table 69 (continued) 


Caliber 
tn Inches 

Letter 

Weight per foot 
Lbe. 0* 

Thick ne*e In 
Inch** 

Trae. souls, 
of thickness 

Outside d:*an» 
in inches 

lVi 

C 

3 

0 

.135 

A S 

1.52 

l\i 

D 

2 

8 

.125 

% 

1.50 

1 v* 

E 

2 

0 

.100 

A F 

1.45 

1V4 

AAA 

8 

8 

.305 

t! F 

2.11 

m 

AA 

7 

8 

.270 

U F 

2.04 

1V4 

A 

6 

8 

.230 

tl S 

1.96 


B 

6 

0 

.190 

A F 

1.88 

1* 

i c 

4 

4 

.160 

A F 

1.82 

IV* 

D 

3 

8 

.140 

A 

1.78 

m 

E 

3 

0 

.125 

% 

1.75 

1 % 

AAA 

10 

0 

.335 

U F 

2.42 

IV* 

AA 

8 

8 

.255 

M, F 

2.26 

1-v* 

A 

7 

0 

.230 

il S 

2.21 

1A* 

B 

6 

0 

.200 

U S 

2.15 


C 

5 

0 

.170 

, u s 

2.09 

IV* 

D 

4 

0 

.140 

A 

2.03 

1% 

E 

# . 

• • 

• • • • 

• • • • 

• • • • 

2 

AAA 

11 

12 

.295 

1! S 

2.59 

2 

AA 

9 

0 

.255 

V* F 

2.51 

2 

A 

8 

0 

.225 

A F 

2.45 

2 

B 

7 

0 

.205 

11 F 

2.41 

2 

C 

6 

0 

.185 

A S 

2.37 

2 

D 

4 

12 

.130 

H F 

2.26 


Table 70 

Proportions of Parts of Dust Separators 

OUVINC* MtllXIIAVI' 


K*t. and 
Dism. 
of In'et. 

8111 of 
• 1 u'et. 

• m 

Dsnifiri 

Air Ou'let. 
in. 

Diameter "pCuteide Hnihi 

Dust Out* Diameter Cylinder, 
let. in. Cylinder.-in. 10 . 

0 

Lergib Approyi] 

Conr„ mate 1 

m. aright. Id 

5 

21*9 

61 

3 

29 

14 

76 

1 70 

6 

3*101 

10 

4 

35 

151 

32 

1 100 

7 

31 > 13» 

13 

6 

41 

1*1 

37 

( 140 

8 

41*16 

15 

6 

47 

21 

43 

» 176 

0 

3*18 

17 

6 

53 

73 

50 

245 

10 

5(*2I 

20 

10 

59 

20 

56 

315 

IS 

6»*24 

23 

10 

65 

29 

61 

i 393 

11 

7.27 

26 

10 

71 

32 

67 

1 490 

14 

8*30 

28 

10 

77 

35 

72 

573 

10 

81*32 

31 

10 

83 

38 

77 

715 

17 

9*33 

33 

10. 

89 

41 

82 

873 

lit 

9.4 0 

36 

10 

93 

46 

85 

r 930 

20 

10.41 

33 

10 

97 

47 

89 

- 1.000 

22 

101*43 

41 

II 

101 

49 

93 

1 093 

23 

11.45 

44 

II 

105 

51 

97 

1 455 

24 

11*48 

46 

12 

109 

54 

99 

1 1.600 

25 

11*51 

49 

J 2 

113 

37 

103 

1 700 

26 

111>54 

32 

12 

117 

60 

J0O 

1.833 

?* 

12*57 

55 

1? 

121 

63 

III 

2.035 

30 

12*00 

58 

12 

125 

06 

115 

2.133 

32 

12J «Ci 

61 

13 

120 

69 

1 M 

2.230 

34 

IJ.OO 

04 

13 

lit 

72 

122 

2.420 

30 

ni.b'i 

07 

11 

137 

73 

130 

2.555 

:IS 

14.72 

70 

14 

Ml 

75 

129 

2.745 

40 

11|.7> 

71 

14 

14s 

81 

133 

7.900 

42 

15»7N 

76 

14 

1491 

84 

137 

3,065 

44 

15|.SI 

70 

14 

I5J1 

87 

Ml) 

3.235 

^46 

16.84 

82 

14 

157) 

90 

I45( 

0.395 


^ Tlic above n roninivnilitic.il* apply to .hs\.ngt but not to light buffing dust. •!».. •hub 
th separator* mu.i be select*! to sun operating roujmons. 





















334 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Table 72 


Straight-seam Riveted Steel Pipe for Exhaust- 
steam and Water Pipe Lines 


w. 

0 

J = 

*8, 

"O-- 

•5- 

a 

Thickness of 

Material, 

U. S.Standard 
( I : U'« 1 

Equivalent 
Thickness 
in Ins. 

Theoretical 
Safe Working 
Head. Ft. 

■ 

£ uu. 

gj§ a 

Inside Diam. ol 
Pipe, Ins. 

Thickness of 

Material. 

U.S.Standard 

Gage 

Equivalent 

Thickness 

in Ins. 

Theoretical 

Safe Working 

Head, Ft. 

w • 

C. o 
Ci> = 

16 

16 

0.062 

190 

13 0 

24 

6 

0.200 

405 

59.0 

16 

14 

0 078 

237 

16 0 

26 

14 

0.078 

145 

25.5 

16 

12 

0 109 

332 

22 3 

26 

12 

0.019 

203 

35 5 

16 

11 

0. 125 

379 

24 5 

26 

11 

0.125 

233 

39.5 

16 

10 

0 140 

425 

28 5 

26 

10 

0.140 

261 

44.3 

18 

16 

0.062 

168 

14.8 

26 

8 

0.171 

319 

54.0 

18 

14 

0.078 

210 

18.5 

26 

6 

0.200 

373 

64.0 

18 

12 

0. 109 

295 

25.3 

28 

14 

0.078 

135 

27.3 

18 

11 

0. 125 

337 

29.0 

28 

12 

0.109 

188 

38.0 

18 

10 

0. 140 

378 

32.5 

28 

11 

0.125 

216 

42.3 

18 

8 

0. 171 

460 

40.0 

28 

10 

0.140 

242 

47.5 

20 

16 

0.062 

151 

16 0 

28 

8 

0.171 

295 

58.0 

20 

14 

0.078 

189 

19.8 

28 

6 

0.200 

346 

69.0 

20 

12 

0. 109 

265 

27.5 

30 

12 

0. 109 

176 

39.5 

20 

11 

0 125 

304 

31.5 

30 

11 

0.125 

202 

45.0 

20 

10 

0. 140 

340 

35.0 

30 

10 

0.140 

226 

50 5 

20 

8 

0. 171 

415 

45.5 

30 

8 

0.171 

276 

61.8 

22 

16 

0 062 

138 

17.8 

30 

6 

0.200 

323 

73.0 

22 

14 

0 078 

172 

22.0 

30 

x 

0.2.50 

404 

90.0 

22 

12 

0.109 

240 

30.5 

36 

11 

0.125 

168 

54.0 

22 

11 

0. 125 

276 

34 5 

36 

10 

0. 140 

189 

60.5 

22 

10 

0 140 

309 

39 0 

36 

% 

0.187 

252 

81.0 

22 

8 

0.171 

376 

50.0 

36 

X 

0 250 

337 

109.0 

24 

14 

0.078 

158 

23.8 

36 

% 

0.312 

420 

135.0 

24 

12 

0.109 

220 

32 0 

40 

S. 

0.187 

226 

90 0 

24 

11 

0 125 

253 

37 5 

40 

X 

0.250 

303 

120 0 

24 

10 

0. 140 

283 

42 0 

40 

% 

0 312 

378 

150.0 

24 

8 

0.171 

346 

50 0 

40 

H 

0 375 

455 

180 0 


'Chemical Water Closets. Deoderant.—This mixture 
should not be used where there are metal trimmings. 


Sulphuric acid, fuming .... 90 parts 

Potassium permanganate ... 45 parts 

Water .....4200 parts 


Dissolve the permanganate in the water and add un¬ 
der the acid. This is said to be a most powerful dis¬ 
infectant, deodorizer and germicide. 


























USEFUL TABLES 


335 


Table 71 Dimensions of Dust Separators 


X 

I 

c 

J 

*0 

S c 

-c 
t-- - 

.§•- 
0 2 

Area- of fan outlet io 
square inches. 

Openings in Separator. 

Dimensions or • 
Separator. 

Shipping weight, Lbs. 

Size of inlet in 
inches. 

Area of inlet in 
square inches. 

Diameter of air 
outlet in inches. 

Area ofair outlet 

in square inches. 

Diameter of (fust 

outlet in inches. 

Outside diame¬ 

ter of cylinder 
in inches. 

-ij 

0 

s 

0 

a 

«-> • — 

H t 

a- “O 

X.2 

Length of cone 

in inches. 

5... 

20 

2J x 9 

23 

81 

56 

3 

291 

14 

26} 

70 

• 0 . . 

28 

, 3 x 101 

32 

10 

78 

4 

35J 

15} 

32} 

10O 

7.. .. 

3S 

1 









©r 

or 

3J x 13 

47 

13 

132 

G 

411 

18} 

37} 

140 

8 . . 

50 

J 









9 

G3 

4J x 10 

72 

15 

176 

6 

471 

21 

43} 

175 

10... . 

78 

5 x IS 

90 

17 

227 

G 

53 i 

23 

50 

245 

11. . 

95 

) 









or • 

or 

\ 51 x 21 

115 

20 

314 

10 

59} 

26 

56 

315 

12 

113 

1 









13... . 

133 

) 


• 







or 

or 

\ GJ x 24 

15G 

231 

433 

10 

65} 

29 

61} 

395 

14 . 

154 

J 









15 .. 

177 

7 x 27 

189 

20 

531 

10 

71J 

32 

67} 

490 

10... 

201 

1 









or 

or 

> 8 x30 

240 

2S 

C15 

10 

77} 

35 

72} 

575 

17 

227 

l 









18 

251 

81x32 

272 

31 

754 

10 

S3} 

3S 

77} 

715 

19 

283 

1 









or 

or 

} 9 x35 

315 

33 

855 

10 

89} 

41 

82} 

875 

20 . 

314 

J 









21 .. 

34 G 

9x40 

3 GO 

3G 

1,017 

10 

93} 

4G 

S5J 

930 

22 .. 

380 

10 x 41 

410 

39 

1 , 194 

10 

97} 

47 

89 

1.000 

23 .. 

415 

1 









or 

or 

1 101x43 

451 

41 

1,320 

11 

101} 

49 

93 

1,095 

24 . 

452 

j . 









25 ... 

491 

11 x 45 

495 

44 

1,520 

11 

105} 

51 

97 

1,455 

2G .. . 

531 

11 x 4S 

528 

4G 

1,062 

12 

109} 

54 

99} 

1 , GOO 

27 . 

572 

11 x 51 

5G1 

49 

1,885 

12 

113'. 

57 

103'. 

1,700 

28 . 

021 

ll)x54 

621 

52 

2,123 

12 

117} 

GO 

lO'Jt 

1,855 

29. . . 

GOO 

12 x 57 

G84 

55 

2,375 

12 

121} 

G3 

lilt 

2,035 

30 

707 

12 x 00 

720 

58 

2,042 

12 

125} 

GG 

115} 

2,155 

31 

751 

1 









or 

or 

\ 12* x 03 

807 

G1 

2,922 

13 

129} 

G9 

113} 

2.250 

32 . 

801 

j 









33 

855 

13 xOG 

858 

64 

3,217 

13 

133} 

72 

1221 

2,420 

34 . .. 

908 

131 x GO 

932 

07 

3,525 

13 

137} 

75 

126' 

2.555 

35 . .. 

902 

14 x 72 

1,008 

70 

3,848 

14 

141} 

78 

129} 

2,745 

3G. ... 

1.017 

) 









or 

or 

M4J x 75 

1,087 

73 

4,1S3 

14 

145} 

81 

133} 

2,900 

37 . . 

1,075 

J 









38... 

1,134 

15 x 78 

\ 

1,170 

76 

4.53G 

14 

149} 

84 

137} 

3,005 

39. .. . 

or 

1 f 1VH 
or 

1151xSI 

1,255 

79 

4,901 

14 

153} 

87 

141} 

3.235 

40 ... 

1.25G 

J 









41 . 

1.320 

16 x 84 

1,344 

82 

5,281 

J4 

157} 

90 

145} 

3.395 








































336 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Table 73 

Proportions of Main Duct in Dust Separators to 
Accommodate Branches 



Table 74 Size of Conductor Pipes 


3'i 

in. Trough, 

up to 12 ft. long; 

use 

3H 

• a 

12 to 25 • 


4 

a a 

25 to 35 * 

a 

5 

a • 

35 to 45 * 

a 

6 

a a 

45 to 55 “ 

a 

7 

a a 

55 to 65 * 

a 

8 

a a 

65 to 75 ‘ 

a 


2 in. Conductor Pipe 

3 * 

3 - . . 

4 . 

5 * * * 

6 ' * • 

7 « m 4 
































































USEFUL TABLES 


337 


Table 75 

Sizes of Safety Double Hot-Air Stacks 


Size of stack as listed, in inches 

Actual size of outside stack, in inches 

Actual size of inside stack, in inches 

Area of inside stack, in square inches 

Capacity as compared with that of hot-air 
pipe with pitch of 1 inch to 1 foot 

Equivalent in round pipe with pitch of 

1 inch to 1 foot 

Sizes of round pipe which should be used 
with each stack, in inches 

Area of said round pipes, in square inches 

Size of registers and register-boxes which 

should be used with each stack, in inches 

Cubic feet of space (approximate) that 

can be heated with each stack with pipe 

and registers of size given 

Equivalent of said space on floor of rooms 

10 ft. high, in feet 

Area, in square inches, of registers, with 

space occupied by bars deducted 

4x 8 

3Hx 7 H 

3^x 7 

23 

35 

6H 

7 

38 

6x 8 

500 

6x 8 

35 

4x10 

3%x 9H 

3Mx 9 

29 

43 

734 

8 

50 

8x10 

850 

8x10 

45 

4x11 

3%xl0% 

3)4x10 

3234 

48 

8 

8 

50 

8x12 

1 000 

9x11 

55 

4x12 

3^x1 1% 

334x11 

35 

53 

834 

9 

63 

9x12 

1 250 

10x1234 

60 

4x14 

3Hxl3h 

3 V a x \3 

41 

63 

9 

9 

63 

10x12 

1 650 

12x14 

70 

6x10 

5Hx 9H 

534x 9 

47 

71 

10 

10 

78 

10x14 

2 000 

12x17 

80 

6x12 

5HxllH 

534x11 

58 

87 

11 

12 

113 

12x15 

2 300 

14x17 

115 

6x14 

5Hxl3H 

534x13 

68 

102 

12 

12 

113 

12x17 

2 600 

15x18 

120 

6x16 

5Hxl5H 

534x15 

79 

119 

1234 

14 

154 

14x20 

3 000 

15x20 

156 

8x18 

7Hxl7H 

734x17 

124 

186 

15 

16 

201 

16x24 

4 000 

20x20 

210 

10x20 

9 3 gxl9 5 & 

934x19 

176 

264 

18 

18 

254 

20x24 

5 400 

20x27 

270 

10x24 

9^x23 H 

934x23 

213 

330 

2034 

20 

314 

21x29 

7 000 

20x35 

340 


Table 76 Proportions of Verrell Dust Collectors 


No. 

Diatn. 
Pipe 
from • 
Fan. 

Area 

Of 

Dust 

lolet. 

B. 

c. 

D. 

E. 

r. 

0. 

H 

$ 

W*4. 

16 

000 

0 

23 









00 

7 

33 

32 

26 

37 

7 

6x7 

10 

12 

70 

0 

8 

50 









1 

10 

73 

42 

39 

49 

12 

10 x12 

14 

14 

180 

2 

12 

113 

46 

37 

43 

12 

10 x12 

17 

14 

240 

3 

14 

154 

54 

42 

60 

16 

10x14 

17 

16 

471 

4 

re 

201 

60 

45 

72 

16 

14x16 

22 

26 

490 

3 

is 

254 

66 

54 

72 

16 

16x20 

25 

26 

500 

6 

20 

314 

72 

53 

76 

16 

14x24) 

27) 

26 

530 

7 

22 

3S0 

84 

65 

96 

16 

16x25 

32 

27 

6 S2 

8 

24 

452 

87 

67 

96 

16 

18x26 

34 

27 

889 

9 

26 

531 

96 

73 

96 

16 

18x32 

46 

27 

1.137 

10 

28 

616 

102 

84 

96 

16 

13x37) 

40 

27 

1.250 

11 

30 

707 

111 



16 




1.500 

12 

32 

604 

114 

90 

120 

16 

22x41) 

46 

27 

1.800 

13 

34 

903 

117 

97 

120 

16 

23x44 

48 

27 

2.000 

14 

36 

1.013 

129 

105) 

120 

>9 

24x45) 

50 

27 

2.050 

15 

38 

1.134 

132} 

111 

120 

18 

26x44| 

53 

27 

2.150 

16 

40 

1.257 









17 

42 

1.385 







































THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 
Table 77 


Weight of Square and Round Aluminum Bars 


Thick- 
ness. 
Side, 
or Din. 

Square Round 
Bars. Bars. 

1, Ft. 1 Ft. 
Long Long 

Thick- Square 
ness. Bars. 
Side. 1 Ft. 
or Dia. Long 

Round 

Bars. 

1 Ft. 
Long 

Thick- Square Round 
ness. Bars. Bars, 

Side, 1 Ft. 1 Ft. 

or Dia. Long Long 

In. 

Lb. 

Lb. 

In. 

Lb. 

Lb. 

In'. 

Lb. 

Lb. 

A 

0 004 

0 003 


0.052 

0 510 

1 A 

2 396 

1 882 

4 

.058 

.011 

4 

.760 

.001 

IX 

2 609 

2 049 

A 

.041 

.032 

X 

.888 

.697 

1 A 

2.831 

2 223 

X 

.072 

.037 

H 

1.019 

.800 

14 

3 002 

2 405 

A 

.114 

.089 

1 

1.159 

.911 

1 ^ 

3 302 

2 593 

k 

.1(13 

.128 

1 A 

1.309 

1.028 

1 H 

3 550 

2 789 

A 

.2 22 

.174 

l 4 

1.467 

1 152 

1 

3 810 

2.992 

4 

.200 

.227 

1 A 

1 635 

1.284 

lj} 

4 075 

3 202 

A 

.307 

.288 

IX 

1.812 

1.423 

irt 

4 352 

3 417 

h 

.4. >3 

.330 

1 A 

1.997 

1.509 

2 

4 038 

3 642 

H 

. 348 

.430 

IV* 

2.192 

1.722 





Table 78 
Lead Waste Pipe 


Inside 
Diam. 
in Inches 

Outside 
Diam. 
in Inches 

Pounds 

per 

root 

Inside 
Diam. 
in Inches 

Outside 
Diam. 
in Inches 

Pounds 

per 

Foot 

IX 

1.66 

2 

3 4 

3.65 

5 

IX 

1.75 

3 

3 4 

3.71 

6 

1 x 

1.78 

34 

4 

4.18 

5 

2 

2.18 

3 

4 

4 22 

6 

2 

2.23 

4 * 

4 

4.26 

8 

2 

2 26 

4*7 

4 4 

4.71 

8 

2X 

2.68 

34 

44 

4.83 

10 

2 4 

2.70 

4 

5 

5.23 

8 

2X 

2.75 

5 

5 

5.27 

10 

3 

3.18 

4 

5 

5.32 

12 

3 

3.21 

4 4 

5 4 

5.66 

10 

3 

3.22 

5 

54 

5.73 

12 

3 • 

3.27 

6 

6 

6.26 

12 and 

34 

3.16 

4 4 



upwards 


Cleaning Metals for Coloring.—Metal surfaces to be 
colored chemically must first be thoroughly cleaned. 
To remove grease from small parts, dip in benzine, 
ether or some other solvent for the grease. Boil large 
pieces in a solution of one part caustic soda and ten 
parts water. For zinc, tin or britannia metal, do not 
use caustic soda, but a bath composed of one part 
carbonate of soda or potash and ten parts water. After 
boiling, wash in clean water. Do not touch the clean 
surfaces with the fingers, but handle the objects by 
the use of tongs or wires. 




























USEFUL TABLES 


339 


Table 8o 

Weights of Standard Galvanized Sheets 

Oz. Lb. Oz. Lb. Oz. Lb. Oz. Lb. 

Gauge Per Per Gauge Per Per Gauge Per Per Gauge Per Per 

Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft. Sq.Ft. Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft 


8 

112.5 

7.031 

15 

47.5 

2.969 

22 

22.5 

1 

.406 

29 

11.5 

0.719 

9 

102.5 

6.406 

16 

42.5 

2.656 

23 

20.5 

1 

.281 

30 

10.5 

.656 

10 

92.5 

5.781 

17 

38.5 

2.406 

24 

18.5 

1 

.156 

31 

9.5 

.594 

11 

82.5 

5.156 

18 

34.5 

2.156 

25 

16.5 

1 

.031 

32 

9.0 

.563 

12 

72.5 

4.531 

19 

30.5 

1.906 

26 

14.5 

0 

.906 

33 

8.5 

.531 

13 

62.5 

3.906 

20 

26.5 

1.656 

27 

13.5 


.844 

34 

00 

b 

.500 

14 

52.5 

3.281 

21 

24.5' 

1.531 

28 

12.5 


.781 

* # 

• • • • 

• • • • • 


Table 8i 

Ordinary Dimensions of Galvanized Sheets 


Widths. 40 38 36 34 ' 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 

Gauges. Lengths. 

No. 14. 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 

Nos. 16 to 22.... 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 

Nos. 23 and 24. . 96 96 96 96 108 120 120 120 120 108 108 

Nos. 25 to 28. 96 96 108 120 120 120 120 108 108 

Nos. 29 and 30. 96 96 96 96 . 


Table 82 


Weights and Sizes of Sheet Lead 

The thickness of lead is in common determined 
or understood by the weight, the unit being that 
of a square or superficial foot; a square foot 1/16 
of an inch thick weighs four pounds. 


12 Ounce Lead is .013 Inch Thick 


1 

Pound 

u 

u 

A 

u 

a 

l'A 

U 

u 

u 

«3 

a 

u 

2 

U 

u 

u 

A 

a 

u 

2A 

u 

u 

a 

a 1 * 

a 

a 

3 

u 

u 

u 


u 

u 

4 

u 

a 

u 

A 

u 

u 


u 

a 

u 

5 

u 

u 

5 




6( 



6 

a 

u 

u 

3^J 

a 

u 

7 

a 

u 

u 

8( 

u 

a 


8 

Pound Lead 

is 

y* 

Inch Thick 

10 

U 

u 

u 

3*3 

a 

a 

12 

U 

u 

a 

A 

u 

a 

14 

u 

a 

u 

3 7 a 

u 

a 

16 

u 

u 

u 

Y\ 

a 

u 

20 

a 

u 

a 

A 

a 

u 

24 

a 

a 

a 

Vs 

u 

u 

32 

u 

u 

a 

A 

u 

a 

60 

u 

u 

u 

l 

a 

u 







Table 83 Net Weight Per Box Bright Tin Plates in Pounds 

Basis 10 x 14, 225 sheets; or, 14 x 20, 112 sheets. 

Trade term....... 80 1b. 85 1b. 90 1b. 95 1b. 1001b. IC IXL IX IXXIXXXIXXXX 

Stubs Iron Wire 


340 


THE NEW TINSMITH S HELPER 


a 


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USEFUL TABLES 


341 


TJ 

c 

3 

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P. 


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cd 

rH 

A 

S3 

• H 

H 

4 -» 

A 

*C 

PQ 

x 

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3 

.£ 

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c 

o 

O 


<0 

00 

u 

u 

a 

< 

H 


c/i 


co 


CO 

vo 


VO 

CO 


T C 

c 


© ^ d co 

NONCO 
CO ^ Tt< rH 


NNcOCOO^^nnnh 
OOC^OOOCJCCXN 
d d d d Cl d CO -iHriM 

o 

z 


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g 


PS 88 

o ^ u. <N 1—' *—t 

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r»» 1 

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cg 

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Tf 


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c/l 

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m 




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cd 

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tf> 


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342 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Table 84 

Standard Weights and Gauges of Tin Plate 

Near- Wt. Wt. Near- Wt. Wt. Near- Wt. Wt. 

eet Per of Box eat Per of Box eat Per of Box 

Trade Wire Sq. 14X Trade Wire Sq. M X Trade Wire Sq. M X 
Term Gauge .Ft. 20in., Term Gauge Ft. 20in.. Term Gauge Ft. 20in. 
No. Lbs. Lbs. No. Lba. Lbe. No. Lbe. Lbe. 


551b. 

38 

0.252 

55 

100 lb. 30^ 

0.459 

100 

3XL 

26 

0.771 

168 

60 * 

37 

275 

60 

IC 30 

.491 

107 

DX 

26 

.826 

1' i 

65 « 

36 

.298 

65 

118 lb. 29 

.542 

118 

4.X 

25 

.895 

195 

70 * 

35 

.321 

70 

IX M 

.619 

135 

4XL 

25 

Ml 

188 

75 « 

34 

.344 

75 

IXL 28 

.588 

128 

D2X 

24 

.964 

210 

80 “ 

33 

.367 

80 

DC 28 

.638 

139 

D3X 

23 

1 102 

240 

85 « 

32 

.390 

85 

2X 27 

.711 

155 

D4X 

22 

i mi 

270 

90 * 

31 

.413 

90 

2XL 27 

.679 

11' 

0000 

• • • • 

• • • • • 

• • • • 

95 • 

31 

.436 

95 

3X 26 

.803 

175 

• • • • 

• • • • 

0 0 0 0 0 

• • • • 


Table 85 

Specifications for Tin and Terne Plate 

Material Desired Rejected if Less Than 


Tin 

No. 1 

No. 2 

Tin 

No. 1 

No. 2 

Plate 

Terne 

Terne 

Plate 

Terne 

Terne 


Coating: 

Tin. per cent. 

100 

26 

16 



« • • • • 

Lead, per cent. 

0 

74 

84 

• ••»•• 


• • • • • 

Amount per sq. ft. lb. 

0.023 

0.046 

0.023 

0.0183 

0.0413 

0.083 

Weight, lb. per sq. ft. of 
Grade IC. 

0.496 

0.519 

0.496 

0.468 

0.490 

0.468 

Grade IX. 

.625 

.648 

.625 

.590 

.612 

.590 

Grade IXX. 

.716 

.739 

.716 

.676 

.699 

.676 

Grade IXXX. 

.808 

.831 

.808 

.763 

.787 

.763 

Grade IXXXX . .. 

.900 

.925 

.900 

.850 

.874 

.850 


Table 86 

Weight of Terne Plates 

Terne Plates, or Roofing Tin, are coated with an alloy 
of tin and lead. In the “U. S. Eagle, N.M.” brand the 
alloy is 32 % tin, 68 % lead. The weight per 112 sheets of 
this brand before and after coating is as follows: 

IC 14x20 IC 20 x 28 1X 14 x 20 1X 20 x 28 

Black plates 95 to 100 lb. 190 to 200 lb. 125 to 130 lb. 250 to 260 lb. 
After coating 115 to 120 230 to 240 145 to 150 290 to 300 













USEFUL TABLES 


343 


Terne plates are made in two thicknesses: - iC, in \vhich 
the iron body weighs about 50 lb. per 100 sq. ft., and IX, 
in which it weighs 62^2 lb. per 100 sq. ft. The IC grade 
is preferred for roofing, while the IX grade is used for 
spouts, valleys, gutters, and flashings. The standard 
weight of 14x20 in. IC plates is 107 lb. per base-box, and 
of 14x20 in. IX plate 135 lb. 

Long terne sheets are made in gauges, Nos. 14 to 32, 
from 10 to 40 in. wide and up to 12 in. long. They are 
made in five grades with coatings of 8, 12, 15, 20, and 

25 lb. 

A box of 112 sheets 14x20 in. will cover approximately 
192 sq. ft. of roof, flat seam, or 583 sheets 1,000 sq. ft. 
For standing seam roofing a sheet 20 x 28 in. will cover 
475 sq. in. or 303 sheets per 1,000 sq. ft. A box of 112 
sheets 20 x 28 in. will cover approximately 366 sq. ft. 

The common sizes of tin plates are 10 x 14 in. and mul¬ 
tiples of that measure. The sizes most generally used are 
14 x 20 and 20 x 28 in. 


Table 87 


Thickness and Weight ' 

1 lb. tin is V 40 inch thick 
l}/£ lb. tin is V 21 inch thick 

2 lb. tin is V 20 inch thick 
234 lb. tin is Vis inch thick 

3 lb. tin is l /i» inch thick 

20 lb. tin is 


• Sq. Foot of Sheet Tin 

3 24 lb. tin is Vu inch thick 

4 lb. tin is V 10 inch thick 
424 lb. tin is */g inch thick 

5 lb. tin is 24 inch thick 
10 lb. tin is 24 inch thick 

inch thick 


Table 88 

Pure Block-Tin Pipe 


Weight Weight 

Calibre Per Ft. Calibre per Ft. 

Oz. Lbs. Oz. 


inch strong. 

2^ 

Mi inch double extra strong.. 

15 

X 

u 

extra strong. 

5 

X 


extra strong. 

9 

X 

u 

double extra strong. 

6 

% 


double extra strong.. 

14 

A 

u 

double extra strong. 

6X 

X 


extra strong. 

11 

X 

u 

extra strong. 

6 

X 

a 

double extra strong.. 1 

• • 

% 

u 

double extra strong. 

8 

1 


extra strong. 

Id 

X 

u 

strong. 

6X 

1 

a 

double extra strong.. 1 

4 

X 

a 

extra strong. 

10 



• 

















344 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

Table 89 

Quantity of Tin for Roofs 

Standing Seam 

Sur- Flat Seam - ■ - ■ ■ ■ 

face - - - — Single Lock Double Lock 

of Edged Edged H-ln. 1-In. 1-In. 

Roof In. H In. Seam Seam Seam Seam 


to be 
Cov¬ 
ered 

14 

X 

20 

20 

X 

28 

14 

X 

20 

20 

X 

28 

14 

X 

20 

20 
• X 
28 

14 

X 

20 

20 

X 

28 

14 

X 

20 

20 

X 

28 

14 

X 

20 

20 

X 

Sq. Ft. S 

S 

S 

S 

S 

S 

S 

S 

S 

S 

S 

S 

10 

6 

3 

6 

3 

7 

4 

7 

4 

7 

4 

7 

4 

11 

7 

4 

7 

4 

7 

4 

8 

4 

8 

4 

8 

4 

12 

7 

4 

8 

4 

8 

4 

8 

4 

8 

4 

8 

4 

13 

8 

4 

8 

4 

9 

4 

9 

5 

9 

4 

9 

5 

14 

9 

4 

9 

4 

9 

5 

10 

5 

10 

5 

10 

5 

15 

9 

5 

9 

5 

10 

5 

10 

5 

10 

5 

10 

5 

16 

10 

5 

10 

5 

11 

5 

11 

5 

11 

5 

11 

6 

17 

10 

5 

11 

5 

11 

6 

12 

6 

11 

6 

12 

6 

18 

11 

6 

11 

6 

12 

6 

12 

6 

12 

6 

12 

6 

19 

12 

6 

12 

6 

12 

6 

13 

6 

13 

6 

13 

6 

20 

12 

6 

12 

6 

13 

7 

13 

7 

13 

7 

14 

7 

21 

13 

6 

13 

6 

14 

7 

14 

7 

14 

7 

14 

7 

22 

13 

7 

14 

7 

14 

7 

15 

7 

15 

7 

15 

7 

23 

14 

7 

14 

7 

15 

7 

15 

8 

15 

8 

16 

8 

24 

14 

7 

15 

7 

16 

8 

16 

8 

16 

8 

16 

8 

25 

15 

8 

15 

8 

16 

8 

17 

8 

17 

8 

17 

8 

26 

16 

8 

16 

8 

17 

8 

17 

9 

17 

8 

18 

9 

27 

16 

8 

16 

8 

18 

9 

18 

9 

18 

9 

18 

9 

28 

17 

8 

17 

8 

18 

9 

19 

9 

19 

9 

19 

9 

29 

17 

9 

18 

9 

19 

9 

19 

10 

19 

9 

20 

10 

30 

18 

9 

18 

9 

19 

10 

20 

10 

20 

10 

20 

10 

31 

19 

9 

19 

9 

20 

10 

21 

10 

21 

10 

21 

10 

32 

19 

0 

19 

10 

21 

10 

21 

10 

21 

10 

22 

11 

33 

20 

10 

20 

10 

21 

10 

22 

11 

22 

11 

22 

11 

34 

20 

10 

21 

10 

22 

11 

23 

11 

22 

11 

23 

11 

35 

21 

10 

21 

10 

23 

11 

23 

11 

23 

11 

24 

11 

36 

21 

11 

22 

11 

23 

11 

24 

12 

24 

11 

24 

12 

37 

22 

11 

22 

11 

24 

12 

24 

12 

24 

12 

25 

12 

38 

23 

11 

23 

11 

24 

12 

25 

12 

25 

12 

26 

12 

39 

23 

11 

24 

12 

25 

12 

26 

13 

26 

12 

26 

13 

40 

24 

12 

24 

12 

26 

13 

26 

13 

20 

13 

27 

13 

41 

24 

12 

25 

12 

26 

13 

27 

13 

27 

13 

28 

13 

42 

25 

12 

25 

12 

27 

13 

28 

14 

28 

13 

28 

14 

43 

26 

13 

2*i 

13 

28 

13 

28 

14 

28 

14 

29 

14 

44 

26 

13 

27 

13 

28 

14 

29 

14 

29 

14 

30 

14 

45 

27 

13 

27 

13 

29 

14 

30 

14 

30 

14 

30 

15 

46 

27 

13 

28 

14 

29 

14 

30 

15 

30 

15 

31 

15 

47 

28 

14 

28 

14 

30 

15 

31 

15 

31 

15 

32 

15 

48 

28 

14 

29 

14 

31 

15 

32 

15 

31 

15 

32 

16 

49 

29 

14 

30 

14 

31 

15 

32 

16 

32 

15 

33 

16 

50 

30 

15 

30 

15 

32 

16 

33 

16 

33 

16 

34 

16 

51 

30 

15 

31 

15 

33 

16 

34 

16 

33 

16 

34 

17 

52 

31 

15 

31 

15 

33 

16 

34 

17 

34 

16 

35 

17 

53 

31 

15 

32 

16 

34 

16 

35 

17 

35 

17 

36 

17 

54 

32 

16 

32 

16 

35 

17 

36 

17 

35 

17 

36 

17 












USEFUL TABLES 


345 


Table 89 (Continued) 

Quantity of Tin for Roofs 

Standing Seam 

Sur- Flat Seam - 


face 

of 

Roof 
to be 
Cov¬ 
ered 

Ed* 
X ■ 

in' 

Eds 

H 

jed 

In. 

Single Lock 
54-In. 1-In. 

Seam Seam 

Double Lock 
X-ln. 1-In. 

Seam Seam 

14 

X 

20 

20 

X 

28 

14 

X 

20 

20 

X 

28 

14 

X 

20 

20 

X 

28 

14 

X 

20 

20 

X 

28 

14 

X 

20 

20 

X 

28 

14 

X 

20 

20 

X 

28 

Sq. Ft. S 

S 

S 

S 

S 

S 

S 

S 

S 

S 

S 

S 

55 

33 

16 

33 

16 

35 

17 

36 

18 

36 

17 

37 

18 

56 

33 

16 

34 

16 

36 

17 

37 

18 

37 

18 

38 

18 

57 

34 

16 

34 

17 

36 

18 

37 

18 

37 

18 

38 

18 

58 

34 

17 

35 

17 

37 

18 

38 

19 

38 

18 

39 

19 

59 

35 

17 

35 

17 

38 

18 

39 

19 

39 

19 

40 

19 

60 

35 

17 

36 

18 

38 

19 

39 

19 

39 

19 

40 

19 

61 

36 

18 

37 

18 

39 

19 

40 

19 

40 

19 

41 

20 

62 

37 

18 

37 

18 

40 

19 

41 

20 

41 

19 

42 

20 

63 

37 

18 

38 

18 

40 

20 

41 

20 

41 

20 

42 

20 

64 

38 

18 

38 

19 

41 

20 

42 

20 

42 

20 

43 

21 

65 

38 

19 

39 

19 

41 

20 

43 

21 

42 

20 

44 

21 

66 

39 

19 

40 

19 

42 

20 

43 

21 

43 

21 

44 

21 

67 

40 

19 

40 

20 

43 

21 

44 

21 

44 

21 

45 

22 

68 

40 

20 

41 

20 

43 

21 

45 

22 

44 

21 

46 

22 

69 

41 

20 

41 

20 

44 

21 

45 

22 

45 

22 

46 

22 

70 

41 

20 

42 

20 

45 

22 

46 

22 

46 

22 

47 

22 

71 

42 

20 

43 

21 

45 

22 

47 

23 

46 

22 

48 

23 

72 

42 

21 

43 

21 

46 

22 

47 

23 

47 

22 

48 

23 

73 

43 

21 

44 

21 

46 

23 

48 

23 

48 

23 

49 

23 

74 

44 

21 

44 

22 

47 

23 

48 

23 

48 

23 

50 

24 

75 

44 

22 

45 

22 

48 

23 

49 

24 

49 

23 

50 

24 

76 

45 

22 

46 

22 

48 

23 

50 

24 

50 

24 

51 

24 

77 

45 

22 

46 

22 

49 

24 

50 

24 

50 

24 

52 

25 

78 

46 

22 

47 

23 

50 

24 

51 

25 

51 

24 

52 

25 

79 

47 

23 

47 

23 

50 

24 

52 

25 

52 

25 

53 

25 

80 

47 

23 

48 

23 

51 

25 

52 

25 

52 

25 

54 

26 

81 

48 

23 

48 

23 

52 

25 

53 

26 

53 

25 

54 

26 

82 

48 

24 

49 

24 

52 

25 

54 

26 

53 

26 

55 

26 

83 

49 

24 

50 

24 

53 

26 

54 

26 

54 

26 

56 

27 

84 

49 

24 

50 

24 

53 

26 

55 

27 

55 

26 

56 

27 

85 

50 

24 

51 

25 

54 

26 

56 

27 

55 

26 

57 

27 

86 

51 

25 

51 

25 

55 

26 

56 

27 

56 

27 

58 

28 

87 

51 

25 

52 

25 

55 

27 

57 

28 

57 

27 

58 

28 

88 

52 

25 

53 

25 

56 

27 

58 

28 

57 

27 

59 

28 

89 

52 

26 

53 

26 

57 

27 

58 

28 

58 

28 

60 

28 

90 

53 

26 

54 

26 

57 

28 

59 

28 

59 

28 

60 

29 

91 

54 

26 

54 

26 

58 

28 

60 

29 

59 

28 

61 

29 

92 

54 

26 

55 

27 

58 

28 

60 

29 

60 

29 

62 

29 

93 

55 

27 

56 

27 

59 

29 

61 

29 

61 

29 

62 

30 

94 

55 

27 

56 

27 

60 

29 

61 

30 

61 

29 

63 

30 

95 

56 

27 

57 

27 

60 

29 

62 

30 

62 

30 

64 

30 

96 

56 

27 

57 

28 

61 

29 

63 

30 

62 

30 

64 

31 

97 

57 

28 

58 

28 

62 

30 

63 

31 

63 

30 

65 

31 

98 

58 

28 

59 

28 

62 

30 

64 

31 

64 

30 

66 

31 

[99 

58 

28 

59 

29 

63 

30 

65 

31 

64 

31 

66 

32 











346 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Table 89 (Continued) 

Quantity of Tin for Roofs 


Plat Seam 

Surface - 

of Roof Edged Edged 

to be % In. % In. 

Covered - - 


Standing Seam 


Single Lock 
$4-In. Seam 



14 x20 

20x28 

14x20 

20x28 

14x20 

20.x 28 

Sq. Ft. 

B. 

S. 

B. 

S. 

B. 

S. 

B. 

S. 

B. 

S. 

B. 

S. 

100 

0 

59 

0 

29 

0 

60 

0 

29 

0 

64 

0 

31 

200 

1 

5 

0 

57 

1 

7 

0 

57 

1 

15 

0 

61 

300 

1 

63 

0 

85 

1 

66 

0 

86 

1 

78 

0 

91 

400 

2 

10 

1 

1 

2 

14 

1 

2 

2 

29 

1 

9 

500 

2 

68 

1 

29 

2 

73 

1 

30 

2 

92 

1 

39 

600 

3 

14 

1 

57 

3 

20 

1 

59 

3 

43 

1 

70 

700 

3 

73 

1 

85 

3 

79 

1 

87 

3 

106 

1 

100 

800 

4 

19 

2 

1 

4 

27 

2 

3 

4 

57 

2 

18 

IKK) 

4 

77 

2 

29 

4 

86 

2 

32 

5 

8 

2 

48 

1000 

5 

23 

2 

57 

5 

33 

2 

60 

5 

71 

2 

78 

11(K) 

5 

82 

2 

85 

5 

92 

2 

89 

6 

22 

2 

109 

1200 

6 

28 

3 

1 

6 

40 

3 

5 

6 

85 

3 

27 

13(K) 

6 

86 

3 

29 

6 

99 

3 

34 

7 

36 

3 

57 

1400 

7 

33 

3 

57 

7 

46 

3 

62 

7 

99 

3 

87 

1500 

7 

91 

3 

86 

7 

105 

3 

90 

8 

50 

4 

5 

1600 

8 

37 

4 

2 

8 

53 

4 

7 

9 

1 

4 

35 

1700 

8 

96 

4 

30 

9 

0 

4 

35 

9 

64 

4 

66 

1800 

9 

42 

4 

58 

9 

59 

4 

63 

10 

IT) 

4 

96 

1900 

9 

100 

4 

86 

10 

0 

4 

92 

10 

78 

5 

14 

2000 

10 

46 

5 

2 

10 

66 

5 

8 

11 

29 

5 

44 

2100 

10 

105 

5 

30 

11 

13 

5 

37 

11 

92 

5 

74 

2200 

11 

52 

5 

58 

11 

72 

5 

65 

12 

43 

5 

105 

2300 

11 

110 

5 

86 

12 

19 

5 

93 

12 

106 

6 

23 

2400 

12 

30 

6 

2 

12 

79 

6 

10 

13 

57 

6 

53 

25(K) 

13 

2 

0 

30 

13 

26 

6 

38 

14 

8 

6 

83 

26(H) 

13 

60 

6 

58 

13 

85 

6 

67 

14 

71 

7 

1 

2700 

14 

7 

6 

86 

14 

32 

6 

95 

15 

22 

7 

32 

28(H) 

14 

65 

7 

2 

14 

92 

7 

11 

15 

85 

7 

62 

21HH) 

15 

11 

7 

31 

15 

39 

7 

40 

16 

36 

7 

92 

3000 

15 

69 

7 

59 

15 

98 

7 

68 

16 

99 

8 

10 

3100 

16 

10 

7 

87 

16 

45 

7 

97 

17 

50 

8 

lo 

32(H) 

16 

74 

8 

3 

16 

105 

8 

13 

18 

1 

8 

70 

3300 

17 

20 

8 

31 

17 

52 

8 

41 

18 

64 

8 

101 

3400 

17 

78 

8 

59 

17 

111 

8 

70 

19 

15 

9 

19 

3.500 

18 

25 

8 

87 

18 

58 

8 

98 

19 

78 

9 

49 

3600 

18 

S3 

9 

3 

19 

6 

9 

14 

20 

29 

9 

79 

3700 

19 

30 

9 

31 

19 

65 

9 

43 

20 

92 

9 

109 

38(H) 

19 

88 

9 

59 

20 

12 

9 

71 

21 

13 

10 

28 

39(H) 

20 

35 

9 

87 

20 

71 

9 

100 

21 

106 

10 

58 

40(H) 

20 

92 

10 

3 

21 

19 

10 

16 

22 

57 

10 

88 

4100 

21 

39 

10 

31 

21 

78 

10 

44 

23 

8 

11 

6 

42(H) 

21 

97 

10 

59 

22 

25 

10 

73 

23 

71 

11 

36 

43(H) 

22 

44 

10 

88 

22 

85 

10 

101 

24 

22 

11 

67 

4400 

22 

102 

11 

4 

23 

S3 

11 

18 

24 

85 

11 

97 

4.500 

23 

48 

11 

32 

23 

91 

11 

46 

25 

36 

12 

15 

4680 

23 

107 

11 

60 

24 

38 

11 

74 

25 

99 

12 

45 

4700 

24 

53 

11 

85 

24 

98 

11 

103 

26 

50 

12 

75 

4800 

24 

111 

12 

4 

25 

45 

12 

19 

27 

1 

12 

105 

4900 

25 

57 

12 

37 

25 

104 

12 

48 

27 

64 

13 

24 

5000 

26 

4 

12 

60 

26 

51 

12 

76 

28 

15 

13 

5 1 

6000 

31 

27 

15. 

5 

31 

84 

15 

24 

33 

85 

16 

20 

7000 

36 

50 

17 

62 

37 

4 

17 

84 

39 

43 

18 

98 

8000 

41 

73 

20 

7 

42 

37 

20 

32 

45 

1 

21 

63 

9000 

46 

95 

22 

65 

47 

70 

22 

91 

50 

72 

24 

29 

10000 

52 

6 

25 

8 

52 

102 

25 

39 

56 

30 

26 

!9* 








of Rc 

to b 

Cove 

Sq. F 

100 

200 

300 

400. 

500 

600 

700 

800 

900 

1000 

1100 

1200 

1300 

1400 

1500 

1600 

1700 

1800 

1900 

2000 

2100 

2200 

2300 

2400 

2500 

2600 

2700 

2800 

2900 

3000 

3100 

3200 

3300 

3400 

3500 

3600 

3700 

3800 

3900 

4000 

4100 

4200 

4300 

4400 

4500 

10 < >0 

4700 

4800 

4900 

5000 

6000 

7000 

8900 

9000 

10000 


USEFUL TABLES 


347 


Table 89 (Continued) 

Quantity of Tin for Roofs 

Standing Sean 

Single Lock Double Lock 


1-In. Seam j^-In. Seam 1-In. Seam 


14 x 20 

20x28 

14 x 20 

20 x 28 

14x20 

20x28 

B. 

S. 

B. 

S. 

B. 

S. 

B. 

S. 

B. 

S. 

B. 

S. 

0 

65 

0 

32 

0 

65 

0 

31 

0 

67 

0 

32 

1 

18 

0 

63 

1 

18 

0 

62 

1 

21 

0 

63 

1 

83 

0 

94 

1 

82 

0 

92 

1 

88 

0 

95 

2 

36 

1 

13 

2 

35 

1 

11 

2 

42 

1 

14 

2 

101 

1 

44 

2 

99 

1 

41 

2 

109 

1 

46 

2 

54 

1 

75 

3 

52 

1 

72 

3 

63 

1 

77 

4 

6 

1 

106 

4 

5 

1 

102 

4 

18 

1 

108 

4 

71 

2 

25 

4 

69 

2 

21 

4 

84 

2 

28 

5 

24 

2 

56 

5 

22 

2 

51 

5 

39 

2 

59 

5 

89 

2 

87 

5 

86 

2 

82 

5 

105 

2 

91 

6 

42 

3 

6 

6 

39 

3 

0 

6 

59 

3 

10 

6 

107 

3 

37 

6 

103 

3 

31 

7 

14 

3 

42 

7 

59 

3 

68 

7 

56 

3 

62 

7 

80 

3 

73 

8 

12 

3 

99 

8 

9 

3 

92 

8 

39 

3 

104 

8 

77 

4 

18 

8 

73 

4 

11 

8 

101 

4 

24 

9 

30 

4 

49 

9 

26 

4 

41 

9 

56 

4 

55 

9 

95 

4 

81 

9 

90 

4 

72 

10 

10 

4 

87 

10 

48 

5 

0 

10 

43 

4 

102 

10 

77 

5 

& 

11 

0 

5 

31 

10 

108 

5 

21 

11 

31 

5 

38 

11 

65 

5 

62 

11 

60 

5 

51 

11 

97 

5 

69 

12 

18 

5 

93 

12 

13 

5 

82 

12 

52 

5 

100 

12 

83 

6 

12 

12 

77 

6 

0 

13 

6 

6 

20 

13 

36 

6 

43 

13 

30 

6 

31 

13 

73 

6 

51 

13 

101 

6 

74 

13 

94 

6 

61 

14 

27 

6 

83 

14 

53 

6 

105 

14 

47 

6 

92 

14 

94 

7 

2 

15 

6 

7 

24 • 

15 

0 

7 

11 

15 

48 

7 

34 

15 

71 

7 

55 

15 

64 

7 

41 

16 

3 

7 

65 

16 

24 

7 

S6 

16 

17 

7 

72 

16 

69 

7 

96 

16 

89 

8 

5 

16 

81 

7 

102 

17 

24 

8 

16 

17 

42 

8 

36 

17 

34 

8 

21 

17 

90 

8 

47 

17 

106 

8 

67 

17 

98 

8 

51 

18 

44 

8 

79 

18 

59 

8 

98 

18 

51 

8 

82 

IS 

lllv 

8 

110 

19 

12 

9 

18 

19 

4 

9 

0 

19 

65 

9 

30 

19 

77 

9 

49 

19 

68 

9 

31 

20 

20 

9 

61 

20 

30 

9 

80 

20 

21 

9 

61 

20 

86 

9 

92 

20 

95 

9 

111 

20 

85 

9 

92 

21 

41 

10 

12 

21 

48 

10 

30 

21 

38 

10 

11 

21 

107 

10 

43 

22 

0 

10 

61 

21 

103 

10 

41 

22 

62 

10 

75 

22 

65 

10 

92 

22 

55 

10 

72 

23 

16 

10 

106 

23 

18 

11 

11 

23 

8 

10 

102 

23 

82 

11 

26 

23 

83 

11 

42 

23 

72 

11 

21 

24 

37 

11 

57 

24 

36 

11 

73 

24 

25 

11 

51 

24 

103 

11 

88 

24 

101 

11 

104 

24 

89 

11 

82 

25 

58 

12 

8 

25 

53 

12 

23 

25 

42 

12 

0 

26 

12 

12 

39 

26 

6 

12 

54 

25 

107 

12 

31 

26 

79 

12 

71 

26 

71 

12 

85 

26 

59 

12 

61 

27 

33 

12 

102 

27 

24 

13 

4 

27 

12 

12 

92 

27 

100 

13 

22 

27 

89 

13 

35 

27 

76 

?3 

10 

28 

54 

13 

53 

28 

42 

13 

67 

28 

29 

13 

41 

29 

9 

13 

84 

28 

106 

13 

98 

28 

93 

13 

72 

29 

75 

14 

4 

34 

83 

16 

72 

34 

67 

16 

41 

35 

67 

16 

94 

40 

59 

19 

47 

40 

41 

19 

10 

41 

60 

19 

72 

46 

36 

22 

21 

46 

15 

21 

92 

47 

52 

22 

51 

52 

12 

24 

108 

51 

101 

24 

61 

53 

45 

25 

29 

57 

100 

27 

83 

57 

74 

27 

31 

59 

37 

28 

7 









348 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Basis of Calculation 
Flat Scams 

One table is calculated on a basis of J^-inch edges on 
14 x 20 and 20 x 28 sheets, consuming about 1 inch, cover¬ 
ing a space 13 x 19 and 19x27 inches and exposing a sur¬ 
face of 247 and 513 square inches respectively. 

The other table is calculated on a basis of 34-inch edges 
on 14x20 and 20x28 sheets, consuming 1 % inches, cov¬ 
ering a space 12^ x 1874 and i 874 x 261 /$ inches and ex¬ 
posing a surface of 243 1/64 and 507 17/64 square inches 
respectively. 


Standing Seam, Single Lock 

This table is calculated on the basis of 34-inch single 
lock cross seams, consuming 1 % inches of tin and cover¬ 
ing 228 17/32 square inches when edged 1 and inches 
and giving a finished seam ^-inch high, and covering 
222 3/32 square inches when edged 1 % and inches 
and giving a finished seam 1 inch high, with 14 x 20 tin. 
With 20x28 tin edged in the same way with a ^-inch 
finished seam 477 1/32 square inches are covered, and 
with a i-inch finished seam 463 19/32 square inches are 
covered. 


Standing Seam, Double Lock 

This table is calculated on the basis of the amount of 
tin consumed by double lock machines, which is 1 7/16 
inches by measurement for cross seams and covering 
222 63/64 square inches when edged 1 and iJ4 inches and 
giving a finished seam 34 inch high, and covering 216 - 
45/64 square inches when edged 1 *4 and 1 J4 inches, giv¬ 
ing a finished seam 1 inch high, with 14 x 20 tin. With 
20x28 tin edged in the same way with a ^-inch finished 
seam 471 31/64 square inches are covered, and with a 
1-inch finished seam 458 13/64 square inches are covered. 


USEFUL TABLES 


349 


Directions for Use 

Look for the number of squares nearest the required 
surface. Note the quantity of tin opposite in the column 
for the kind of roof to be put on, whether it be Y\ inch 
or inch Flat Seam or y inch or i inch Standing Seam, 
Single Lock or Double Lock, and set down the amount. 
Then, in the same manner, determine the quantity of tin 
for the odd feet and add this to the former amount. 
Reduce the sheets to boxes by dividing by 112. 

Flat Seam Example 

How much 14x20 tin edged Ft inch covering 13x19 
will be required to cover a roof of 4,665 square feet Flat 
Seam? 

First look for 4,600 square feet (=46 squares) and 
set down the quantity opposite, thus: 

23 boxes 107 sheets 

Then for 65 square feet and set down.. 38 sheets 

Making a total of.23 boxes T45 sheets 

which is equal to 24 boxes 33 Sheets. 

Single Lock Standing Seam Example 

How much 14 x 20 tin will be required to cover a roof 
of 3,752 square feet with single lock cross seams and 1- 
inch standing seams? 

First look for 3,700 square feet (=37 squares) and set 
down the quantity opposite, thus: 

21 boxes 48 sheets 

Then for 52 square feet and set down.. 34 sheets 

Making a total of. 21 boxes 82 sheets 

Double Lock Standing Seam Example 

How much 20x28 tin will be required to cover a roof 
of 2,987 square feet with double lock cross seams and 
y-mch standing seams? 






350 * THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

First look for 2,900 square feet (=29 squares) and set 
down the quantity opposite, thus: 

7 boxes 102 sheets 

Then look for 87 square feet and set 
down . • 27 sheets 


Making a total of. 7 boxes 129 sheets 

Dividing 129 by 112, they are found to be equal to 1 
box and 17 sheets, which added to 7 boxes 
.give a total of.8 boxes 17 sheets 


Table 90 


Weight of Sheet Copper 


Stubs' 

Gauge 

Nearest 

No. 

Thickness 
in Decimal 
Parts of 

1 Inch 

Oz. 

Per 

Sq. Ft. 

Sheets 
14 x 48, 
Weight 
in Lbs. 

Sheets 
24 x 48. 
Weight 
in Lbs. 

Sheets 
30 x 00, 
Weight 
in Lbs. 

Sheets 
36 x 72. 
Weight 
in Lbs. 

Sheets 
48 x 72. 
Weight 
in Lbs. 

35 

.00537 

4 

1.10 

2 

3.12 

4.50 

6 

33 

.00800 

G 

1.75 

3 

4.08 

6.75 

9 

31 

.0107 

8 

2.03 

4 

0.25 

9 

12 

29 

.0134 

10 

2 91 

5 

7.81 

11.25 

15 

27 

.0101 

12 

3.50 

0 

9.37 

13 50 

18 

26 

.0188 

14 

4.08 

7 

10.93 

15.75 

21 

24 

.0215 

16 

4.66 

8 

12.50 

18 

24 

23 

.0242 

18 

5.25 

9 

14.06 

20.25 

27 

22 

. 02C>9 

20 

5.83 

10 

15.62 

22.50 

30 

21 

.0322 

24 

7 

12 

18.75 

27 

36 

19 

.0430 

32 

9.33 

10 

25 

36 

48 

18 

.0538 

40 

11.60 

20 

31.25 

45 

00 

16 

.0645 

48 

14 

24 

37.50 

54 

72 

15 

.0754 

56 

10.33 

28 

43.75 

03 

84 

14 

.0800 

64 

18.06 

32 

50 

72 

96 

13 

.095 

70 


35 

55 

79 

105 

12 

.109 

81 


404 

63 

91 

122 

11 

.120 

89 


444 

70 

100 

134 

10 

.134 

100 


50 

78 

112 

150 

9 

.148 

110 


55 

80 

124 

165 

8 

.105 

123 


01 

96 

•138 

184 

7 

.180 

134 


• 07 

105 

151 

201 

6 

.203 

151 


754 

118 

170 

227 

5 

.220 

104 


82 

128 

134 

246 

4 

.238 

177 


884 

138 

199 

206 

3 

.259 

193 


90 

151 

217 

289 

2 

.284 

211 


1054 

105 

238 

317 

1 

.300 

223 


1114 

174 

251 

335 

0 

.340 

253 


1204 

198 

285 

380 


Official table adopted by the Association of Copper Manufacturers 
of the United States. 


Rolled copper has specific gravity of 8.93. One cubic foot 
weighs 558 ltt /io«o pounds. One square foot, of 1 inch thick, weighs 
46“ i» pounds. 





















USEFUL TABLES 351 

Table 91 

Tin in Rolls, or Gutter-Strips 


Number of sheets required per linear foot for 20 and 28-inch widths 


. Widths Widths Widths Widths 

Feet- Feet - Feet - Feet —;- 



20 

28 


20 

28 


20 

28 


20 

28 

1 

1 

1 

35 

16 

23 

69 

31 

44 

200 

89 

128 

2 

1 

2 

36 

16 

23 

70 

32 

45 

300 

134 

192 

3 

2 

2 

37 

17 

24 

71 

32 

45 

400 

178 

256 

4 

2 

3 

38 

17 

24 

72 

32 

46 

500 

223 

320 

5 

3 

4 

39 

18 

25 

73 

33 

47 

600 

267 

384 

6 

3 

4 

40 

18 

26 

74 

33 

47 

700 

312 

444 

7 

4 

5 

41 

19 

27 

75 

34 

48 

800 

356 

512 

8 

4 

5 

42 

19 

27 

76 

34 

48 

900 

401 

576 

9 

4 

6 

43 

20 

28 

77 

35 

49 

1.000 

445 

640 

10 

5 

7 

44 

20 

28 

78 

35 

50 

1,100 

495 

704 

11 

5 

7 

45 

20 

29 

79 

36 

50 

1,200 

540 

768 

12 

6 

8 

46 

21 

29 

80 

36 

51 

1,300 

585 

832 

13 

6 

9 

47 

21 

30 

81 

36 

52 

1,400 

630 

896 

14 

7 

9 

48 

22 

31 

82 

37 

52 

1,500 

675 

960 

15 

7 

10 

49 

22 

31 

83 

37 

5: 

1,600 

720 

1,024 

16 

8 

11 

50 

23 

32 

84 

38 

54 

1,700 

765 

1,088 

17 

8 

11 

51 

23 

33 

85 

38 

54 

1,800 

810 

1,152 

18 

8 

12 

52 

24 

33 

86 

39 

55 

1,900 

855 

1,216 

19 

9 

12 

53 

24 

34 

87 

39 

55 

2,000 

900 

1,280 

20 

9 

13 

54 

24 

34 

88 

40 

56 

2,100 

945 

1,344 

21 

10 

14 

55 

25 

35 

89 

40 

57 

2,200 

900 

1,408 

22 

10 

14 

56 

25 

36 

90 

40 

57 

2,300 

1,035 

1,472 

23 

11 

15 

57 

26 

36 

91 

41 

58 

2,400 

1,080 

1,536 

24 

11 

16 

58 

26 

37 

92 

41 

59 

2,500 

1,135 

1,600 

25 

12 

16 

59 

27 

38 

93 

42 

59 

2,600 

1,170 

1,664 

26 

12 

17 

60 

27 

38 

94 

42 

60 

2,700 

1,215 

1,738 

27 

12 

18 

61 

28 

39 

95 

43 

61 

2,800 

1,260 

1,792 

28 

13 

18 

62 

28 

40 

96 

43 

62 

2,900 

1,305 

1,856 

29 

13 

19 

63 

28 

40 

97 

44 

62 

3,000 

1,350 

1,920 

30 

14 

19 

64 

29 

41 

98 

44 

63 

3,100 

1,395 

1,9,84 

31 

14 

20 

65 

29 

41 

99 

44 

04 

3,200 

1,440 

2,048 

32 

15 

21 

66 

30 

42 

100 

45 

04 

3,300 

1,485 

2,112 

33 

15 

21 

67 

30 

43 




3,400 

1,530 

2,176 

34 

16 

22 

68 

31 

43 

• • 

• • 

. • 

3,500 

1,575 

2,240 


ii 2 sheets in 28 -in. roll cover 175 lin. ft. 

112 sheets in 20 -in. roll cover 248 lin. ft. 

112 sheets in 14 -in. roll cover 350 lin. ft. 

112 sheets in 10 -in. roll cover 496 lin. ft. 

This table enables tin roofers to tell how many sheets 
to lock together to cover any desired length. For exam¬ 
ple : How many 20 x 28-inch sheets shall be locked to¬ 
gether to “knock out” a gutter strip 65 feet long, 28 inches 
wide. 

Now, if the strip is to be 28 inches wide it means that 

the sheets are to be edged on the 28-inch sides so that 

from turned edge to turned edge will be approximately 
19 inches and it will then take 41 times this dimension to 
make 65 feet; so referring to first column locate 65 feet. 







352 THE NEW TINSMITH'S HELPER 

read across to column under 28-inch width and find 41, 
meaning 41 sheets are required. Supposing the strip is 
to be 20 inches wide, which would mean that the edges 
are to be turned on the 20-inch sides, so that there will 
be about 27 inches from turned edge to turned edge and 
the 20-inch wide column directs that 29 sheets be locked 
together for 65 feet length. 


Table 92 

Approximate Weight Per Lineal Foot of Rectan¬ 
gular or Flat Copper and Brass Bars 

Size. Copper Brass Size. Copper Brass 

Inch Lbs. Lbs. Inch Lbs. Lbs. 


A 

X 

X 

.12 

.114 

A 

X 

2 

1.44 

1 

.368 

A 

X 

X 

.15 

.142 

X 

X 

X 

.48 


.4.50 

A 

X 

X 

.18 

.171 

X 

X 

X. 

.60 


.570 

A 

X 

X 

.21 

.199 

X 

X 

X 

.72 


.684 

A 

X 

1 

.24 

.228 

X 

X 

X 

.84 


.798 

A 

X 

ix 

.30 

.285 

X 

X 

1 

.97 


.921 

A 

X 

IX 

.36 

.342 

X 

X 

IX 

1.20 

1 

.140 

X 

X 

X 

.24 

.228 

X 

X 

ix 

1.44 

1 

368 

X 

X 

-x 

.30 

.285 

X 

X 

IX 

1.68 

1 

.596 

X 

X 

X 

.36 

.342 

X 

X 

2 

1.93 

1 

.833 

x 

X 

X 

.42 

.399 

X 

X 

1 

1.44 

1 

.368 

x 

X 

1 

.48 

.456 

X 

X 

IX 

1.80 

1 

.710 

x 

X 

ix 

.60 

.570 

X 

X 

IX 

2.16 

2 

.052 

X 

X 

1 X 

.72 

.684 

X 

X 

1 X 

2.52 

2 

.394 

X 

X 

1H 

.84 

.798 

H 

X 

2 

2.88 

2 

736 

X 

X 

2 

.96 

.912 

X 

X 

2X 

3.24 

3 

.078 

A 

X 

X 

.36 

.342 

X 

X 

2X 

3.60 

3 

.420 

A 

X 

% 

.45 

.427 

X 

X 

1 

1.93 

1 

.833 

A 

X 

X 

.54 

.513 

X 

X 

ix 

2.41 

2 

.289 

A 

X 

X 

.63 

.598 

X 

X 

1 X. 

2.89 

2 

.745 

A 

X 

1 

.72 

.684 

X 

X 

1 X 

3.37 

3 

.201 

A 

X 

IX 

.90 

.855 

X 

X 

2 

3.86 

3 

.667 

A 

X 

IX 

1.08 

1.026 

V.2 

X 

2X 

4.34 

4 

.123 

A 

X 

ix 

1.26 

1.197 

X 

X 

2X 

4.82 

4 

.579 


Table 93 

Number of Flat Head Copper Rivets to Pound 

Length Measured Under Head 

Diameter of Shank-—-- 

H l IH 1H IX 2 


X . 48 36 32 36 

ft . 26 24 21 17 

H. 17 15 13 12 16 

4. 9 8 7 6 5 









USEFUL TABLES 


353 


Weight Per Foot of Lead Pipe 


Inside 

AAA 

AA 

A 


B 


C 


E 

) 

E 


Diam- 

Brook- 

Ex. 







Ex. 

Foun- 

eter, 

lyn 

Strong 

Strong 

Medium 

Light 

Light 

tain 

Inches 

Lb. 

Oz. 

Lb. 

Oz. 

Lb. 

Oz. 

Lb. 

Oz. 

Lb. 

Oz. 

Lb. 

Oz. 

Lb. 

Oz. 

H 

1 

12 

1 

8 

1 

4 

1 

0 

0 

12 

0 

10 

1 

7 

A 







1 

0 

0 

13 





K 

3 

0 

2 

0 

i 

12 

1 

4 

1 

0 

0 

12 

0 

9 

Vs 

3 

8 

2 

12 

2 

8 

2 

0 

1 

8 

1 

0 

0 

12 

H 

4 

12 

3 

8 

3 

0 

2 

4 

1 

12 

1 

4 

1 

0 

1 

6 

0 

4 

12 

4 

0 

3 

4 

2 

8 

2 

0 

1 

8 

IK 

IK 

6 

12 

5 

12 

4 

12 

3 

12 

3 

0 

2 

8 

2 

0 

8 

8 

7 

8 

6 

8 

5 

0 

4 

4 

3 

8 

3 

0 

IK 

10 

0 

8 

8 

7 

0 

6 

0 

5 

0 

4 

0 

0 

0 

2 

11 

12 

9 

0 

8 

0 

7 

0 

6 

0 

4 

12 

• • 

• • 


Tx\ble 94 

Weight of Tiles 

Flat tiles 6 Y\ X io l / 2 X H in * weigh from 1,480 
to 1,850 lb. per square of roof (100 square feet), 
the lap being one-half the length of the tile. 

Tiles with grooves and fillets weigh from 740 to 
925 lbs. per square of roof. 

Pan-tiles 14 y 2 X laid 10 in. to the weather 
weigh 850 lbs. per square. 

Sheet-Metal Tiles. Roofing-tiles stamped from 
sheet steel, plain or galvanized, and also from sheet 
copper, in imitation of clay tiles, are made by sev¬ 
eral manufacturers and have been extensively used 
for factories and buildings of secondary import¬ 
ance. The first cost of these tiles, except those 
made of copper, is much less than that of clay tiles 
and they do not require as heavy roof-framing. 
Tin or galvanized-iron tiles, however, must be 
painted every few years, so that for a long period 
of years they probably cost as much as clay tiles 
and more than slate. 





354 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

Table 95 

Approximate Weight of Roof Coverings Per 
Square in Pounds 

Weight in 

Material Lbs. per Square 

of Roof 


Ash sheathing, 1 inch thick. 500 

Chestnut sheathing, 1 inch thick. 400 

Copper, 16 ounce, standing seam. 150 

Felt and asphalt, without sheathing. 150 

Felt and gravel, without sheathing. 800 to 1000 

Glass with skylight frame fa inch to inch thick 250 to 700 

Hemlock sheathing, 1 inch thick. 200 

Iron, corrugated, No. 20, without sheathing. 250 

Iron, galvanized, flat. 100 to 350 

Lath and plaster ceiling (ordinary). 600 to 800 

La a al - nut 1 £ inch thick. 600 to 800 

Maple sheathing, 1 inch thick. 400 

Mackite, 1 inch thick, with plaster. 1000 

Neponset roofing felt, 2 layers. 50 

Oak sheathing, 1 inch thick. 500 

Slate, inch thick. 900 

Slate, -^5 inch thick. 675 

Slate, } s inch thick. 450 

Shingles, 6 inches X 18 inches, 6 inches to the weather 200 

Sheet iron, fa inch thick. 300 

Sheet iron, fa inch thick, with laths. 400 

Spruce sheathing, 1 inch thick. 250 

Slag roofing, four-ply. 400 

Tiles (plain) 10 }^ inches X 6 J 4 inches X % inches, 5 ^£ 

inches to weather. 1800 

Tiles (Spanish) 14 }^ inches X 10 }^ inches, 7 J^ inches to 

weather. 850 

Tiles, plain with mortar. 2000 to 3000 

Teme plate (tin), IC, without sheathing. 50 

Teme plate (tin), IX, without sheathing. .. f . 65 

White pine sheathing, 1 inch thick. 250 

Yellow pine sheathing, 1 inch thick. 400 


Weight of Metal Shingles 

Metal shingles weigh from So to 90 pounds per 
square of 100 feet, depending on the shape of the 
shingle and the weight of the metal. 































USEFUL TABLES 


355 


Table 96 


Number of Slates, and Pounds of Nails to 100 
Square Feet of Roof 3-inch Lap 


Exposed Number to Weights of Gal 

Sizes of Slates When Laid a Square vanized Nails 


Inches 

Inches 


Lb. 

Oz. 

14 X 24 

10 'A 

98 


1 

6 

12 X 24 

10 M 

115 


1 

10 

12 X 22 

9 ^ 

126 


1 

12 

11 X 22 

9 X 

138 


1 

15 

11 X 20 

8 M 

155 


2 

0 

10 X 20 

m 

170 


2 

6 

12 X 18 

1V2 

160 


1 

13 

10 X 18 

7 H 

192 


2 

3 

9 X 18 

7 H 

214 


2 

7 

12 X 16 

6 M 

185 


2 

2 

10 X 16 

ey 2 

222 


2 

8 

9 X 16 

6 'A 

247 


3 

0 

8 X 16 

ey 

277 

3 d\ 

3 

9 

A 

10 X 14 

5'A 

202 


3 

0 

8 X 14 

5322 

328 


3 

12 

7 X 14 

5H 

375 


4 

4 

8 X 12 

43^ 

400 


4 

9 

7 X 12 

4H 

457 


5 

3 

6 X 12 

4322 

534 


[e 

1 


Table 

97 




Weight of Slate Per Square of 

Roof in 

Pounds 

Length 

Thickness of Slate, Inches 



Slate, In. X A 

X Vs 

X 

X H 

1 


12 

483 

724 

14 

460 

688 

16 

445 

067 

18 

434 

650 

20 

425 

637 

22 

418 

626 

24 

412 

617 

26 

407 

610 

(1 ru. 

ft. slate = 


907 

920 

890 

809 

851 

830 

S25 

815 


1450 

1379 

1330 

1303 

1276 

1254 

1238 

1222 


1930 

1842 

1784 

1740 

17(44 

1075 

1053 

1031 


2419 

2301 

2229 

2174 

2129 

2093 

2000 

2039 


2902 

2700 

2070 

2007 

2553 

2508 

2478 

2445 


3872 

3083 

3507 

3480 

3408 

3350 

3300 

3203 


5 lbs.) The cost of slate varies with the size, 
color ana quality. me medium sizes cost the most, and those of 
the larger and smaller sizes the least. Special prices are quoted for 
special sizes. The larger sizes make the cheapest roofs. Led slates 
cost from 60 to 150 %) more than black slates. The green slates are 
more expensive than the black with the exception of the Maine and 
Peach Bottom varieties. 










350 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Table 98 

Sizes of Tinware in the Form of Frustum of a 

Cone 


Pans 

Di&m. Diam. 
of Top of Bot. Height 

194 in. 13 in. 8 in. 

18 “ 114 “ «4 

9 H ‘ 64 

11 “ 4H 

9 “ 4 

6 * 34 

54 * 2H 

4 - 24 

74 ‘ 1 H 


Dish Kettles and Pails 



Druggists’ and Liquor 
Dealers’ Measures 

Diam. Diam. 

Size of Top of Bot. Height 
5 gal. 8 in. 134 in. 124 in 
7 ‘ 114 * 10 ' 

« “ H>4 * “ 

3 4 * “ 

3 h : 


3 

2 “ 

1 “ 

4“ 

1 qt. 2 
1 pt. 2 

4 • i h 



Measures 


Size 
14 qt. 
10 ■ 
6 ■ 
2 ‘ 


Diam. 

Diam. 





Diam. 

Diam. 


of Top 

of Bot. 

Height 

Size 

of Top 

of Bot. 

Height 

13 in. 

9 

in. 

9 

in. 

1 

gal. 

54 in* 

6 4 in. 

9 4 in. 

114 ‘ 

7 

* • 

8 

m 

4 

. 

4 

44 ‘ 

8 

94 * 

54 

« 

64 

m 

1 

qt. 

34 “ 

4 * 

54 I 

64 • 

4 

m 

4 

m 

l 

pt. 

2*8 ‘ 

34 ! 

44 ‘ 





4 


24 • 

24 • 

34 • 


Coffee Pots 

Diam. Diam. 


Size 
1 gal. 
3 qt. 


of Top of Bot. Height Size of Top 

4 in. 7 in. 8 Vi in. 4 8*1- 64 in. 

34 • 6 * 84 “ 1 pt. 4)i ' 

Wash Bowls 


Dippers 

Diam. Diam. 

of Bot. Height 
4 in. 4 in. 

34 ‘ 2 H m 



Diam. 

Diam. 


Size 

of Top 

of Bot. 

Height 

Large wash bowl. 


54 in. 

5 in. 

Cullender.. 

. 11 

54 * 

5 

Small wash bowl. 

. 94 * 

54 “ 

34 “ 

Milk strainer. 

. 94 “ 

54 “ 

34 “ 


Table 99 

Dimensions for Liquid Measures 

1 Pint 1 Quart 1 Gallon 2 Gallon 3 Gallon 5 Gallon 


Piam. of top, inches... 2 24 

Diam. of bottom, inches 4 5 Y% 

Height, inches. 4 4 4 

A gill contains 7.22 cu. in. 

A quart contains 57.75 cu. in. 


34 6 

8 4 104 

74 8 H 


7 

HH 

104 


8 

134 

124 


A pint contains 28.87 cu. in. 
A gallon contains 231 cu. in. 










Thickness and Weights of Sheet Zinc 


USEFUL TABLES 


357 


N- 


« 

CO 


N 

• 



CO 

• 

H 

8 

8 

N 


© 


CO 

• 


M 

o 

O 

o 

f- 

C* 


© 


M 

• 


© 

© 

o 

M 

8 


M 


GO 

8 

SO 

© 

H 

• 

© 


M 



h- 

00 

8 

H 

. 

© 


r—l 

• 


00 

© 

16 

© 

3 



• 


o 

o 

IO 

25 

T 

H 

• 

© 



• 


SO 

© 

T* 

CO 

co 

H 

f^ 

© 


o 

M 

eo 

M 

© 

H 

• 

© 


H 

• 


SO 

00 


O 

M 

H 

. 

© 


H 

• 


o 


H 

© 

M 


• 

© 

O 

»o 

© 

H 


M 


• 

© 


r- 

00 

O 

© 



• 

© 

00 

o 

© 

© 

r-H 


• 

o 


M 

-*< 


© 



• 

© 

vo 

© 

M 


v—l 



© 

IO 


© 

co 



* 

O 


© 

00 


CO 

© 


OG 

M 


Ho 

MM 

W </i 
WA 
c/2<^ 

w-3 

H c 

r 

HH . 
i—i . 

w « 

H g 

i/S 

O b 

pi rt 

h2 


00 

in 

as 

N 

c/3 


MINOS OOOS M M O ^ lO 

NH'jOSBNOQHOodoO'I'SON 
•’fiOOiOOONOOONC'. »OSOSONO 

- 1-H i"H 

ID CS IO rH S N^HH IQN 

N'0 30PII09MNhOCNC'| i C!J)h 
'f^'fiOiOiOONOONOONCCOOCSHOS 

|H 

t- rs r— oo m ooscoofo^oscco 

OOfHIONKJNOHCNiflnMMO) 

COCO-'t<Tt<Tj<©©©t^©t-COt»-t'^00ast'- 

WNN'» 00 M N(OM»(0 

HTfOON'I'MidNON'fMMtt* 

nccMn^'i|i^iOtoioo>ooiONxo 

OS M (O H lO MifllONN HNOSMIO 

X'-iCCOXHtOOSiOXUICOCSMClNN 

NMMMW’f'Jl^lO'l'XOIOiOONCO 

M ^ © 00 NMOSIOX^'HS^O^OS 

CXONifiNOS'i'OMQXnNCSOO 

NNMMMnn^O'l'iO^OlOiONiS 

iOO^-^'^-^COeO^fO MM 00 

MOSCS^COiOOHSOSSOCOXNMrt^ 

MNMMMX«iiiiC01''1li|iT)MOiOL'S 

00 © M 00 © © SO i—< M CO COCO 

HM^tONCSHtOO'CSOXMNxds'J 

C'IMMM«MMM^ni'M'f'>f')'il3^ 

© © IOCOCSf'1'iOCOMNSXMN 

XOWniOCOXMCOHC-fXNMpH 

HNMMNNMnnnwnwwi'iSt 

OOCOO WOSMXs#HMX^O'f © 

O X OS H N M 1-0 X IM X M o’ 'f M X O C 
HHrtMMMNMWMWnMMMI'M 

t'- f-l Tt< t>- © Mrt<CO*H rl Tt< CO CO Cs 

'fCCt'XOOMOX’fXNCOnOSH 

HrtHHHOJNNININMMMINMnn 

C h h X OS OSCOCO H H X M X x ■i 1 

MX’Jl'OOXXH^fHTj'coiOiOXXN 
i—if—1»—if—if—if—If—IMMMMNMMMCOM 

lO-^MMr-i 00 MOHCOlO MOO 

O^MM'fil5iOXONOOSH-i-}iXM 
»—i *—l t—i f—I »—I ?—i i-H *—i M f—I M M M M M 

if MOSXtOfJiHHHS M M X >0 H ff 

CsOOHClMffOXiOXSOSXHiOO 

f— i^Hi— ii—if—if—I*—it—if-Hf—ii—if—if-«MMM 
fji r-1 x 1(5 M COffMHHfjiMXMiOX 
XCSasOHNNsfC'fOXNOOSMX 

f-Sf—If—I*—if—if—1»—if—If—1»—if—if—*MfH 

MCSXHNi)iOSiO.HM Tf CS CO f- 1-0 00 
NNXOSOsOOMTCM'fX’f'f 0.0 *0 

*-H H »-H *-H T—1 »— H * I 


CO © ■»* © ^ lOXHOHOOStC'fCSN 
COOt— C— OOCSOOMOMt—iMM^OCO 


MO WffiffXCS t» OS ifl O •# CS CS M 

lOiflOOOt'NXOXOSOSOOHMH 


MOOCOOOCOMf-H SOrfOMH 

r)if)ifjiiOK500NXNXt»XXCS'-'es 



t, s. os 

w o u 

*, ox 
tn 


& 


as 

u 

X 

C/2 


as 

N 

cH 


M M X N OS ffOOt^C- © ** 


-lii(5 0SXC5-ifS 
t—1»—it—if-^f—it— iMMM 


nomxxMso 

MMNMM(On« 


33333338838383883 

t—I H 

XXXXXXXXXXXKXXXX* 

fffiXOMfOOOOO’fCXXQN 


Casks average about 600 pounds each. No. 4 to No. 17. Boxes average about 500 pounds. No, 18 and heavier. 
























3oS 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

Table ioi 

Pine Shingles 


The figures below give the weight of shingles re¬ 
quired to cover one square of a common gable roof. 
For hip roofs add 5 per cent. 


Inches exposed to weather. 4 4 1 5 

Number of shingles per square of roof. .. 9<)0 800 

Weight of shingles per square, lb. 216 192 


5 5H 6 

720 655 600 

173 157 144 


Table 102 


Capacity of Cans One Inch Deep in U. S. Gallons 


Diam. 


VlO 

*/« 0 

*/*• 

4 /10 

V 10 

•/10 

7 /l0 

•In 

*/»• 

3 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.05 

4 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.06 

00 

.07 

.07 

.07 

.08 

5 

.08 

.08 

.08 

.08 

.09 

.10 

.10 

.11 

.11 

.11 

6 

.12 

.12 

.12 

.13 

.13 

.14 

.14 

.15 

.15 

.15 

7 

.16 

.17 

.17 

.18 

.18 

.19 

.19 

.20 

.20 

.21 

• 8 

.21 

.22 

.22 

.23 

.23 

.24 

.25 

.25 

.26 

.26 

9 

.27 

.28 

.28 

.29 

.30 

.30 

.31 

.31 

.32 

.33 

10 

.34 

.34 

.35 

.36 

.36 

.37 

.38 

.38 

.39 

.40 

11 

.41 

.41 

.42 

.43 

.44 

.44 

.45 

.46 

.47 

.48 

12 

.48 

.49 

.50 

.51 

.52 

.53 

.53 

.54 

.55 

.56 

IS 

.57 

.58 

.59 

.60 

.60 

.61 

.62 

.63 

.64 

.65 

14 

.66 

.67 

.68 

.69 

.70 

.71 

.72 

.73 

.74 

.75 

15 

.76 

.77 • 

.78 

.79 

.80 

.81 

.82 

.83 

.84 

.85 

16 

.87 

.88 

.89 

.90 

.91 

.92 

.93 

.94 

.95 

.97 

17 

.98 

99 

1.005 

1 M17 

1.028 

1.040 

1.051 

1.063 

1 071 

1 ms,; 

18 

1.101 

1.113 

1 135 

1.138 

1.150 

1.162 

1.170 

1.187 

1 200 

1.211 

19 

1.227 

1.240 

1.253 

1 206 

1 279 

1 292 

1 804 

1 317 

1 330 

1 34.3 

20 

1.360 

1.373 

1.385 

1 400 

1.414 

1 »2s 

1 Ml 

1 155 

1 478 

1 482 

21 

1 499 

1.513 

1.527 

1 542 

1.556 

1.570 

1 585 

i o-n 

1 612 

1 630 

22 

1 *15 

1 »;.v> 

1 075 

1 o-io 

1.705 

1.720 

1 785 

1 750 

1 770 

1 780 

23 

1.798 

1 814 

1 S30 

1.845 

1 861 

1 876 

1 S 9 2 

1 90S 

1 923 

1 940 

24 

1 958 

1.974 

1 991 

2 007 

2 023 

2.040 

2 056 

2 072 

2 096 

2.105 

25 

2 125 

2 142 

2 159 

2 176 

2 193 

2 120 

2 227 

2 244 

2 261 

2 280 

26 

2.298 

2 316 

2.333 

2 351 

2 .369 

2.386 

2.404 

2 422 

1.440 

2 460 

27 

2 478 

2 496 

2 515 

2 533 

2 552 

2 570 

2..588 

2 607 

2 625 

2 643 

28 

2 665 

2 684 

2 703 

2 722 

2 741 

2 764 

2 7 so 

2 800 

2 820 

2 836 

29 

2 859 

2 879 

2.898 

2 918 

2.938 

2 958 

2 977 

2 997 

3 017 

3 036 

30 

3 060 

3 080 

3 100 

3 121 

3.141 

3.162 

3 182 

3 202 

3 223 

3 245 

31 

3 267 

3 288 

3 309 

3 330 

t S51 

3 372 

3 393 

3 414 

3 436 

3 457 

32 

3 481 

3.503 

3 524 

3.543 

3 568 

3 590 

3 612 

3 633 

3 655 

3 589 

33 

3.702 

3 725 

3 747 

3.773 

3.795 

3.814 

3.837 

3 860 

3 882 

3.904 

34 

3.930 

3 953 

3 976 

4 003 

4 022 

4 045 

4 "70 

} n-12 

4 115 

4 140 

35 

4 165 

4 188 

4 212 

4 B6 

4 260 

4 284 

4 307 

4 331 

4 355 

4 380 

36 

1 ; 

4.430 

4 455 

4 483 

4.503 

4 588 

4 553 

4 577 

4 602 

4.626 

37 

4 654 

! 

1 7' 1 

4 730 

4 755 

4 780 

4 805 

1 8M 

4 855 

4 880 

39 

4 909 

• 

4 961 

4 987 

5 012 

5 088 

5 064 

5 090 

5 120 

5.142 

39 

5.171 

5 197 

5 224 

5 250 

5.277 

5 104 

5 330 

5.357 

5 383 

5 410 

40 

5.440 

5.467 

5 491 

5.521 

5.548 

5 576 

5 603 

5 630 

5 657 

5 684 




359 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

Weight of Skylight Glass 

The glass used in the majority of cases for sky¬ 
light work is either rough or ribbed skylight glass 
and can be had with or without the wire mesh. 
No two lists agree on the weights of this material, 
but the following table of Kidder’s is as correct 
as possible to make a table of weights, and will be 
found useful in computing the loads on skylight 
bars and the like. 

Thickness in inches. A s /ie A Z A A % % 1 

Weight in pounds. . 2 2 A 3 A 5 7 8 A 10 12 A 


Table 103 

Skylight Glass Required for One Square of Roof 


Dimensions, inches. 12 X 48 15 X 60 20 X 100 94 X 156 

Thickness, inches. & A % ha 

Area, square feet. 3.997 6.246 13.880 101.768 

Weight per square, lb. 250 350 500 700 


No allowance has been made in the above figures for lap. If ordinary 
window-glass is used, single thick glass (about inch) will weigh about 
82 lb. per square, and double thick glass (about % inch) will weigh about 
164 lb. per square, no allowance being made for lap. A box of ordinary 
window-glass contains as nearly 50 square feet as the size of the panes will 
admit. Panes of any size are made to order by the manufacturers, but a 
great variety of sizes are usually kept in stock, ranging from 6X8 inches 
to 36 X 60 inches. 


Table J04 


Angles of Roofs as Commonly Used 


Propor¬ 
tion of 
Rise to 
Span 

Angle 

Length of 
Rafter to 
Rise 

Propor¬ 
tion of 
Rise to 
Span 

Angle 

Length of 
Rafter to 
Rise 

Deg. 

Min. 

Deg. 

Min. 


45 


1.4142 

y* 

26 

34 

2.2361 

H 

1 

33 

4i 

• • 

1.8028 

V* 

21 

48 

2.6926 

2VT 

30 

• • 

2.0000 

V* 

18 

26 

3.1623 


1 












360 


THE NEW TINSMITH'S HELPER 


Table 105 

Approximate Weight of Chain 

Per box of 12 yds. (box included). 

JACK CHAIN 


Si ns is 

Double 

No. 

Iron. lb*. 

Brut. lb*. 

Iron. lb*. 

Dr***, lb*. 

| 





6 

8V» to 9*4 




7 

7*4 to 844 

744 to 844 



8 

5 ” to 544 

7 to 8 ' 



9 

4 to 44 

444 to 544 



10 

1 3>4 to 344 

3H to 4*4 



xi 

2*i to 2S 

244 to 3*4 



12 

2 to 214 

2 ~ to 244 



13 

m to 144 

144 to 2 

2 to 2\ 


14 

1 to 14* 

1*4 to 144 

1*; to 2*4 

244 to 2S 

IS 

\ to 1 

4i to 1*4 

IV* to IS 

144 to 1% 

16 

H to 11 

44 to 1 

44 to 144 

1 to 1*4 

17 

S to 4* 

4* to 11 

* to 1 

44 to 144 

18 

A to H 

44 to N 

11 to 11 

\ to 1 

.19 

44 to A 

% to 44 

S to 14 

A to S 

20 

A to 44 

A to 4* • 

S to 44 

A to S 

21 

A to 44 

44 to A 


44 to *4 

02 

A to 44 

A to *4 



23 


44 to A 



24 


44 to A 





Plumber** chains, 
brass, ounces 

Safety chains, 
brass, ounces 

No. 000 . 


9 to 10 

12 to JS* 

13 to 14 

22 to 24 

28 to 30 

35 to 37 

No. 00. 

12 to 13 

13 to 15 

23 to 25 

27 to 30 

No. 0... 

No 1 *. 

No. 2b,. M . 


% 



To Protect Iron and Steel from Rust.—The following 
method is but little known, although it deserves pre¬ 
ference over many others: Add 1 % pints of cold water 

to 7 ozs. of quick lime. Let the mixture stand until 
the supernatant fluid is entirely clear. Then pour this 
off and mix it with enough olive oil to form a thick 
cream, or rather to the consistency of melted and re¬ 
congealed butter. Grease the articles of iron or steel 
with this compound, and then wrap them up in paper, 
or, if this cannot be dome, apply the mixture somewhat 
more thickly. 





















































USEFUL TABLES 

Table 107 

Data on Chain Hoists 


361 


DC 

G 

o 

b* 


8. 

r* 

o 


H 

H 

Vi 

1 

m 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 
8 

10 

12 

16 

20 


Differential Hoists 


Worm-Gear Hoists 


% a 

-*-T 

«— i 

*►3 

Approx. Weight, 
Lbs. 

Pull on Chain to 
Lift Full Load, Lbs. 

Ft. of Chain Over¬ 
hauled to Lift 

Full Load 1 Ft. 

Min. Distance Be¬ 
tween Hooks, Ins. 

Lift, in Ft. 

Approx. Net 
Weight, Lbs. 

Pull on Chain to 
Lift Full Load, Lbs.’ 

Ft. of Chain Over¬ 

hauled to Lift 

Full Load 1 Ft. 

Min. Distance Be¬ 

tween Hooks, Ins. 

Lift, in Ft 

Approx. Weight, 

Lbs. 

Pull on Chain to 

Lift Full Load, Lbe. 

Ft. of Chain Over¬ 

hauled to Lift 

Full Load 1 Ft. 

Min. Distance Be- 

[ tween Hooks, Ins i 

5 

11 



16 











6 

22 

72 

18 

17 











7 

30 

122 

24 

21 

8 

43 

68 

40 

13 

8 

53 

62 

21 

15 

8 

51 

216 

30 

26 

8 

57 

87 

59 

16 

8 

80 

82 

31 

17 

8H 

81 

246 

36 

32 

8 

76 

94 

80 

19 

8 

124 

110 

35 

19V* 

9 

122 

308 

42 

39 

9 

104 

115 

93 

25 

9 

188 

120 

42 

24 

10 

180 

557 

38 

44 

10 

180 

132 

126 

25 

10 

200 

114 

69 

32 






10 

215 

142 

155 

29 

10 

283 

124 

84 

37 






12 

330 

145 

195 

31 

12 

380 

110 

126 

45 






12 

340 

145 

252 

33 

12 

390 

130 

126 

46 






12 

380 

160 

310 

36 

12 

455 

135 

168 

51 






12 

560 

160 

390 

45 

12 

570 

140 

210 

57 











12 

900 

130 

126 

57 











12 

967 

270 

336 

61 











12 

1375 

280 

240 

77 


Spcr-Gear Hoists 


Spur-gear hoists—12-, 16- and 20-ton—have 2 operating chains. The pull on chain 
and the amount of chain overhauled is the total for the 2 chains. 


Table 108 

Proof-Tests and Average Breaking-Loads for 
Studded Chain Cables 


Specifications of the United States Navy Department 


Size of 
Cable, 

In. 

Proof-test, 

Lbs. 

Average 

Breaking¬ 

load, 

Lbs 

Size of 
Cable, 

In. 

Proof-test, 

Lbs. 

Average 

Breaking- 

load, 

Lbs 

1 

34 607 

67 526 

1% 

130 202 

225 687 

m 

43 812 

82 686 

2 

138 739 

239 732 

i y*. 

54 194 

100 630 

2 

147 544 

254 223 

i % 

59 784 

109 771 

2H 

156 622 

269 160 


65 574 

119 355 

2 X 

175 591 

300 373 

1 A 

71 672 

129 385 

2 A 

216 779 

368 153 

1 'A 

78 041 

139 861 

2 A 

238 995 

404 719 

1 '■* 

84 678 

150 783 

2*4 

262 302 

443 069 

1 A 

91 588 

162 152 

2H 

286 692 

483 203 

1 *4 

106 222 

186 228 

3 

312 165 

525 121 

VA 

121 937 

212 188 

3H 

339 102 

567 823 




































































302 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

Table ioq 

Sizes, Weights, Proof-Tests and Average Breaking 

Loads for Chains 


Sixc of 
Chains, 
In. 

Approxi¬ 
mate 
Weight 
per Foot 

D.B.G. Special Crane 

Crane 

Proof-test, 

Los. 

Average 

Breaking¬ 

load, 

Lbs. 

Proof-test, 

Lbs. 

A%'crage 

Breaking¬ 

load, 

Lbs. 

>4 

*4 

1 932 

3 864 

1 680 

3 360 


l H 

4 186 

8 372 

3 640 

7 280 


2.5 

7 728 

15 456 

6 720 

13 440 

& S 

4.1 

11 914 

13 828 

10 360 

20 720 

\ 

6.2 

17 388 

31 776 

15 120 

30 240 

x 

8.4 

22 484 

4 4 968 

20 44) 

40 880 

i 

10.5 

29 568 

59 136 

26 88") 

53 760 


13.6 

37 576 

75 152 

34 160 

68 320 

l H 

16 

46 200 

92 400 

42 000 

84 000 

IK 

19.2 

55 748 

111 496 

50 680 

101 360 

14 

23 

66 528 

133 056 

60 480 

120 960 

IS 

28 

74 382 

148 764 



1*4 

31 

82 320 

164 640 



ix 

35 

94 360 

188 720 



2 

40 

107 520 

215 040 



2X 

46.5 

121 240 

242 480 




The specifications of the United States Navy Department require the 
t>atnc proof-test as is given above for crane-chain ana a breaking-strength 
10% greater than that given for special crane-chain. 


Table no 

Standard Weight Spiral Riveted Pressure Pipe 


(American Spiral Pipe Works) 


C 

fS 

•i GO 

fr-P 

cL u * 

£ 

0 

- r* 

#— 

K 

£ i t a 

a 

j.'- 1 

‘| H 

-*.2 

*-« 

fS 

•Si OQ 

ri- 

wSud 

■ 

— *- 

*3- 

B& 

05 Sf 

• — M 

a* 

K 

C.? 1L5 

3 

3 

18 

2.3 

6 

2000 

15 

14 

17.0 

19 

625 

4 

16 

3.2 

7 

1875 

16 

14 

18.1 

21 X 

585 

5 

16 

4.5 

8 

1500 

18 

14 

19.9 

23 1 1 

525 

6 

16 

5.3 

9 

12.50 

20 

11 

22.1 

25 )i 

470 

4 

16 

6 2 

10 

1070 

22 

12 

33.7 

28 

595 

8 

16 

7.1 

11 

935 

24 

12 

36.5 

30 

540 

9 

16 

8.0 

13 

1045 

26 

12 

39.5 

32 

505 

10 

16 

8.8 

14 

7.50 

28 

10 

51.7 

34 

605 

11 

16 

9.7 

15 

680 

30 

10 

56.8 

36 

660 

12 

16 

10.6 

16 

625 

32 

10 

61.6 

38 

525 

13 

16 

11.4 

17 

575 

36 

10 

69.1 

42 

470 

14 

14 

15.9 

18 

670 

40 

10 

76.7 

46 

420 






















































ml Diam. of Hoist, Ins 


USEFUL TABLES 


363 


Table hi 

Direct-Acting Pneumatic Hoists 

(Curtis type) 

(4-ft. stroke. Air consumption based on 83 lb. pressure with no allowance for leaks or 

slip) 




c 

c 

jz: 


1 

5 

6 

7 

8 
9 

10 
12 
1 t 
17 
19 


Vertical and hori¬ 
zontal Hoists, 

Double-acting 

Rope-geared 

Hoist, 

Dcublc-actir.g Rcpe-gearcd Heists 

Rope-geared 

2:1 

Rope-geared 

4:1 

Rope-geared 
6:1 

Capacity, Lbs. (10 

Per Cent. Friction) 

Cu. Ft. Free Air to 
Lift Hook 1 Ft. 

X 

*3 

E 

o 

> 

Ch 

| A., In., for Hor. Hoists | 

Capacity, Lbs. (20 
Per Cent. Friction) 

Cu. Ft. Free Air to 
Lift Hook 1 Ft. 

CO 

hE 

.£ 

e 

o 

d 

CL 

■S3 

Capacity, Lbs. (25 
Per Cent. Friction) 

Cu. Ft. Free Air to 
Lift Hook 1 Ft. 

j App. Length A, Ins. 

Capacity, Lbs. (25 
Per Cent. Friction) 

Cu. Ft. Free Air to 
Lift Hook 1 Ft. 

cc 

'■’f 

-C 

"Sc 

c 

1—1 

c. 

c. 

<. 

Capacity, Lbs. (32 

Per Cent Friction) 

o 

-4-3 • 

u. -p 

£ § 

M 

Lu, 

o 

App. Length A, Ins. | 

861 

0.54 

61 

58 













1,356 

0 85 

63 

58 













2,050 

1.22 

67 

59 

900 

0.61 

72 

800 

0 61 

139 

400 

0.30 

139 

250 

0.21 

134 

2,791 

1.73 

67 

59 

1,200 

0.87 

75 

1,050 

0.87 

139 

525 

0.43 

139 

325 

0.29 

134 

3,616 

2.24 

68 

61 

1,600 

1.12 

75 

1,450 

1 12 

145 

700 

0.56 

145 

450 

0.38 

137 

4,592 

2.85 

68 

61 

2,000 

1 43 

78 

1,900 

1.43 

146 

950 

0.71 

146 

575 

0.47 

142 

5,636 

3 29 

72 

62 

2,500 

1.70 

81 

2,400 

1.70 

147 

1,150 

0 82 

147 

750 

0.55 

142 

8,154 

5.06 

72 

62 

3,600 

2 55 

82 

3,500 

2.53 

152 

1,400 

1.25 

148 

1,100 

0 84 

143 

11,270 

7.13 

76 

64 

5,000 

3.57 

88 

4,800 

3.57 

155 

2,400 

1.78 

153 

1,500 

1.17 

153 

16.500 

10.10 

77 

65 

7,000 

5 05 

91 

7,000 

5.05 

161 

3,500 

2.50 

154 

2,250 

1.67 

154 

20,900 112.50178 

65 

9,000 

6.25 

1 93 

9,000 

(6.251161 

4,500 

3.10 

154 

2,900 

2.10 

154 


Table 112 

Materials for Bolts and Nuts 


Class 

Material 

Minimum 
Tensile 
Strength, 
Lbs. per 
Sq. Ins. 

Minimum 
Elastic 
Limit, 
Lbs. per 
Sq. Ins. 

Minimum 
Elonga¬ 
tion in 

8 Ins., 
Per Cent 

Maximum 
Percentage of 

Phos¬ 

phorus 

Sul¬ 

phur 

A. ... 

Open-hearth nickel 
or carbon steel.. 

75,000 

40,000 

23 

0.04 

0.03 

B.... 

Open-hearth carbon 
steel. 

58,000 

30,000 

28 

0.04 

0.03 


























































304 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Table 113 

Sizes of Branch Pipes for Planing Mill Ma¬ 
chinery 


Upper Cylinder 

Length 
of Knives. 

5 inches 


Diameter 
of Pipe. 

4 inches 


Lower Cylinder 
Length JopmiHJd 

of Knives. of Pipe 

4 inches 


10 

14 

Ol tl 

30 “ 


5 

<4 

10 

44 

5 

44 

6 

44 

14 

44 

5 

44 

7 

44 

24 

44 

6 

44 

7 

44 

30 

44 

m 

1 

44 


Diameter of pipe. In. 

Matcher heads, each - 5 

Sash A- Cabinet Shaper, each head 4 

Sash Tenoner . 4 

Sash Tenorer ....... 4 

Door and sash sticker, each head 4 

Blind slat sticker .-. 4 

Blind rail router _ 4 

Panel raiser, each head --. 4 

Sand Drum, 24 in. long- 4 

Sand Drum, 30 in. long- 5 


Diameter of pipe, in 
Mortiaer, floor spout 

Flour sweep-up . 

Kip-saw and re-saws 
10 to 16 in. diam... A 
18 to 24 in. diam~ l 
42 to 00 in. diam.. t 
and grooving 


Cut-off 
sa w s 

10 to 16 in 


diam... 


4 

18 to 24 in. diam... 5 
Band saws, small .. 3 


Molders, Buzz Planers, Tony Planers, Diagonal Planers, 
Jointers and all other machines having knives or saws of 
dimensions given will require pipes of their respective diame¬ 
ters. Timber planers require 23 per cent, larger pipes than 
ordinary planers. High speed planers and matchers require 
about 30 per cent, more area than is indicated in above table. 


Calculations for Size of Furnace, Pipes and 

Registers 

Rules for Furnace-Heating. From the formulas given, 
the following rules can be deduced, it being understood 
that the equivalent glass-surface is equal to the area of 
windows and doors plus one-fourth that of the exposed 
wall expressed in square feet: 

(1) To find area of grate in square inches: Divide 
equivalent glass-surface in square feet by 1.25 or multiply 
by 0.8. 

(2) To find area of flue for any room in square inches: 
Divide equivalent glass-surface in square feet by 1.2 for 








USEFUL TABLES 


365 


first story, by 1.5 for second story, by 1.8 for third story. 

(3) Make area of vent-flues 0.8 of hot-air flues. 

(4) Make area of cold-air box 0.8 of given areas of 
hot-air flues. 

(5) Take area of chimney smoke-flue in square inches 
as one-twelfth that of grate, with 1 in. added to each 
dimension. 

Pipes and Registers. The tables given in various books 
and catalogues for the size of pipes and registers vary a 
great deal and must be used with considerable judgment. 
The following table appears to be as reliable as any. 

This table gives different sizes of hot-air registers used 
in furnace-practice, together with the equivalents of the 
capacity of the same in round leader-pipes from furnace, 
with an elevation of at least 1 in. to the foot; also the 
equivalent in riser-pipes (or stacks), and also the cubic 
feet of space in first, second and third stories which said 
registers, with their proper round and square pipes, will 
heat. The table is based on normal conditions, with runs 
of pipe of usual length, and is intended to show the 
size of registers and pipes necessary to raise the temper¬ 
ature of air from zero outside to 70° F. inside, within 
reasonable time, without forcing. The sizes that are 
marked with an asterisk are those recommended for gen¬ 
eral use. The larger the register the less resistance to 
the flow of the heated air, but sizes mentioned will pro¬ 
duce good results, and, being stock sizes, will always be 
found in stock. In planning work arrange to use the 
sizes referred to. It should always be borne in mind, 
however, that uniform heating does not depend so much 
upon the actual sizes of the pipes as upon the relative 
sizes. For example, in a two-story house of eight rooms 
of exactly the same size and the same amount of wall 
and glass-area the best heating-results will be obtained 
not by using the same size of pipes for all the rooms, 
even if the pipes are of ample capacity, but by carefully 
proportioning the sizes of the pipes according to the ex¬ 
posure, length of the leaders, and location of the room 
in either the first or second story. The registers in the 
rooms with north and west exposures should be a little 
nearer the furnace, if possible, than the others, and the 
pipes to the first story should be larger than those lead¬ 
ing to the second story. The International Heater 
Company states that 1 sq. in. of capacity of hot-air pipe 
will heat 50 cu. ft. in stores and 90 cu. ft, in churches 
when there is but one pipe directly over the furnace. 


166 THE NEW TINSMITH'S HELPER 
Table 114 Dimensions of Registers and Boilers 



Registe* 

Border 

SI it of 





body. 

F. At rt me 
dimensions. 

Depth 

open. 

With nbs. 
floor opening. 

Tm-boi »it*, 
in 


in 

in- 

in 

4 X 6 

«X 8 

4 X 10 

4 XtJ 

4 XIS 

4X18 

S '4 X 7*4 

SU X 9 U 

SU X111 i 

SU X 14 » 

Sh Xi6)ii 

S'* X19V4 

iH 



" 2*4 



*U 

2'4 





ah 



»u 



SX 8 

6 7 4 X 9H 

2 

8'4 XliJ 4 

sMa X 8M* 

5X11 

6n X12H 

2 

8 ',i XuV 4 

5ha X11M# 

SX 13 

6? 4 X14H 

a 

8!4 Xi 6!4 

S)U XI 3 Hi 

5X16 

6H X17H 

2 

8!4 Xi 9'4 

Sha Xi6h# 

6X 6 

7 *haX 7 'ha 

2*4 

9 X» X 9 ®ia 

6n* x 6n# 

6X 8 

7‘haX 9 'h* 

an 

9 °/U Xnha 

6n# x sn* 

6X 9 

7'haXio'ha 

aH 

9 he Xiaha 

6*n x 9 *n 

6X10 

7'heXu'ha 

an 

9 *i« Xl 3 *i« 

6n« xio*n 

6X14 

7 'heXlS'Ha 

an 

9 w ia Xl 7 ha 

6*1a xuh* 

6X16 

7 l haXl7‘He 

an 

9 *n Xi 9 * 1 a 

64 ia Xi6*{* 

6X18 

. 7 ‘M*Xl 9 'M* 

an 

9*1 a X2l*/j« 

6n« xisn* 

6 X 44 

7 , MeX 25 'M# 

an 

9 ?l# Xa 7 *a 

6*1 a Xaiha 

7X 7 

V\UX 8‘Ma 

an 

ion# xio*j# 

ttu x 7*n 

7X10 

8»M«Xii»M« 

an 

I©ha X 13*1 a 

7he Xioha 

8X 8f 

9 ^ X 9 s * 

3 

iT /4 Xiivfi 

8 H X sn 

8X10 

9 h Xnli 

3 

liv» Xi 3 7 % 

8n Xlo »4 

8Xiaf 

9 h XiJ ?4 

3 

ii*4 XiS 7 4 

sn xian 

8XIS 

9 h Xi6' M* 

3 

n 7 4 Xi8v4 

8H Xisn 

8X18 

9 5 « X19 5 * 

3 

ll 7 4 X 2 i 7 4 

sn xisn 

8X21 

9 >i Xaah 

3 

li *4 Xa * 7 4 

an xain 

8X24 

9 *« X25?* 

3 

ii;% X 27 7 4 

8 S 4 X24>4 

9 X 9 

to ?4 Xio 7 /4 

3*4 

13 ' i e Xl 3 'U 

)>MaX 9 'ha 

9 Xi 2 f 

10H Xi i 7 A 

344 

I3 l ia X!6M«» 

9 >> 1 #XI 2 >V 1 « 

9 XIJ 

11 Xis 

3*4 

T 3 * •• XI 7 H« 

J'haXU 1 Via 

9 Xut 

io !4 Xis T 4 

3'4 

l)ha Xl 8 l i# 

9' VUXu'Vla 

9X16 

io 7 4 X 17 15 1« 

3n 

I 3 ha Xaohe 

9'n#xi6*n» 

9X18 

io *4 Xi 9 7 4 

3'4 

13 V ie XB 2 h* 

9* h*Xi8' Via 

9X20 

io 7 ,i X2i?i 

i\i 

1 3 * 3 • X 24 '/ 4 e 

9' iia Xao* ha 

10X10 

u'heXu'Ma 

3n 

Uha XuHe 

io 1 haXto 1 Via 

10X12 

H'JicXiJ* /•« 

3n 

xi6n« 

10* haXiahia 

10X14 

10X16 

10X18 

10X20 

12X12 

12 X 14 

I2XIS 

12 XiS' 5 U 
ii» 5 UXi 7 ? 4 
li 1 VicXi 9 r 4 
ll'»iaX 2 t *4 

14 'ia XU'I* 

14 'io Xl6ha 

13' ?i«Xifi* ha 

3H 

3H 

3n 

3H 

4 

4 

4 

14^6 xisn« 

I4 J ic X20^8 
I4ha Xaiha 
uh 0 X?jh« 
l6><« Xl 6 7 1 a 
l6*i« Xl8*|« 
16’ie Xi 9 ? 1 * 

io' MaXil' ha 
io* MaXi6* 1 ia 
1?" .»Xi 8 »V 1 a 
io* VfaXao' ha 
12‘h#Xl2 , ?i# 
l2 1 ?iaXU l, ia 
la'n-XiS 1 *.* 






















USEFUL TABLES 


367 


Table 114 (continued) 

Made by the Tuttle &. Bailey Mfg. Co. 


Register 


Border 


Sire o( 
body, 
in 


Extreme 

dimensions, 

in' 


Depth 

open, 

in 


With ribs, 
floor-opening, 
in 


Tin-box size 
in 


I 


12X16 

12X17* 

12X18 

12)69 

12X20 

12X24 

12X30 

12X36 

14X14 

14X16 

14X18 

14X20 

14X22 

15X25 


i4'/i# X18 
I4’/Ic X19 
J4/i« X20*,1s 
14*10 X2lVis 
U'lo X22 
14/16 X26 
14^6 X32 
I4*/ie X38 
i651s Xi6Me 
1666 Xi8Ms 
i656 X20 Ms 
i6>Le X22516 
16H X24U 
17*^6X27416 


4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 Vi 


16^6 X20 7 /1s 
iftVra X2i 7 Aa 
l6yfa X22>1a 
16M0 X23via 
16/16 X2V/\6. 
l6*/ie X 2 & 1 U 


l 8 'M*Xi 8 ‘M« 

i8>5/ieX2o>M« 

i 84 ieX 22 ‘Me 

i8»5iaX24*M6 

i8*51aX26*5i6 

i9'Li6X29'5i6 


i24ieXi6>M* 

i2*5l6Xi7*5ls 

U‘?i«Xl84U 

i2*5laXi9 l 5l6 

i2*5iaX2o*51s 

I 2 ')i 6 X 24 *M» 


Uli Xi 4 vi 
14H Xi 6 ti 
I 4 t /4 Xi 8 7 i 
i4 7 /6 X2 ov 4 
X4 7 /4 X22H 
16 U X26U 


16X16 

16X18 

16X20 

16X22 

16X24 

16X28 

16X32 

18X18 

18X21 

18X24 

18X27 

18X30 

18X36 

20X20 

20X24 

20X26* 

51 X 29 

24X24 

24X27 

24X30 

24X32 


185 1 -a X 18516 
18 Vi 0 X20V1 6 
l 8 '/u X -22516 
i85fe X24L16 
i8'*1a X26^ 11 a 
i8Via X3o’ri6 
l8Vta X 34 Vi 6 
20 Via X2oMa 
2oVia X 23 V 19 
20 Vi a X26V19 
20Vie X29'riff 
2oVio X32*A 
20V16 X38V4 

22H X22 3 6 

22 H X26H 
229/6 X 2 8 Vi 
23H X 3 I 3 * 

26 Vi a X26 7 /i6 
26 7 /ie X29^ 

26via X32H 

26 7 4 e X 34 H 


A Vi 
A\\ 
AV* 
4 Vi 
4 Vi 
4*/* 
4*/* 
4-K 
4H 
451 

4 Vi 
4K 

4 Vi 

SV4 

5*4 

5 Vi 
S *4 
S 3 * 
5 5 A 
S>3 


20 7 A X 2 o 7 4 

20 7 4 X22*i 
20*4 X24 r i 

20 7 5 X 26 T 4 
20 7 i X28’i 
2c 7 A X32 t » 
20Vi X 36 J 4 
22 'SiaX 22 « 5 i 6 
22 'Vi 6 X 2 S l 51 e 
22 l 5 [aX 28 l 5 ia 
22 > 5 i 6 X 3 X , 5 / 1 a 
22*516X34*516 
22* 5 16 X40' 5 16 
2514 X 2$!4 
25 % X29V4 
25H Xsi '4 
26'A Xsa'A 
29*/4 X 29 */i 
29/8 X32'/i 
29'/2 X35VO 
29X4 Xil'/i 


16H X16H 
i6'4 XxSya 
i6 : i X2o'/% 
i6 : 4 X22 7 4 
i6 : 6 X25*/i 
i6 : -4 X2& 7 ,'i 
i6 : 4 X32 t /4 
i!S 7 fc X18H 
xS 7 4 X2iti 
iS 7 4 X24H 
18T6 X27H 
iS’h X30H 
i8 7 /i X36’4 
2o 1 5i6X2o*5ia 
20 * 516X24*516 
20' V 4X26* Vi 6 
2i ,& /aX29*5l9 
24* Vi 0X24* Via 
24*5 , i 6X27‘M6 
24 1 Vt a X 3°* 5 i 8 
24*518X32*516 


24X36 

24X4S 

27X27 

27 X 38 

30X30 

30X36 

30X42 


26 7 rie X3854 
26 7 rie X47V4 
29 7 1 # X 29 7 ri c 
29 7 ia X4oVs 
32^* X32V4 
.VH X3856 
32 3 > X44H 


sH 

5*4 

6 

6 ,Vi 

7 H 

7V« 

7 H 


29*$ 

29X4 

32 *i 
32*6 
35X2 
33*'i 
35 Vi 


X4i*i 

Xso 1 - 

X32 W 

X 43'2 
X 35 'i 
X41 *i 
X 47 *i 


24* 519X36* 516 

24 * 516 X 45 * 516 
27 * 5 l 6 X 27 * S /l 6 
27 * 516 X 38* 5 /6 
30 > '1oX30*Vl6 
301 V 6 X 36 *Vi 6 
30 'Vi«X 42 * s /l 6 
















3 fi 8 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Table 115 Estimated Capacity of Pipes and 

Registers 


ROOTD PTPES 


Dumpier 
of pipe, 
in 

Area, 
sq in 

Diameter 
of pipe, 
in 

Area, 
sq in 

Diameter 
of pipe, 
in 

Area, 
tq in* 

7 

38 

ij 

llj 

31 

3»o 

S 

SO 

14 

154 

34 

454 

9 

63 

16 

301 

36 

531 

10 

78 

lS 

354 

38 

616 

II 

95 

30 

3U 

30 

707 


RECTANGULAR PIPES 


Size at 
pipe, 
in 

Area, 

*q in 

Size of 
PTC. 
in 

Area, 
sq in 

Size of 
pipe, 
in 

Area, 
sq in 

4X 8 

33 

8X30 

160 

iiXiS 

316 

4 X 10 

40 

8X34 

193 

13X30 

340 

4X13 

48 

I0XI3 

130 

13X34 

388 

4X16 

64 

10 X 15 

150 

14X14 

196 

6 X 10 

60 

10 X 16 

160 

14 X 16 

334 

6 X12 

73 

10 X 18 

ISO 

14X30 

280 

6 Xl6 

96 

10X30 

300 

16 X 16 

3S6 

ffXio 

80 

13X13 

144 

16 X 18 

388 

8X13 

96 

13X15 

180 

16 x 30 

330 

8 X 16 

138 

13X l6 

193 

16 X 34 

384 


REGISTERS 


Size of 
opening, 
in 

Capacit >, 
sq in 

Size of 
opening.- 
in 

Capacity, 
sq in 

Size of 
opening, 
in 

Capacity, 
sq in 

6 X 10 

40 

10 X 14 

93 

30X30 

267 

8 X 10 

53 

10 X 16 

107 

30 X 24 

320 

8X13 

64 

12X15 

120 

20 X 26 

317 

8 X 15 

80 

12 X 19 

153 

21 X 29 

406 

9 Xia 

73 

. 14 X 23 

20 s 

37 X 27 

486 

9 X 14 

84 

1 SX2S 

'350 

27 X 18 

684 

10 X 13 

80 

16 X 24 

356 

joXjo 

600 


I 

ROUS'D REGISTERS 


Size of 
opening, 
in 

Capat itv, 
sq in 

Size of 
opening, 
in 

Capacity, 
sq in 

Sire of 
opening, 
in 

Capacity, 
sq in 

7 

26 

12 

75 

30 

3C9 

8 

33 

14 

103 

24 

301 

9 

42 

16 

134 

30 

471 

10 

S3 

lS 

169 

36 

679 

























































USEFUL TABLES 


3G9 


T able 116 Capacity of Hot Air Pipes and Registers 


Size of 
register, 
in 

Equivalent 
in round or 
leader-pipe, 
in 

Equivalent 
in square or 
riser-pips, 
in 

Space in 
•first story 
same will 
heat, 
cu ft 

Space in 
second 
story same 
will heat, 
cu ft 

Space in 
third story 
same will 
heat, 
cu ft 

6X 8 

6 

4 X 8 

400 

450 

500 

•8X 8 

7 

4X10 

450 

500 

560 

•8Xio 

8 

4X10 

500 

850 

880 

*8Xia 

8 . 

4X11 

800 

I 000 

I 050 

•9X12 

9 

4X12 

I 050 

I 250 

l 320 

•9X14 

9 

4X14 

1 050 

1 350 

l 45 C 

•10X12 

10 

4X14 

I 500 

1 650 

1 800 

•10X14 

10 

6X10 

1 800 

2 000 

2 200 

10X16 

10 

6X10 

1 800 

2 COO 

2 200 

12X14 

12 

6xir 

2 200 

2 300 

2 5 CO 

•12X15 

12 * 

6xia 

2 250 

2 300 

2 500 

•12X17 

12 

6X14 

2 J00 

2 600 

2 800 

12X19 

12 

6X14 

2 300 

2 600 

2 800 

*UXi8 

14 

6X16 

2 800 

3 000 

3 200 

•14X20 

14 

6X16 

2 900 

3 000 

3 200 

•14X22 

14 

8X16 

3 000 

3 200 

3 400 

•16X20 

l6 

8X18 

3 600 

4 000 

4 250 

•16X24 

16 

8X18 

3 700 

4 000 

4 250 

•20X24 

IS 

10X20 

4 800 

5400 

5 752 

•20X26 

20 

10X24 

6 000 

7 000 



Table 117 Proportioning Gutters and Conductors 

to the Roof Surface 


The size of gutters and down-spouts and their distance apart, 
for roofs of mill buildings with a *4 pitch and of different spans, 
are shown in the following table. 


One-half roof-span, in feet- 

IO 

20 

30 

40 

SO 

60 

70 

80 

Size of gutter, in inches 

5 

5 

6 

6 

7 

7 

8 

8 

Size of down-spouts, in inches. 

3 

3 

4 

4 

S 

5 

6 

6 

Spacing of down-spouts, in feet. 

So 

So 

SO 

50 

40 

40 

40 

40 


The specifications of the American Bridge Company provide as follows for 
the size of gutters and conductors: t 


Span of roof 

Cutters 

Conductors 

Up to 50 ft 

6 in 

4 in every 40 ft 

From so to 70 ft 

7 m 

5 in every 40 ft 

Prom 70 to 100 ft 

8 in 

S in every 40 ft 


Hinging gutters should have a slope of about 1 in in every 16 ft 



















Table 118 

Size and Areas of Round Pipe Ovalled for Use in Warm Air Heating 

The right hand column gives the size of pipe when ovalled. The area is given in 
left hand column and the space pipe will occupy when ovalled in right hand column under 


370 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


* 3 

a 

Q< fj 
V3 y 

o . 
c 

X*- 

4-4 

T3 N* 

• *-*N 

> O 


o 


X 

tj- 


C W 

V) 

rt 

o 

*3 

o 


o 

u rt 

U 

in. a 
is ov 

CJ 

U-l 

e 

3 


u 

v O 

u 

£ cx 

U 

Cm 


8 d 

•3 

C 

II -2 

rt 

'“CO . 

cr 

mm ^ m 
• mm 




TT -3 

u 

w 

Cm 

o .. 

** >1 

o 

c. 

— rt 









































































































USEFUL TABLES 


371 


Table i 19 

Strength and Weight of Rope 


Specifications of the United States Navy, June, 1910 


Circum- 


Manila hen,p. plain laid “S %2& 


ferences 

in 

in 

Weights 
lbs. per ft. 

Breaking¬ 

loads 

lb. 

Weights 
lbs. per ft. 

Breaking¬ 

loads 

lb. 

% 

0.24 

0.02 

700 

0.051 

750 

1 

0.32 

0.033 

1,000 

0.06 

1,060 

1J4 

0.40 

0.05 

1,800 

0.067 

1,670 

IX 

0.48 

0.083 

2,500 

0.083 

.2,340 


0.56 

0.10 

3,000 

0.105 

3,325 

2 

0.64 

0.14 

4,000 

0.16 

3,955 

2 ^ 

0.72 

0.17 

5,000 

0.21 

4,720 

2 'A 

0.80 

0.21 

5,500 

0.26 

5,770 

2M 

0.87 

0.26 

6,600 

0.32 

7,000 

3 

0.95 

0.305 

7,800 

0.37 

8,400 


1.03 

0.36 

9,200 

0.44 

9,800 

3 X 

1.16 

0.42 

10,500 

0.51 

11,200 

3 % 

1.19 

0.47 

12,200 

0.59 

13,000 

4 

1.27 

0.54 

13,700 

0.67 

14,550 


1.43 

0.67 

17,400 



5 

1.59 

0.83 

21,800 



5'A 

1.75 

1.00 

27,700 



6 

1.90 

1.21 

31,(XX) 



7 

2.22 

1.63 

36,200 



8 

2.54 

2.17 

47,300 



9 

2.87 

2.70 

60,000 



10 

3.14 

3.33 

74,200 




Manila-hemp rope is made in three strands and in sizes 
tip to 3 inches in circumference; four strands are used 
for sizes larger than 3 inches in circumference. 


Working-Load 

The Working-Load for slow-speed derrick and hoisting- 
service is usually taken at one-seventh the Breaking-Load. 
This makes some allowance for the loss of strength at 
splices and connections. The deterioration of rope ex¬ 
posed to the weather is very rapid. 




















372 


THE NEW TINSMITH'S HELPER 


Table 120 

Number and Weight of Cedar and Pine Shingles 
Per Square of One Hundred Square Feet 

Weather Number Weight Number Weight 
Length. Assumed or of Shin* Per Square of Nails of Nails 

In. width. Gauge, gles Per- — Per Per 

In. In. Square Cedar, Pine, Square Square, 

Lb. Lb. Lb. 


14 

4 

4 

900 

210 

233 

1.800 

4.50 

15 

4 


800 

200 

222 

1 , .M 

4 00 

16 

4 

5 

720 

192 

213 

1.440 

3.60 

18 

4 

5 H 

655 

197 

218 

1.310 

3 28 

20 

4 

6 

600 

200 

222 

1.200 

3 00 

2 1 

4 

6H 

554 

203 

226 

1,108 

2 77 

24 

4 

7 

515 

206 

229 

1.030 

2.58 


Table 112 


Weight of Round Zinc Rod 

Pounds per linear foot 


in. diameter - .33 in. diameter_1.30 

]/ 2 in. diameter_.58 J-jj in. diameter _1.78 

V6 in. diameter _ .90 1 in. diameter_2.32 


To Bronze Cast Iron 

First clean and smooth the surface and then 
coat it uniformly with a layer of vegetable oil, for 
instance a poor quality of olive oil. Then heat, 
without, however, raising the temperature to the 
burning point of the oil. In this manner the cast- 
iron at the moment the decomposition of the oil 
takes place absorbs oxygen and a brown surface of 
oxide is formed on the surface which adheres very 
firmly and acquires a good polish, so that the sur¬ 
face of the cast-iron assumes a bronze-like 
appearance. 














USEFUL TABLES 


373 


Producing a Black Background. —The use of a black 
nickel deposit is the best method of producing a black 
background on etched brass name-plates. This solu¬ 
tion does not affect any of the various kinds of resist 
used, and a large number of plates can be treated in a 
tank at one time. The black nickel bath is composed of 
water, 1 gallon; double-nickel salts, 8 ounces; ammon¬ 
ium sulpho-cyanate, 2 ounces; zinc sulphate, 1 ounce. 
This solution is used cold, with a weak current of 
about 1 volt. With a greater voltage, the deposit will 
be streaked and gray. As soon as the deposit is black, 
remove the plates, rinse, dry and cut to the desired 
size; then lacquer immediately in order to prevent tthe 
brownish discoloration which will otherwise form on 
the surface of the deposit. This solution can be used 
for brass, copper, bronze, etc. 

Freight Rate Tables on Roofing Plates 

Computations of Shipping Rates for 
Terne Plates by the Box or Square 

Two useful tables by which sheet metal contractors 
may compute the cost of shipping terne plates or other 
roofing sheets to any point when the freight rate is known 
have been compiled by the Berger Manufacturing Co., 
Canton, Ohio. The value of these tables to the roofer or 
dealer in roofing is evident and it will be worth the 
trouble required to cut these from the pages of Metal 
Worker, Plumber and Steam Fitter and paste them on 
cardboard so as to make them available as a wall hanger. 

The freight rates of the district railroads may be pro¬ 
cured and attached with the tables when it will be an easy 
matter to arrive at the cost of any roof at distant points, 
as the tables show the cost per square as well as the cost 
per box. For instance, if 1000 sq. ft, of roofing is to be 
laid in a town at some distance from the shop the cost of 
the freight to that point may be ascertained by referring 
to the first table. 

If the roofing is to weigh say 70 lb. per square and the 
freight per 100 lb. is 20 cents then according to the table 
the rate per square will be 14 cents. The second table 
gives the figuring for terne plate freight rates. 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Table 122 

Table for Figuring Roofing Freight Rates 

Ket. —The figure under desired Weight per square and opposite Rate per 

cwt. is Freight per square 

Weights per Square—All Styles, 26 Gauge and Lighter 


Freicht 


Per 

Cwt. 

64 

65 

68 

70 

71 

72 

73 

74 

Lb. 

76 77 

78 

79 

80 

81 

83 

84! 

85 

86 

.11 

.07 

.07 

.07 

.08 

.08 

.08 

.08 

.08 

.08 

.08 

.09 

.09 

.09 

.09 

.09 

.09 

.09 

.09 

.12 

.08 

.08 

.08 

.08 

.09 

.09 

.09 

.09 

.09 

.09 

.09 

.09 

.10 

.10 

.10 

.10 

.10 

.10 

.13 

.08 

.08 

.09 

.09 

.09 

.09 

.09 

.10 

.10 

.10 

.10 

.10 

.10 

.11 

.11 

.11 

.11 

.11 

.14 

.00 

.09 

.10 

.10 

.10 

.10 

.10 

.10 

.11 

.11 

.11 

.11 

.11 

.11 

.12 

.12 

12 

.12 

.15 

.10 

.10 

.10 

.11 

.11 

.11 

.11 

.11 

.11 

.12 

.12 

.12 

.12 

.12 

.12 

.13 

.13 

.13 

.16 

.10 

.10 

.11 

.11 

.11 

.12 

.12 

.12 

.12 

.12 

.12 

.13 

.13 

.13 

.13 

.13 

.14 

.14 

.17 

.11 

.11 

.12 

.12 

.12 

.12 

.12. 

.13 

.13 

.13 

.13 

.13 

.14 

.14 

.14 

.14 

.14 

.15 

.18 

.12 

.12 

.12 

.13 

.13 

.13 

.13 

.13 

.14 

.14 

.14 

.14 

.14 

.15 

.15 

.15 

.15 

.15 

.19 

.12 

.12 

.13 

.13 

.13 

.14 

.14 

.14 

.14 

.15 

.15 

.15 

.15 

.15 

.16 

.16 

.16 

.16 

20 

.13 

.13 

.14 

.14 

.14 

.14 

.15 

.15 

.15 

.15 

.16 

.16 

.16 

.16 

.17 

.17 

.17 

.17 

.21 

.13 

.14 

.14 

.15 

.15 

.15 

.15 

.16 

.16 

.16 

.16 

.17 

.17 

.17 

.17 

.18 

.18 

.18 

22 

.14 

.14 

.15 

.15 

.16 

.16 

.16 

.16 

.17 

.17 

.17 

.17 

.18 

18 

18 

.18 

.19 

.19 

22 

.15 

.15 

.16 

.16 

.16 

.17 

.17 

.17 

.17 

.18 

.18 

.18 

.18 

.19 

.19 

.19 

.20 

.20 

24 

.15 

.16 

16 

.17 

.17 

.17 

.18 

.18 

.18 

.18 

.19 

.19 

.19 

.19 

20 

.20 

.20 

21 

.25 

.16 

.16 

.17 

.18 

.18 

.18 

.18 

.19 

.19 

.19 

.20 

.20 

.20 

.20 

.21 

.21 

221 

.22 

.26 

.17 

.17 

.18 

.18 

.18 

.19 

.19 

.19 

220 

.20 

220 

221 

.21 

.21 

.22 

.22 

.22 

.22 

.27 

.17 

.18 

.18 

.19 

.19 

.19 

.20 

.20 

.21 

.21 

.21 

.21 

.22 

.22 

.22 

.23 

.23] 23 

.28 

.18 

.18 

.19 

.20 

220 

20 

.20 

.21 

221 

.22 

.22 

.22 

.22 

223 

.23 

.24 

.24 

24 

.29 

.19 

.19 

.20 

.20' 

.21 

21 

.21 

21 

.22 

.22 

.23 

.23 

.23 

.23 

.24 

.24 

.25 

.25 

.30 

.19 

20 

.20 

•21. 

.21 

22 

22 

22 

223 

.23 

.23 

.24 

224 

.24 

.25 

.25 

.26 

.26 

.31 

.20 

\20 

.21 

.22 

.22 

.22 

.23 

.23 

.24 

.24 

.24 

.24 

.25 

.25 

.26 

.26 

.26 

.27 

.32 

20 

.21 

.22 

.22 

223 

.23. 

..23 

24 

224 

25 

.25. 

225 

.26 

226 

.27 

27 

27 

28 

.33 

.21 

.21 

.22 

223 

.23 

.24 

.24 

24 

.25 

25 

.26 

.26 

.26 

.27 

.27 

28 

.28 

.28 

.34 

22 

22 

23 

24^24 

.21 

25 

25 

.26 

226 

.27 

27 

227 

228 

228 

29 

229 

29 

.35 

.22 

.23 

24' 

.25 

.25 

.25 

.26 

26 

.27 

.27 

.27 

.28 

.28 

.28 

229 

29 

.30 

.30 

.36 

.23 

.23. 

24 

.25 

.26 

.26 

.26 

.27 

.27 

.28 

.28 

.28 

.29 

.29 

.30 

.30 

.31 

.31 

.37 

.24 

.24 

.25 

.26 

.26 

.27 

.27 

.27 

.28 

.28 

.29 

.29 

.30 

.30 

.31 

.31 

.31 

.32 

.38 

.24 

.25 

.26 

.27 

.27 

.27 

.28 

.28 

229 

.29 

.30 

.30 

.30 

.31 

.32 

.32 

.32 

.33 

.39 

25 

.25 

27 

27 

.28 

.28J .28 

.29 

.30; .30 

.30 

.31 

.31 

.32 

.32 

.33 

.33 

.34 

.40 

.26 

26 

.27 

.28 

.28 

.29 

.29 

.30 

.30 

.31 

.31 

.32 

.32 

.32 

.33 

.34 

.34 

.34 

.41 

.26 

27 

.28 

.29 

.29 

.30 

.30 

.30 

.31 

252 

.32 

.32 

.33 

.33 

.34 

.34 

.35 

.35 

.42 

27 

27 

.29 

29 

.30 

.30 

.30 

.31 

.32 

.32 

.33 

.33 

.34 

.34 

.35 

.35 

.36 

.36 

.43 

.28 

28 

..29 

.30 

.31 

.31 

.31 

.32 

.33 

.33 

.34 

.34 

.34 

.35 

.36 

.36 

27 

27 

.44 

.28 

.29 

.30 

.31 

.31 

.32 

.32 

.33 

.33 

.34 

.34 

.35 

.35 

.36 

.37 

.37 

.37 

.38 

.45 

29 

.29 

.31 

.32 

.32 

.32 

.33 

.33 

.34 

.35 

.35 

.36 

.36 

.36 

.37 

.38 

.38 

.39 

.46 

.29 

.30 

.31 

.32 

33 

.33 

.34 

.34 

.35 

.35 

.36 

.36 

.37 

.37 

.38 

39 

.39 

.40 

.47 

.30 

.31 

.32 

33 

.33 

.34 

.34 

.35 

.36 

.36 

.37 

.37 

.38 

.38 

.39 

29 

.40 

.40 

.48 

21 

.31 

.33 

.34 

.34 

.35 

.35 

.36 

26 

.37 

.37 

.38 

.38 

.39 

.40 

.40 

.41 

.41 

.49 

.31 

32 

.33 

.34 

.35 

.35 

36 

36 

.37 

.38 

.38 

.39 

.39 

.40 

.41 

.41 

.42 

.42 

.50 

.32 

A3 

.34 

.35 

.36 

.36 

.37 

.37 

.38 

.39 

.39 

.40 

.40 

.41 

.42 

.42 

.43 

.43 

.51 

.33 

.33 

.35 

^6 .36 

.37 

.37 

.38 

.39 

.39 

.40 

.40 

.41 

.41 

.42 

.43 

.43 

.44 

.52 

.33 

.34 

.35 

.3^ 

.37 

.37 

.38 

.38 

.40 

.40’ 

.41 

.41 

.42 

.42 

.43 

.44 

.44 

.45 

.53 

.34 

.34 

.36 

.37 

.38 

.38 

.39 

.39 

.40 

.41 

.41 

.42 

.42 

.43 

.44 

.45 

.45 

.46 

.54 

.35 

.35 

.37 

.38 

.38 

.39 

.39 

.40 

.41 

.42 

.42 

.43 

.43 

.44 

.45 

.45 

.46 

.46 


USEFUL TABLES 


375 


Table 122 (Continued) 

Table for Figuring Roofing Freight Rates 

Key. —The figure under desired Weight per square and opposite Rate per 

cwt. is Freight per square 

Weights per Square—All Styles, 26 Gauge and Lighter 


Freight 

Per Ln. 


Cwt. 

87 

88 

89 

90 

91 

92 

93 

94 

95 

96 

98 

99 

100 

101 

102 

103 

106_ 

110 

.11 

.10 

.10 

.10 

.10 

.10 

.10 

.10 

.10 

.10 

.11 

.11 

.11 

.11 

.11 

.11 

.11 

.12 

.12 

.12 

.10 

•11 

.11 

.11 

.11 

.11 

.11 

.11 

.11 

.12 

.12 

.12 

.12 

.12 

1.12 

.12 

.13 

.13 

.13 

.11 

.11 

.12 

.12 

.12 

.12 

.12 

.12 

.12 

.12 

.13 

.13 

.13 

.13 

.13 

.13 

.14 

.14 

.14 

.12 

.12 

.12 

.13 

.13 

.13 

.13 

.13 

.13 

.13 

.14 

.14 

.14 

.14 

.14 

.14 

.15 

.15 

.15 

.13 

.13 

.13 

.14 

.14 

.14 

.14 

.14 

.14* 

.14 

.15 

.15 

.15 

.15 

.15 

.15 

.16 

.17 

.16 

.14 

.14 

.14 

.14 

.15 

.15 

.15 

.15 

.15 

.15 

.16 

.16 

.16 

.16 

.16 

.16 

.17 

.18 

.17 

.15 

.15 

.15 

.15 

.15 

.16 

.16 

.16 

.16 

.Hi 

.17 

.17 

.17 

.17 

.17 

.18 

.18 

.19 

.18 

.16 

.16 

.16 

.16 

.16 

.17 

.17 

.17 

.17 

.17 

.18 

.18 

.18 

.18 

.18 

.19 

.19 

.20 

.19 

.17 

.17 

.17 

.17 

.17 

.17 

.18 

.18 

.18 

.18 

.19 

.19 

.19 

.19 

.19 

.20 

.20 

.21 

.20 

.17 

.18 

.18 

.18 

.18 

.18 

.19 

.19 

.19 

.19 

.20 

.20 

.20 

.20 

.20 

.21 

.21 

.22 

21 

.18 

.18 

.19 

.19 

.19 

.19 

.20 

.20 

.20 

.20 

.21 

21 

21 

21 

.21 

.22 

22 

.23 

22 

.19 

.19 

.20 

.20 

.20 

.20 

.20 

.21 

.21 

.21 

.22 

.22 

22 

.22 

oo 

.23 

.23 

.24 

.23 

.20 

.20 

.20 

.21 

.21 

.21 

.21 

.22 

.22 

.22 

.23 

.23 

.23 

.23 

.23 

.24 

.24 

.25 

24 

.21 

21 

.21 

.22 

22 

.22 

.22 

.23 

.23 

23 

.24 

24 

.24 

.24 

24 

.-25 

25 

.26 

2 S 

.22 

.22 

.22 

.23 

.23 

.23 

.23 

.24 

.24 

.24 

.25 

25 

.25 

.25 

.26 

.26 

27 

.28 

.26 

.23 

.23 

.23 

.23 

.24 

.24 

.24 

.24 

.25 

.25 

.25 

.26 

.26 

.26 

.27 

.27 

.28 

.29 

21 

.23 

24 

.24 

24 

25 

.25 

.25 

.25 

.26 

.26 

.26 

.27 

27 

21 

.28 

.28 

.29 

.30 

28 

.24 

.25 

.25 

.25 

.25 

.26 

.26 

.26 

.27 

.27 

.27 

.28 

.28 

.28 

.29 

.29 

.30 

.31 

29 

.25 

.26 

.26 

.26 

.26 

.27 

.27 

.27 

.28 

.28 

.28 

.29 

.29 

.29 

.30 

.30 

.31 

.32 

.30 

.26 

.26 

.27 

.27 

.27 

.28 

.28 

.28 

.29 

.29 

.29 

.30. 

. 30 ; 

.30 

.31 

.31 

.32 

.33 

.31 

.27 

.27 

.28 

.28 

.28 

.29 

.29 

.29 

.29 

.30 

.30 

.31* 

.31 

.31 

'.32 

.32 

.33 

.34 

.32 

.28 

.28 

.29 

.29 

.29 

.29 

.30 

.30 

.30 

•31. 

.31 

.32 

• 32 : 

•32. 

.33 

.33 

.34 

.35 

.33 

.29 

.29 

.29 

.30 

.30 

.30 

.31 

.31 

.31 

.32 

.32 

.33 

.33 

.33 

.34 

.34 

.35 

.36 

.34 

.30 

.30 

.30 

.31 

.31 

.31 

.32 

.32 

.32 

.33 

.33 

.34 

.34 

.34 

.35 

.35 

.36 

.37 

.35 

.30 

.31 

.31 

.32 

.32 

.32 

.33 

.33 

.33 

.34 

.34 

.35 

.35 

.35 

.36 

.36 

.37 

.39 

.36 

.31 

.32 

.32 

.32 

.33 

.33 

.33 

.34 

.34 

.35 

.35 

.36 

.36 

.36 

.37 

.37 

.38 

.40 

.37 

.32 

.33 

.33 

.33 

.34 

.34 

.34 

.35 

.35 

.36 

.36 

.37 

.37 

.37 

.38 

.38 

.39 

.41 

.38 

.33 

.33 

.34 

.34 

.35 

.35 

.35 

.36 

.36 

.36 

.37 

.38 

.38 

.38 

.39 

.39 

.40 

.42 

.39 

.34 

.34 

.35 

.35 

.35 

.36 

■li 

.37 

.37 

.37 

.38 

.39 

.39 

.39 

.40 

.40 

.41 

.43 

.40 

.35 

.35 

.36 

.36 

.36 

.37 

.37 

.38 

.38 

.38 

.39 

.40 

.40 

.40 

.41 

.41 

.42 

.44 

.41 

.36 

.36 

.36 

.37 

.37 

.38 

.38 

.39 

.39 

.39 

.40 

.41 

.41 

.41 

.42 

.42 

.43 

.45 

.42 

.37 

.37 

.37 

.38 

.33 

.39 

.39 

.40 

.40 

.40 

.41 

.42 

.42 

.42 

.43 

.43 

.45 

.46 

.43 

.37 

.38 

.38 

.39 

.39 

.40 

.40 

.40 

.41 

.41 

.42 

.43 

.43 

.43 

.44 

.44 

.4(7 

.47 

.44 

.38 

.39 

.39 

.40 

.40 

.40 

.41 

.41 

.42 

.42 

.43 

.44 

.44 

.44 

.45 

.45 

.47 

.48 

.45 

.39 

.40 

.40 

.41 

.41 

.41 

.42 

.42 

.43 

.43 

.44 

.45 

.45 

.45 

.46 

.46 

.48 

.50 

.46 

.40 

.40 

.41 

.41 

.42 

.42 

.43 

.43 

.44 

.44 

.45 

.46 

.46 

.43 

.47 

.47 

.49 

.51 

.47 

.41 

.41 

.42 

.42 

.43 

.43 

.44 

.44 

.45 

.45 

.46 

.47 

.47 

.47 

.48 

.48 

.50 

.52 

.48 

.42 

.42 

.43 

.43 

.44 

.44 

.45 

.45 

.46 

.46 

.47 

.48 

.48 

.48 

,49 

.49 

.51 

.53 

.49 

.43 

.43 

.44 

.44 

.45 

.45 

.46 

.46 

.47 

.47' 

.48 

.49 

.49 

.49 

.50 

.50 

.52 

.54 

.50 

.44 

.44 

.45 

.45 

.46 

.46 

.47 

.47 

.48 

.48 

.49 

.50 

.50 

.51 

.51 

.52 

.53 

.55 

.51 

.44 

.45 

.45 

.46 

.46 

.47 

.47 

48 

.48 

.49 

.50 

.50 

.51 

.52 

.52 

.5.3 

54 

.56 

.52 

.45 

.46 

.46 

.47 

.47 

.48 

.48 

.49 

.49 

.50 

.51 

.51 

.52 

.53 

.53 

.54 

.55 

.57 

S 3 

.46 

.47 

.47 

.48 

.48 

.49 

.49 

.50 

.50 

.51 

.52 

.52 

.53 

.54 

.54 

.55 

.56 

.58 

.54 

.47 

.48 

.48 

.49 

.49 

.50 

.50 

.51 

.51 

.52 

.53 

.53 

.54 

.55 

.55 

.56 

.57 

.59 


376 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Table 122 (Continued) 

Table for Figuring Roofing Freight Rates 

Ket. —The figure under desired Weight per square and opposite Rate per 

cwt. is Freight per square 

Weights per Square—All Styles, 26 Gauge and Lighter 

Freight 

Per Lb. 


Cwt 

. 64 

65 

68 

70 

71 

72 

73 

74 

76 

77 

78 

79 

80 

81 

83 

84 

85'85 

.55 

.35 

.36 

£7 

.39 

.39 

.40 

.40 

.41 

.42 

42 

43 

43 

44 

.45 

46 

46 

47 

47 

.56 

.36 

.36 

.38 

.39 

.40 

.40 

.41 

.41 

.43 

.43 

44 

44 

.45 

45 

46 

.47 

48 

*8 

£7 

.36 

.37 

.39 

.40 

.40 

.41 

.42 

.42 

.4.3 

44 

44 

.45 

.46 

46 

47 

48 

48 

•49 

.58 

.37 

.38 

.39 

.41 

.41 

.42 

.42 

.43 

.44 

.45 

.45 

46 

.46 

47 

48 

.49 

49 

•5o 

.59 

.38 

.38 

.40 

.41 

.42 

.42 

.43 

.44 

.45 

.45 

.46 

.47 

.47 

.48 

49 

.50 

.50 

-5l 

.60 

.38 

.39 

.41 

.42 

.43 

.43 

.44 

.44 

.46 

.46 

.47 

.47 

.48 

.49 

.50 

50 

.51 

52 

.61 

.39 

.40 

.41 

.43 

.43 

.44 

•45 

,45 

.46 

.47 

.48 

48 

49 

.49 

51 

51 

52 

52 

.62 

.40 

.40 

42 

.43 

.44 

.45 

.45 

.46 

.47 

.43 

.48 

.49 

.50 

.50 

.51 

.52 

53 

.53 

.63 

.40 

.41 

.43 

.44 

.45 

.45 

.46 

.47 

.48 

.49 

.49 

.50 

.50 

.51 

£2 

£3 

.54 

.54 

.64 

.41 

.42 

.44 

.45 

.45 

.46 

.47 

.47 

.49 

.49 

50 

.51 

.51 

.52 

.53 

.54 

.54 

.55 

.65 

.42 

.42 

.44 

.46 

.46 

.47 

.47 

.48 

.49 

.50 

.51 

.51 

.52 

.53 

.54 

.55 

.55 

.56 

.66 

.42 

.43 

.45 

.46 

.47 

.48 

.48 

.49 

.50 

.51 

.51 

.52 

.53 

.53 

55 

55 

.56 

.57 

.67 

.43 

.44 

.46 

.47 

.48 

.48 

.49 

.50 

.51 

.52 

.52 

.53. 

.54 

.54 

.56 

56 

.57 

.58 

.68 

.44 

.44 

.46 

.48 

.48 

.40 

.50 

.50 

.52 

.52 

.53 

.54 

.54 

.55 

.56 

.57 

£8 

-58 

.69 

.44 

.45 

.47 

.48 

.49 

.50 

.50 

.51 

.52 

.53 

.54 

.55 

.55 

.56 

.57 

.58 

.59 

-59 

.70 

.45 

.40 

.48 

.49 

.50 

.50 

.51 

.52 

.53 

.54 

.55 

.55 

.56 

.57 

.58 

£9 

60 

•60 

.71 

.45 

46 

.48 

.50 

.50 

.51 

.52 

.53 

.54 

.55 

.55 

.56 

.57 

.58 

.59 

.60 

.60 

.61 

.72 

.46 

.47 

.49 

.50 

.51 

.52 

.53 

.53 

.55 

.55 

.56 

£7 

.58 

.58 

.60 

.60 

.61 

.62 

.73 

.47 

.47 

..50 

.51 

.52 

.53 

.53 

.54 

.55 

.56 

.57 

.58 

.58 

.59 

.61 

.61 

.62 

.63 

.74 

47 

.48 

-50 

.52 

.53 

.53 

.54 

.55 

.56 

.57 

.58 

.58 

.59 

.60 

.61 

.62 

.63 

.64 

.75 

.48 

.49 

.51 

.53 

.53 

.54 

.55 

.56 

.57 

.58 

.59 

.59 

.60 

.61 

.62 

.63 

.64 

.65 

.76 

.49 

.49 

.52 

.53 

.54 

.55 

.55 

.56 

.58 

.59 

.59 

.60 

.61 

.62 

.63 

.64 

.65 

.65 

.77 

.49 

..50 

.52 

..54 

..55 

.55 

.56 

.57 

.59 

.59 

.60 

.61 

.62 

.62 

.64 

65 

.65 

.66 

.78 

.50 

.51 

.53 

.55 

.55 

.53 

.57 

.58 

.59 

.60 

.61 

.62 

.62 

.63 

.65 

.66 

66 

.C7 

.79 

.51 

.51 

.54 

.55 

.55 

.57 

.58 

.58 

.60 

.61 

.62 

.62 

.63 

.64 

.66 

.66 

.67 

.68 

.80 

.51 

.52 

.54 

.56 

.57 

.53 

.58 

.50 

.61 

.62 

.62 

.63 

.64 

.65 

.66 

.67 

.68 

.69 

.81 

.52 

.53 

.55 

.57 

.58 

.58 

.59 

.60 

.62 

.62 

.63 

.64 

.65 

.66 

.67 

.68 

.69 

.70 

.82 

.52 

.53 

.56 

.57 

.58 

.59 

.60 

.61 

.62 

.63 

.64 

.65 

.66 

.66 

.68 

i 

.70 

.71 

.83 

.53 

.54 

.56 

.58 

.59 

.60 

.61 

.61 

.63 

.64 

.65 

.66 

.66 

.67 

.69 

.70 

.71 

.71 

.84 

.54 

.55 

.57 

.59 

.60 

.60 

.61 

.62 

.64 

.65 

.66 

.66 

.67 

.68 

.70 

.71 

.71 

.72 

.85 

.54 

.55 

.58 

.60 

.60 

.61 

.62 

.63 

.65 

.65 

.66 

.67 

.68 

.69 

.71 

.71 

.72 

.73 

.86 

.55 

.56 

.58 

.60 

.61 

.62 

.63 

.64 

.65 

.66 

.67 

.68 

.69 

.70 

.71 

.72 

.73 

.74 

.87 

.56 

.57 

.59 

.61 

.62 

.61 

.64 

.64 

.66 

.67 

.68 

.69 

.70 

.70 

.72 

.73 

.74 

.75 

.88. 

.56 

.57 

.6) 

.62 

.62 

.63 

.64 

.65 

.67 

.68 

.69 

.70 

.70 

.71 

.73 

.74 

.75 

.76 

.89 

.57 

.58 

.61 

.62 

.63 

.64 

.65 

.66 

.68 

.69 

.69 

.70 

.71 

.72 

.74 

.75 

.76 

.77 

.90 

.58 

.59 

.61 

.61 

.64 

.65 

.66 

.67 

.68 

.69 

.70 

.71 

.72 

.73 

.75 

.76 

.77 

.77 

Jl 

.58 

.59 

.62 

.64 

.65 

.66 

.66 

.67 

.69 

.70 

.71 

.72 

.73 

.74 

.76 

.76 

.77 

.78 

.92 

.59 

.60 

.63 

.64 

.65 

.66 

.67 

.68 

.70 

.71 

.72 

.73 

.74 

.75 

.76 

.77 

.78 

.79 

.93 

.60 

.60 

.63 

.65 

.66 

.67 

.68 

.69 

.71 

.72 

.73 

.73 

.74 

.75 

.77 

.78 

.79 

.80 

.94 

.60 

.61 

.64 

.66 

.67 

.68 

.69 

.70 

.71 

.72 

.73 

.74 

.75 

.76 

.78 

.79 

.80 

.81 

.95 

.61 

.62 

.65 

.67 

.67 

- 

.69 

.70 

.72 

.73 

.74 

.75 

.76 

.77 

.79 

.80 

.81 

.82 

.96 

.61 

.62 

.65 

.67 

.68 

.69 

.70 

.71 

.73 

.74 

.75 

.76 

.77 

.78 

.80 

.81 

.82 

.83 

S 7 

.62 

.63 

.66 

.68 

.69 

.70 

.71 

.72 

.74 

.75 

.76 

.77 

.78 

.79 

.81 

.81 

.82 

.83 

.98 

.63 

.64 

.67 

.69 

.70 

.71 

.72 

.73' 

.74 

.75 

.76 

.77 

.78 

.79 

.81 

.82 

.83 

.84 

.99 

.63 

.64 

.67 

.69 

.70 

.71 

.72 

.73 

.7'- 

.76 

.77 

.78 

.79 

.80 

.82 

.83 

.84 

.85 

1.00 

.64 

.65 

.68 

.70 

.71 

.72 

.73 

.74 

.76 

.77 

.78 

.79 

.80 

.81 

.83 

.84 

.85 

.86 


USEFUL TABLES 


377 


Table 122 (Continued) 

Table for Figuring Roofing Freight Rates 

•Key. —The figure under desired Weight per square and opposite Rate per 

cwt. is Freight per square 

Weights per Square—All Styles, 26 Gauge and Lighter 

Freight 

Per Lb . 


Cwt . 

87 

88 

89 

90 

91 

92 

93 

94 

95 

96 

98 

99 

100 

101 

102 

103 

106 

110 

.55 

.48 

.48 

.49 

.50 

.50 

.51 

.51 

.52 

.52 

.53 

.54 

.54 

.55 

.56 

.56 

.57 

.58 

.61 

.56 

.49 

.49 

.50 

.50 

.51 

.52 

.52 

.53 

.53 

.54 

.55 

.55 

.56 

.57 

.57 

.58 

.59 

.62 

.57 

.50 

.50 

.51 

.51 

.52 

.52 

.53 

.54 

.54 

.55 

.56 

.56 

.57 

.58 

.58 

.59 

.60 

.63 

.58 

.50 

.51 

.52 

.52 

.53 

.53 

.54 

.55 

.55 

.56 

.57 

.57 

.58 

.59 

.59 

.60 

.61 

.64 

.59 

.51 

.52 

.53 

.53 

.54 

.54 

.55 

.55 

.56 

.57 

.58 

.58 

.59 

.60 

.60 

.61 

.63 

.65 

.60 

.52 

.53 

.53 

.54 

.55 

.55 

.56 

.56 

.57 

.58 

.59 

.59 

.60 

.61 

.61 

.62 

.64 

.66 

.61 

.53 

.54 

.54 

.55 

.56 

.56 

.57 

.57 

.58 

.59 

.60 

.60 

.61 

.62 

.62 

.63 

.65 

.67 

.62 

.54 

.55 

.55 

.56 

.56 

.57 

.58 

.58 

.59 

.60 

.61 

.61 

.62 

.63 

.63 

.64 

.66 

.68 

.63 

.55 

.55 

.56 

.57 

.57 

.58 

.59 

.59 

.60 

.60 

.62 

.62 

.63 

.64 

.64 

.65 

.67 

.69 

.64 

.56 

.56 

.57 

.58 

.58 

.59 

.60 

.60 

.61 

.61 

.63 

.63 

.64 

.65 

.65 

.66 

.68 

.70 

.65 

.57 

.57 

.58 

.59 

.59 

.60 

.60 

.61 

.62 

.62 

.64 

.64 

.65 

.66 

.66 

.67 

.69 

.72 

.66 

.57 

.58 

.59 

.59 

.60 

.61 

.61 

.62 

.63 

.63 

.65 

.65 

.66 

.67 

.67 

.68 

.70 

.73 

.67 

.58 

.59 

.60 

.60 

.61 

.62 

.62 

.63 

.64 

.64 

.66 

.66 

.67 

.68 

.68 

.69 

.71 

.74 

.68 

.59 

.60 

.61 

.61 

.62 

.63 

.63 

.64 

.65 

.65 

.67 

.67 

.68 

.69 

.69 

.70 

.72 

.75 

.69 

.60 

.61 

.61 

.62 

.63 

.63 

.64 

.65 

.66 

.66 

.68 

.68 

.69 

.70 

.70 

.71 

.73 

.76 

.70 

.61 

.62 

.62 

.63 

.64 

.64 

.65 

.66 

.67 

.67 

.69 

.69 

.70 

.71 

.71 

.72 

.74 

.77 

.71 

.62 

.62 

.63 

.64 

.65 

.65 

.66 

.67 

.67 

.68 

.70 

.70 

.71 

.72 

.72 

.73 

.75 

.78 

.72 

.63 

.63 

.64 

.65 

.66 

.66 

.67 

.68 

.68 

.69 

.71 

.71 

.72 

.73 

.73 

./4 

.76 

.79 

.73 

.64 

.64 

.65 

.66 

.66 

.67 

.68 

.69 

.69 

.70 

.72 

.72 

.73 

.74 

.74 

.75 

.77 

{ .80 

.74 

.64 

.65 

.66 

.67 

.67 

.68 

.69 

.70 

.70 

.71 

.73 

.73 

.74 

.75 

.75 

.76 

.78 

.81 

.75 

.65 

.66 

.67 

.68 

.68 

.69 

.70 

.71 

.71 

.72 

.74 

.74 

.75 

.76 

.77 

.77 

.80 

.83 

.76 

.66 

.67 

.68 

.68 

.69 

.70 

.71 

.71 

.72 

.73 

.74 

.75 

.76 

.77 

.78 

.78 

.81 

.84 

.77 

.67 

.68 

.69 

.69 

.70 

.71 

.72 

.72 

.73 

.74 

.75 

.76 

.77 

.78 

.79 

.79 

.82 

.85 

.78 

.68. 

..69 

.69 

.70 

.71 

.72 

.73 

.73 

.74 

.75 

.76 

.77 

.78 

.79 

.80 

.80 

.83 

.86 

.79 

.69 

.70 

.70 

.71 

.72 

.73 

.73 

.74 

.75 

.76 

.77 

.78 

.79 

.80 

.81 

.81 

.84 

.87 

.80 

.70 

.70 

.71 

.72 

.73 

.74 

.74 

.75 

.76 

.77 

.78 

.79 

.80 

.81 

.82 

.82 

.85 

.88 

.81 

.70 

.71 

.72 

.73 

.74 

.75 

.75 

.76 

.77 

.78 

.79 

.80 

.81 

.82 

.83 

.83 

86 

.89 

.82 J 

.71 

.72 

.73 

.74 

.75 

.75 

.76 

.77 

.78 

.79 

80 

.81 

.82 

.83 

.84 

.84 

.87 

.90 

.83 

.72 

.73 

.74 

.75 

.76 

.76 

.77 

.78 

.79 

.80 

.81 

.82 

.83 

.84 

.85 

.85 

.88 

.91 

.84 

.73 

.74 

.75 

.76 

.76 

.77 

.78 

.79 

.80 

.81 

.82 

.83 

.84 

.85 

.86 

.87 

.89 

.92 

.85 

.74 

.75 

.76 

.77 

.77 

.78 

.79 

.80 

.81 

.82 

.83 

.84 

.85 

.86 

.87 

.88 

.90 

.94 

.86 

.75 

.76 

.77 

.77 

.78 

.79 

.80 

.81 

.82 

.83 

.84 

.85 

.86 

87 

.88 

.89 

.91 

.95 

.87 

.76 

.77 

.77 

.78 

.79 

.80 

.81 

.82 

.83 

.83 

.85 

.86 

.87 

.88 

.89 

.90 

.92 

.96 

.88 

.77 

.77 

.78 

.79 

.80 

.81 

.82 

.83 

.84 

.84 

.86 

.87 

.88 

.89 

.90 

.91 

.93 

.97 

.89 

.77 

.78 

.79 

.80 

.81 

.82 

.83 

.84 

.85 

.85 

.87 

.88 

.89 

.90 

.91 

.92 

.94 

.98 

.90 

.78 

.79 

.80 

.81 

.82 

.83 

.84 

.85 

.86 

.86 

.88 

.89 

90 

.91 

.92 

.93 

.95 

.99 

.91 

.79 

.80 

.81 

.82 

.83 

.84 

.85 

.86 

.86 

.87 

.89 

.90 

.91 

.92 

.93 

.94 

.96 

1.00 

.92 

.80 

.81 

.82 

.83 

.84 

.85 

.86 

.86 

.87 

.88 

.90 

.91 

.92 

.93 

.94 

.95 

.98 

1.01 

.93 

.81 

.82 

.83 

.84 

.85 

.86 

.86 

.87 

.88 

.89 

.91 

.92 

.93 

.94 

.95 

.96 

.99 

1.02 

.94 

.82 

.83 

.84 

.85 

.86 

.86 

.87 

.88 

.89 

.90 

.92 

.93 

.94 

.95 

.96 

.97 

1.00 

1.03 

.95 

.83 

.84 

.85 

.86 

.86 

.87 

.88 

.89 

.90 

.91 

.93 

.94 

.95 

.96 

.97 

.98 

1.01 

1.05 

.96 

.84 

.84 

.85 

.87 

.87 

.88 

.89 

.90 

.91 

.92 

.94 

.95 

.96 

.97 

.98 

.99 

1.02 

1.06 

.97 

.84 

.85 

.86 

.87 

.88 

.89 

.90 

.91 

.92 

.93 

.95 

.96 

.97 

.98 

.99 

1.00 

1.03 

1.07 

.98 

.85 

.86 

.87 

.88 

.89 

.90 

.91 

.92 

.93 

.94 

.96 

.97 

.98 

.99 

1.00 

1.01 

1.04 

1.08 

.99 

.86 

.87 

.88 

05 

OO 

.90 

.91 

.92 

.93 

.94 

.95 

.97 

.98 

.99 

1.00 

1.01 

1.02 

1.05 

1.09 

1.00 

.87 

.88 

. S 9 

.90 

.91 

.92 

.93 

.94 

.95 

.96 

.98 

.99 

1.00 

1.01 

1.02 

1.03 

1.06 

1.10 


378 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Table 123 

Table for Figuring Terne Plate Freight Rates 

Ket .— Under tho weight per box opposite rate per rwt . you will find 

freight per box 


For I C For I X 


Per 

81 b . 

10 lb . 

12 lb . 

15 lb . 

20 lb . 

25 1 b . 

30 lb . 

35 lb . 

40 lb . 

Add 

Cwt . 

212 

226 

230 

233 

238 

243 

248 

253 

258 

58 lb . 

.11 

.23 

.25 

.25 

26 

.26 

.27 

27 

.28 

.28 

06 

.12 

1 25 

.27 

.28 

.28 

.29 

.29 

.30 

.30 

.31 

.07 

.13 

OO 

04 

.29 

.30 

30 

.31 

32 

.32 

.33 

.34 

.08 

.14 

30 

.32 

.32 

.33 

.33 

.34 

.35 

.35 

.36 

08 

.15 

32 

.34 

.35 

35 

.36 

.36 

.37 

38 

.39 

09 

.16 

.34 

.36 

.37 

.37 

.38 

.39 

.40 

.40 

.41 

.09 

.17 

.36 

.38 

.39 

40 

.40 

.41 

42 

.43 

44 

.10 

.18 

.38 

.41 

.41 

.42 

.43 

44 

45 

.46 

.46 

.10 

19 

.40 

.43 

.44 

44 

.45 

.46 

" 47 

.48 

' .49 

.11 

.20 

.42 

.45 

.46 

.47 

.48 

.49 

50 

.51 

.52 

.12 

2 \ 

.45 

.47 

.48 

49 

.50 

.51 

.52 

.53 

.54 

.12 

>2 

.47 

.50 

.61 

.51 

.52 

.53 

.55 

.56 

.57 

.13 

22 

.49 

52 

.53 

.54 

.55 

.56 

.57 

.58 

.59 

.13 

2i 

.51 

.54 

.55 

.56 

.57 

.58 

.60 

.61 

.62 

.14 

2S 

53 

.57 

.58 

58 

.60 

.61 

.62 

.63 

.65 

.15 

26 

.55 

.59 

.60 

.61 

.62 

.63 

.64 

.66 

.67 

.15 

27 

.57 

.61 

.62 

.63 

.64 

.66 

.67 

.68 

.70 

.16 

2S 

.59 

.63 

.64 

.65 

.67 

.68 

.69 

.71 

.72 

.16 

.29 

.61 

.68 

.67 

.68 

.69 

.70 

.72 

.73 

.75 

.17 

.30 

.64 

.68 

.69 

.70 

.71 

.73 

.74 

.76 

.77 

.17 

.31 

66 

.70 

71 

.72 

.74 

.75 

.77 

.78 

.80 

18 

.32 

.68 

.72 

.74 

.75 

.76 

.78 

.79 

.81 

.83 

.19 

.33 

.70 

.75 

.76 

77 

.79 

SO 

.82 

.83 

85 

.19 

.34 

.72 

.77 

.78 

.79 

.81 

.83 

.84 

.86 

.88 

.20 

.35 

.74 

.79 

.81 

.82 

83 

.85 

.87 

.89 

.90 

20 

.36 

.76 

.81 

.83 

.84 

.86 

.87 

.89 

.91 

.93 

.21 

.37 

.78 

.84 

.85 

.86 

.88 

.90 

.92 

.94 

<•:» 

.21 

.38 

.81 

.86 

.87 

. -89 

.90 

.92 

94 

.96 

.98 

.22 

.39 

.83 

.88 

.90 

.91 

.93 

.95 

.97 

.99 

1 01 

23 

.40 

.85 

.90 

.92 

.93 

.95 

.97 

.99 

1 01 

1.03 

.23 

.41 

.87 

.93 

.94 

.96 

.98 

1 00 

1.02 

1.04 

1 06 

24 

.42 

.89 

.95 

.97 

.98 

1 00 

1.02 

1.04 

1.06 

1 08 

.24 

.43 

.91 

.97 

99 

1 00 

1 02 

1.04 

1 07 

1 f".i 

111 

25 

.44 

.93 

.99 

1 01 

1.03 

1.05 

1.07 

1.09 

111 

1.14 

26 

.45 

95 

1 02 

1 04 

1 05 

1 07 

1 09 

1 12 

1 14 

1 16 

26 

.46 

98 

1.04 

1.06 

1.07 

1.09 

1.12 

1 ’4 

1.16 

1.19 

27 

.47 

1 00 

1 06 

1 08 

1 10 

1 12 

1.14 

1 17 

1.19 

1 21 

.27 

.48 

1.02 

1.08 

1.10 

1 12 

1 14 

1.17 

1.19 

1.21 

1 24 

28 

.49 

1 04 

1.11 

M 3 

1 14 

1 17 

* 1.19 

1 22 

1 24 

1 26 

.28 

.50 

1 06 

1.13 

1 15 

1.17 

1 19 

1 22 

1.24 

1.27 

1.29 

29 

.51 

1.08 

1 15 

1.17 

1 19 

1 21 

1 24 

1 26 

1.29 

1 32 

30 

.52 

1 10 

1.18 

1.20 

1 21 

1 24 

f 1.26 

1 29 

1.32 

1.34 

.30 

.53 

1.12 

1.20 

1.22 

1 23 

1 26 

1.29 

1.31 

1 34 

1.37 

.31 

54 

1.14 

1.22 

1.24 

1.26 

1.29 

1.31 

1 1 

1.37 

1.39 

.31 


USEFUL TABLES 


379 


Table 123 (Continued) 

Table for Figuring Terne Plate Freight Rates 

Key. —Under the weight per box opposite rate per cwt. you will find 

freight per box 

Fob I C For I X 


Pbr 

81b. 

10 lb. 

12 lb. 

15 lb. 1 

20 lb. 

25 lb. 

30 lb. 

35 lb. 

40 lb. 

Add 

Cwt. 

212 

226 

230 

233 

238 

243 

248 

253 

258 

58 lb 

.55 

1.17 

1.24 

1.27 

1.28 

1.31 

1.34 

1.36 

1.39 

1.42 

.32 

.56 

1.19 

1.27 

1.29 

1.30 

1.33 

1.36 

1.39 

1.42 

1.44 

.32 

.57 

1.21 

1.29 

1.31 

1.33 

1.36 

1.39 

1.41 

1.44 

1.47 

.33 

.58 

1.23 

1.31 

1.33 

1.35 

1.38 

1.41 

1 44 

1.47 

1.50 

.34 

.59 

1.25 

1.33 

1.36 

1.37 

1.40 

1.43 

1.46 

1.49 

1.52 

.34 

.60 

1.27 

1.36 

1.38 

1.40 

1.43 

1.46 

1.49 

1.52 

1 55 

.35 

.61 

1.29 

1.38 

1.40 

1.42 

1.45 

1.48 

1.51 

1.54 

1.57 

.35 

.62 

1.31 

1.40 

1.43 

1.44 

1.48 

1.51 

1.54 

1.57 

1.60 

.36 

.63 

1.34 

1.42 

1.45 

1.47 

1.50 

1.53 

1.56 

1.59 

1.63 

.37 

.64 

1.36 

1.45 

1.47 

1.49 

1.52 

1.56 

1 59 

1.62 

1.65 

.37 

.65 

1.38 

1.47 

1.50 

1.51 

1.55 

1.58 

1.61 

1.64 

1.68 

.38 

.66 

1.40 

1.49 

1.52 

1.54 

1.57 

1.60 

1.64 

1.67 

1.70 

.38 

.67 

1.42 

1.51 

1.54 

1.56 

1.59 

1.63 

1.66 

1.70 

1.73 

.39 

.68 

1.44 

1.54 

1.56 

1.58 

1.62 

1.65 

1.69 

1.72 

1.75 

.39 

.69 

1.46 

1.56 

1.59 

1.61 

1.64 

1.68 

1.71 

1.75 

1.78 

.40 

.70 

1.48 

1.58 

1.61 

1.63 

1.67 

1.70 

1 74 

1.77 

1.81 

.41 

.71 

1.51 

1.60 

1.63 

1.65 

1.69 

1.73 

1.76 

1.80 

L 1.83 

.41 

.72 

1.53 

1.63 

1.66 

1.68 

1.71 

1.75 

1.79 

1.82 

1.86 

.42 

.73 

1 .55 

1.65 

1.68 

1.70 

1.74 

1.77 

1.81 

1.85 

1.88 

.42 

.74 

1.57 

1.67 

1.70 

1.72 

1.76 

1.80 

1.84 

1.87 

1.91 

.43 

.75 

1.59 

1.69 

1.73 

1.75 

1.79 

1.82 

1.86 

1.90 

1.94 

.44 

.76 

1.61 

1.72 

1.75 

1.77 

1.81 

1.85 

1.88 

1.92 

1.96 

.44 

.77 

1.63 

1.74 

1.77 

1.79 

1.83 

1.87 

1.91 

1.95 

1.99 

.45 

.78 

1.65 

1.76 

1.79 

1.82 

1.86 

1.90 

1.93 

1.97 

2 01 

.45 

.79 

1.67 

1.79 

1.82 

1.84 

1.88 

1.92 

1.96 

2.00 

2.04 

.46 

.80 

1.70 

1.81 

1.84 

1.86 

1.90 

1.94 

1.98 

2.02 

2 06 

.46 

.81 

1.72 

1.83 

1.86 

1.89 

1 93 

1.97 

2.01 

2.05' 

‘ 2.09 

.47 

.82 

1.74 

1.85 

1.89 

1.91 

1 95 

1.99 

2.03 

2.07 

2 12 

.48 

.83 

1.76 

1.88 

1.91 

1.93 

1.98 

2.02 

2.06 

2.10 

2.14 

.48 

.84 

1.78 

1.00 

1.93 

1.96 

2.00 

2 04 

2.08 

2.13 

2.17 

.49 

.85 

1.80 

1.92 

1.96 

1.98 

2.02 

2.07 

2.11 

2.15 

2.19 

.49 

.86 

1.82 

1.94 

1.98 

2.00 

2 05 

2.09 

2.13 

2.18“ 2.22 

.50 

.87 

1.84 

1.97 

2.00 

2.03 

2.07 

2.11 

2.16 

2.20 

2.24 

.50 

88 

1.87 

1 99 

2.02 

2.05 

2.09 

2 14 

2.18 

2.23“ 

“2 27" 

“‘.51 

.89 

1.89 

2.01 

2.05 

2 P7 

2.12 

2.16 

2.21 

2.25 

‘ 2.30_ 

_ -52 

.90 

1 01 

2 03 

2.07 

? 10 

2 14 

2.19 

2 23 

2.28 

2.32 

.52 

.91 

1.93 

2.06 

2.09 

2.12 

2.17 

2.21 

2.26 

2.30 

2.35 

.53 

.92 

1.95 

2.08 

2.12 

2.14 

2 19 

2.24 

2.28 

2.33 

2.37 

.53 

.93 

1.97 

2.10 

2.14 

2.17 

2.21 

2.26 

2.31 

2.35 

2.40 

.54 

.94 

1.99 

2.12 

2 16 

2.19 

2.24 

2 28 

2 33 

2.38“ 

“2.43 

.55 

.95 

2.01 

2.15 

2.19 

2.21 

2.26 

2.31 

2.36 

2.40 

2.45 

.55 

.96 

2 04 

2.17 

2 21 

2 24 

2.28 

2 33 

2.38 

2 43 

2 48 

.56 

.97 

2.06 

2.19 

2.23 

2^26 

2.31 

2.36 

2.41 

2.45 

2.50 

.56 

.98 

2.08 

2.21 

2.25 

2.28 

2 33 

2.38 

2 43 

2.48 

2.53 

.57 

.99 

2.10 

2.24 

2.28 

2.31 

2.36 

2.41 

2 46 

2.50 

2.55 

.57 

1 00 

2.12 

2.26 

2.30 

2.33 

2.38 

2.43 

2.48 

2.53 

2.58 

.58 


3S0 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Browning Iron and Steel.—A good brown color can 

be obtained as follows: Coat the steel with ammonia 
and dry it in a warm place; then coat it with muriatic 
or nitric acid and dry it in a warm place; then place 
the steel in a solution of tannin or gallic acid and 
again dry it. The color can be deepened by placing the 
work near the fire, but it should be withdrawn the 
minute the desired shade is reached or it will turn 
black. The U. S. Government adopted the following 
formula for browning gun barrels: Alcohol, three 
ounces; tincture of iron, three ounces; corrosive sub¬ 
limate, three ounces; sweet spirits of niter, three 
ounces; blue vitriol, two ounces; nitric acid, one and 
a half ounce; and warm water, two quarts. The solu¬ 
tion is applied with a sponge, allowed to dry for 
twenty-four hours, and then the loose rust is removed 
by scratch brushing. A second coat is given in the 
same manner, after which the work is boiled in water 
and dried quickly. A thin coat of boiled linseed oil or 
lacquer is then put on to preserve the color. 

Practical Metric Methods 

As the dollar, the unit for American currency, is 
divided into 100 cents, so the meter, the metric unit of 
length, is divided into 100 centimeters. For the measure¬ 
ment of long distances, kilometers, consisting of 1000 
meters each, may be used. The centimeter, meter and 
kilometer are the metric measures of length in common 
use. This, if a man’s regular step is 80 centimeters, in 
100 steps he will cover 80 meters (80 centimeters -f 100 
= 8000 centimeters = 80 meters). Fast walking will 
cover about 100 meters per minute, 1 kilometer in ten 
minutes, or 6 kilometers per hour. 

The liter is the metric unit of capacity and is divided 
into 1000 equal parts called milliliters. The canteen used 
in the United States Army holds about one liter. 

The meter for measuring length, the liter for measur¬ 
ing capacity, and the gram for weight is the sum and sub¬ 
stance of the metric system. These three units (meter, 
liter, gram), together with the following divisions and 
their abbreviations, are winning their way into general 


/ 


USEFUL TABLES 


381 


use because they are easy to learn and work with, and 
best suited for practical purposes. 


(correct 

ENGLISH SPELLING) 

LENGTH 

10 millimeters = 1 centimeter 
100 centimeters — 1 meter 
1000 meters ~ 1 kilometer 


(standard 

abbreviations) 


10 mm = 1 cm 
100 cm = 1 m 
1000 m = 1 km 


CAPACITY 

1000 milliliters = 1 liter 


1000 ml =1 t 


WEIGHT 

1000 milligrams = 1 pram 
1000 prams = 1 kilogram 
1000 kilograms = 1 metric ton 


1000 mp r:l g 
1000 p = 1 kp 
1000 kp =1 t 


A chanpe to a larger or smaller metric measure of 
length, area, volume, capacity, or weight, is effected by 
merely multiplying or dividing by 10 or a multiple of 10. 
For example: 25 centimeters equal 250 millimeters; 200 
centimeters equal 2 meters, which is the length of the 
Boy Scouts’ official staff; 11 kilograms equal 11,000 grams. 
The systematic and decimal relations throughout the 
metric system greatly facilitate all calculations. This 
enables the people who use the system to make accurate 
mental and written calculations with a rapidity which 
would be impossible by means of other weights and 
measures. 

One milliliter of water weights 1 gram, which is the 
metric unit of weight. The United States five-cent piece 
or nickel, when new, weighs exactly 5 grams, one gram 
for each cent. Also the ten, twenty-five, and fifty-cent 
pieces are made according to the ratio of 1 pram for each 
four cents. Two ten-cent pieces will balance one nickel. 
Five grams is also the weight of the French silver franc. 
Coins of nearly all countries may be used as metric 
weights. 


382 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Table 124 

To find the number of millimeters corresponding to 
any fraction of an inch, look under the heading “Fractions 
of an inch" for that fraction. The answer will be found 
on the same line under the heading “Equivalent in 
millimeters.” 


l.j 

1 1 

iiiiimiMimimiiiiiiiiiiMi 

Fractions of an inch 

|| 

l\ 

'1C. "i ' ~ rl JO 

gsssssijsilssssioisiasggjjigsgslgg 
c r i m •• 0 f' 3C w - ^ ^ x 5 01 ; ? C J S 

C i/i k'J O C ^ t'* h* b* h* t 1 * b* X X! X OC XX * Cl 05 w* Ci O 

0 *"• 

4 

3 

0 — mm»ocn«oo - c 2 { 2T*2'2 r i c £?59:£2in2r£ 

£ 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

20 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

i 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

10 

i 

40 0 ^ 

00 

m 

X 

CO 

• 

s 

N 

- 


if 
& § 

c. e r. /. /. »i' t» j 0 J o 0 u* iS ^ -f ■» -<5 m « N r5 h - - - c * c 0 
Mt'-«->o<fcP3K — *00»rtr»'-‘00ic3c»<-««oaio3t'»-«oa>cot^*-^cso5t'» 

00"-"NM«nrt'!'tifli«in®0(»NN«»©Oie'.CC»--NN 

1 1 1 H 1 1 II 1 1 1 « 1 1 H N 1 1 B 1 1 D 1 I I I | 1 1 | 1 1 1 

Fractions of an inch 

— a 

1-5 

n 

0 U 3 0 0 «o O 0 O lO lO 0 0 0 «o »o 0 

NON CION NON NON NON d U 3 l-» d lO r- CI4CO- 

ci X >0 — t- ro jN(«o-Nn cn ac 1.0 — m oi at %f> — r. re 

O-'JNXOr.OlC - 0 C<TOO-iNX«CiOC 5 -r,~;x — Q 

© 

t 

'"NO'fOCNOCOO*'Nrt’fOiSNOtOlC-NW'rOCNg 6 ClO'“N 


^CNcO'j’ioor^oocio— •CNrt^iOO 

| 

• 

i 

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• 

s 

Cl 

• 

£ 

















































Table 125 

Tables of Area Tables of Volume 


383 


USEFUL TABLES 


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n n 11 n 11 n i 1 a 

xxxxr ^ t'»xxx 
x x r gj o x ~ 


N “i M 1" 9 N 

c — n x x t* x X 

MOONiOWH^N 

h N B 10 (f t « ft 6 H 


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Tables of Capacity 


384 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


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cm 


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USEFUL TABLES 


3S5 


Table 127 Metric Conversion Tables 


Properties of Copper Wire Expressed in the 
Metric System 


Size 

B. & S. 
Gauge 

Diameter 

in 

Millimeters 

Area in 
Square 
Millimeters 

Weight 

per 

Kilometer, 

in 

Kilograms 

Resistance 

per 

Kilometer 

Int’n’l 

Ohms 

0000 

11.684 

107.20 

953.2 

. 1608 

000 

10.404 

85.03 

755.9 

.2028 

00 

9.266 

67.43 

599.5 

. 2557 

0 

8.252 

53.48 

175.4 

.3224 

1 

7.348 

42.41 

377.0 

.4066 

2 

6.543 

33.63 

299.0 

.5127 

3 

5.827 

26.67 

237.1 

.6465 

4 

5.1S9 

21.15 

188.0 

.8152 

5 

4.620 

76.77 

149.1 

1.028 

6 

4.115 

13.30 

118.2 

1.296 

7 

3.665 

10.55 

93.8 

1.634 

8 

3.264 

8.366 

74.4 

2.061 

9 

2.906 

6.634 

59.0 

2.599 

10 

2.588 

5.261 

46.8 

3.277 

11 

2.304 

4.172 

37.1 

4.132 

12 

2.052 

3.309 

29.4 

5.211 

13 

1.829 

2.624 

23.3 

6.571 

14 

1.628 

2.081 

18.5 

8.285 

15 

1.450 

1.650 

14.7 

10.45 

16 

1.290 

1.309 

11.6 

13.17 

17 

1.151 

1.038 

9.23 

16.61 

18 

1.024 

.8231 

7.32 

20.95 

19 

.9119 

.6527 

5.80 

26.42 

20 

.8128 

.5176 

4.60 

33.31 

21 

.7229 

.4105 

3.65 

42.00 

22 

.6426 

.3255 

2.89 

52.26 

23 

.5740 

. 2582 

2.30 

66.79 

24 

. 5105 

.2047 

1.82 

84.21 

25 

.4546 

.1624 

1.44 

106.2 

26 

.4049 

.1288 

1.15 

133.9 

27 

.3605 

.1021 

.908 

168.9 

28 

.3211 

.0810 

.720 

212.9 

29 

. 2859 

.0642 

. 571 

268.5 

30 

.2.540 

.0.509 

.453 

338.6 

31 

.2268 

.0404 

.359 

426.9 

32 

.2019 

.0320 

.285 

538.3 

33 

. 1798 

.0254 

.226 

678.8 

34 

.1601 

.0201 

179 

856.0 

35 

1425 

.0160 

1 j*’ 

10 7 9. 

36 

. 1270 

.0127 

.113 

1361. 




















386 


THE NEW TINSMITH'S HELPER 


Table T 28 


Square Millimeters Area to Inches Diameter 


mini 

Inches 

mini 

Inches 

mmi 

Inches 

rnml 

Inches 

1 

.044 

26 

.227 

51 

.317 

76 

.387 

2 

.063 

27 

.231 

52 

.320 

77 

.390 

3 

.077 

28 

.235 

.53 

323 

78 

392 

4 

.089 

29 

.239 

54 

.326 

79 

.395 

5 

.099 

30 

.243 

55 

.329 

80 

.397 

6 

.109 

31 

.247 

56 

.332 

81 

.400 

7 

.118 

32 

.251 

57 

. 335 

82 

.402 

8 

.126 

33 

.255 

58 

.338 

83 

.405 

9 

.133 

34 

. 259 

59 

.341 

' 84 

.407 

10 

.140 

35 

.263 

60 

.344 

85 

.410 

11 

. 147 

36 

.267 

61 

.347 

86 

.412 

12 

.154 

37 

.270 

62 

.350 

87 

.414 

13 

.160 

38 

.274 

63 

.353 

88 

.417 

14 

.166 

30 

.277 

64 

.355 

89 

.419 

15 

.172 

40 

.281 

65 

.358 

90 

.421 

16 

.178 

41 

.284 

66 

.361 

91 

.424 

17 

.183 

42 

.288 

67 

.364 

92 

.426 

18 

.189 

43 

.291 

68 

.366 

93 

.428 

19 

.193 

44 

.295 

69 

.369 

94 

.431 

20 

.199 

45 

.298 

70 

.372 

95 

.433 

21 

.204 

46 

.301 

71 

.374 

96 

.435 

22 

.208 

47 

.305 

72 

.377 

97 

.438 

23 

.213 

48 

.308 

73 

.380 

98 

.440 

24 

.218 

49 

.311 

74 

.382 

99 

.442 

25 

.222 

50 

.314 

75 

.385 

100 

.444 


■General Requirements in the Coloring of Metal Sur 
faces.—Copper is more susceptible to coloring processes 
and materials than any of the other metals, and hence 
the alloys containing large percentages of copper are 
readily given various shades of yellow, brown, red, 
blue, purple and black. Alloys with smaller percent¬ 
ages of copper (or none at all) can be given various 
colors, but not as easily as if a golden yellow, but 
heating the solution darkens the color, until at 125 
degrees F. it has changed to a brown. 






















USEFUL TABLES 


3S7 





























































































































THE NEW TINSMITH S HELPER 


^8 


Convenient Ways to Use Equivalent Tables 

Showing the Relation between Metric and 
Other Weights and Measures 

A quantity can usually be expressed as a whole number 
if the right metric weight or measure is selected. Even 
when a fraction is needed to express the metric equivalent 
of another weight or measure, one or two figures to the 
right of the decimal point generally give sufficient ac¬ 
curacy. Equivalents such as those in the tables here given 
should be used only to the required degree of accuracy. 
For example, . . . ma^ be seen in Table 130, 4 inches 
is equal to about 10 centimeters; if greater accuracy is 
desired 102 centimeters or 102 millimeters may be taken, 
centimeters or 102 millimeters may be taken. 

The equivalent for a quantity greater or less than those 
given in the tables may be found in the following ways: 
1—By multiplying or dividing by 10 or a multiple of 10, 
which may be done by merely changing the position of 
the decimal point (referring to table 130, the equivalent 
of 7 yards is 6.40 meters, so the equivalent of 700 yards is 
640 meters). 2—From the equivalents of its component 
parts (from table 130, 5 feet 8 J /i inches=152.4 cm H-20.3 
cm+1.3 cm=174 centimeters). 3—By multiplying by the 
conversion factor required, which is opposite figure 1 in 
each column from table 130, (65 kilograms X 2.2=143 
avoirdupois pounds). 

The tables in this book are based upon the United 
States equivalents which, except for measures of capacity, 
are practically the same as the British: these exact 
figures are given below. 

39.370000 U. S. inches = 1 meter ’ 

39.370113 Brit, inches = 1 meter 

0.2641776 U. S. gallon =1 liter 
0.2199753 Brit. Imp. gal. = 1 liter 
1 U. S. avoirdupois lb. =0.4535924277 kilogram 
1 Brit, avoirdupois lb. = 0.4535924300 kilogram 


USEFUL TABLES 


3S9 


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Table 129 Tables of Length 


390 


THE NEW TINSMITH'S HELPER 





















USEFUL TABLES 


391 


Table 130 

Metric Equivalents or Double Marking for Labels 

Example: 12 avoirdupois ounces or 340 grams 


I 

o 


£ 

e 

o 


is 

00 

< 


e 

3 


If 

f 8 


6 

■ 

L 

340 

r- 

*r 

354 

0 

0 

0 

0 

S 3 

8 

C 5 

d> 


00 

r—M 

U 9 

CM 

CM 

co 

O h- 
CO "C 4 

X 

O 

co 

co 

CO 

CO 

co 

CO 

CO 

-r 

’i* 

■O 4 


T 

"S* 



II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

n 

11 

n 

II 

0 

II 

0 

B- 

it 

3 C 

N 

* 


\* 

co\ 



£ 

COX 




COX 


a 


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TJ C 

CM 

CM 

CM 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

-f 

■** 

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0 

LO 

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HHHHN^NNnconn 
























392 


THE NEW TINSMITH'S HELPER 


Table 131 

Decimal Equivalents of 8ths, 16ths, 32ds and 64ths 

of an Inch 

For use in connection with the micrometer caliper. 


'Uha 32ds 


% 

nr 

.125 

A 

— 

.03125 

% 

— 

.250 

A 


.09375 

fc 

— 

.375 

A 

= 

.15625 

% 

— 

.500 

A 

— 

.21875 

% 


.625 

A 

— 

.28125 

\ 

= 

.750 

SI 

— 

.34375 

% 

— 

.875 

11 


.40625 




11 

— 

.46875 




11 

— 

.53125 


16th* 

1! 

— 

.59375 

A 


.0625 

1) 

SS 

.65625 

V- 

— 

.1875 

11 

nr 

.71875 

A 

— 

.3125 

11 

m 

.78125 

A 


.4375 

11 

= 

.84375 

A 


.5625 

1! 


.90625 

11 

s ± 

.6875 

11 

— 

.96875 

12 

— 

.8125 




n 

— 

.9375 





64(hs 


A 


.015625 

12 


.515625 

A 

— 

.046875 

12 

at 

.546875 

A 

= 

.078125 

21 

=r 

.578125 

A 

— 

.109375 

22 

5S 

.609375 

A 

— 

.140625 

12 


.640625 

k \ 


.171875 

12 

— 

.671875 

22 

—* 

.203125 

12 

= 

.703125 

ki 


.234375 

1! 


.734375 

ki 

— 

.265625 

21 


.765625 

11 

— 

.296875 

21 

=r 

.796875 

21 

— 

.328125 

22 


.828125 

22 

= 

.359375 

22 

ns 

.859375 

U 

: 

.390625 

12 

— 

.890625 

il 

— 

.421875 

.21 

= 

.921875 

21 

= 

.453125 

12 


.953125 

*1 

— 

.484375 

12 

— 

.984375 


Varnish for Iron Work.—Dissolve in about 2 lbs. of 
tar oil % lb. of asphalt and a like quantity of pbunded 
resin, mix hot in an iron kettle, care being taken to 
prevent any contact with the flame. When cold the 
varnish is ready for use. This varnish is for outdoor 
wood and iron work. 

Green Varnish for Metals.—Dissolve finely pulver¬ 
ized gum sandarac or mastic in strong potash lye until 
it will dissolve no more. Dilute the solution with water 
and precipitate it with a solution of copper salt, either 
sulphate or acetate. The green precipitate is washed, 
dried, and dissolved in oil of turpentine, producing a 
fine green varnish, which does not change under the 
effect of light, and is especially useful for ornamental 
iron work. 






USEFUL TABLES 


393 


Table 132 

Decimal Equivalents of Millimeters and Fractions 

of Millimeters 

1/100 mm. = .0003937 in. 


mm. 

inches 

lio = 

.00079 

*»/ 

-50 = 

.00157 

3 it> — 

.00236 

4 /50 = 

.00315 

%0 = 

.00394 

9io = 

.00472 

%0 = 

.00551 

%0 = 

.00630 

<)io = 

.00709 

’%0 = 

.00787 

= 

.00866 

I 750 = 

.00945 

J *50 = 

.01024 

^50 = 

.01102 

^50 = 

.01181 

J «50 = 

.01260 

17 io = 

.01339 

3 %0 = 

.01417 

1! >50 = 

.01496 

*95o = 

.01575 

*%0 = 

.01654 

2 %0 = 

.01732 

2 %0 = 

.01811 

*%0 = 

.01890 

2%0 = 

.01969 


mm. 

inches 

=%0 = 

.02047 

2 iio = 

.02126 

= 

.02205 

=%o = 

.02283 

*950 - 

.02362 

3 !£o = 

.02441 

3 750 = 

.02520 

»%0 = 

.02598 

3 1So = 

.02677 

«%0 = 

.02756 

3 %0 = 

.02835 

3 !£o 7= 

.02913 

= 

.02992 

3 %o = 

.03071 

4 9£o = 

.03150 

dio = 

.03228 

= 

.03307 

4 %o = 

.03386 

4 1io = 

.03465 

4 %o = 

.03543 

*%o = 

.03622 

= 

.03701 

4 %0 = 

.037S0 

4 9io = 

.03858 

1 — 

.03937 


mm. inches 

2 = .07874 

3 = .11811 

4 = .15748 

5 = .19685 

6 = .23622 

7 = .27559 

8 = .31496 

9 = .35433 

10 = .39370 

11 = .43307 

12 = .47244 

13 = .51181 

14 = .55118 

15 = .59055 

16 = .62992 

17 = .66929 

18 = .70866 

19 = .74803 

20 = .78740 

21 = .82677 

22 = .86614 

23 = .90551 

24 = .94488 

25 = .98425 

26 =1.02362 


10 mm. = 1 Centimeter = 0.3937 in. 

10 cm, = 1 Decimeter = 3.937 in. 

10 dm. = 1 Meter = 39.37 in. 

25.4 mm. = 1 English inch. 


To Produce a Rich Gold Color.—Brass can be given 
a rich gold color by boiling it in a solution composed 
of 2 parts, by weight, of saltpeter, 1 part common salt, 
1 part alum, 24 parts water and 1 part hydrochloric 
acid. Another method is to apply a mixture of 3 parts 
alum, 6 parts saltpeter, 3 parts sulphate of zinc, and 
3 parts common salt. After applying this mixture the 
work is heated over a hot plate until it becomes black, 
after which it is washed with water, rubbed with 
vinegar and again washed and dried. 






4 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

Table 133 

Decimal Equivalents of the Numbers of Twist 
Drill and Steel Wire Gauge 


No. 

Site of No. in 
decimal* of in. 

No. 

Site of No. in 
decimal* of in. 

No. 

Site of No In 
decimal* of In. 

1 

.2280 

28 

.1405 

55 

.0520 

2 

.2210 

29 

.1360 

56 

.0465 

3 

.2130 

30 

.1285 

67 

.0430 

4 

.2090 

31 

.1200 

58 

.0420 

5 

.2055 

32 

.1160 

59 

.0410 

6 

.2040 

33 

.1130 

60 

.0400 

7 

.2010 

34 

.1110 

61 

.0390 

8 

.1990 

35 

.1100 

62 

.0380 

9 

.I960 

36 

.1065 

63 

.0370 

10 

.1935 

37 

.1040 

64 

.0360 

11 

.1910 

38 

.1015 

65 

.0350 

12 

.1890 

39 

.0995 

66 

.0330 

13 

.1850 

40 

.0980 

67 

.0320 

14 

.1820 

41 

.0960 

68 

.0310 

IS 

.1800 

42 

.0935 

69 

.02925 

16 

.1770 

43 

.0890 

70 

.0280 

17 

.1730 

44 

.0860 

71 

.0260 

18 

.1695 

45 

.0820 

72 

.0250 

19 

.1660 

46 

.0810 

73 

.0240 

20 

.1610 

47 

.0785 

74 

.0225 

21 

.1590 

48 

.0760 

75 

.0210 

22 

.1570 

49 

.0730 

76 

.0200 

23 

.1540 

50 

.0700 

77 

.0180 

24 

.1520 

51 

.0670 

78 

.0160 

25 

.1495 

52 

.0635 

79 

.0145 

26 

.1170 

53 

.0595 

80 

.0135 

27 

.1440 

54 

ll 

.0550 




Preservation of Color.—After a part has been given 
the desired color, it is usually washed in water and 
then dried with clean sawdust. The colored surfaces 

of alloys are commonly protected and preserved by 
coating with a colorless lacquer, such as japan lacquer. 
Small parts are coated by dipping, and large ones by 
rubbing the lacquer on. The lacquer is hard after 
drying, and insoluble in most fluids; hence, it can be 
washed without injury. 

























USEFUL TABLES 


3£5 


Metric Conversion Factors 

Equivalents of metric measures not given in the pre¬ 
ceding tables, are readily found by the following factors: 

Millimeters +25.4 =Inches. 

Meters x 3.281 =Feet. Meters x 39.3 = Inches. 
Meters per sec. x 2.237 =Miles per hour. 

Meters per sec. x 53.686 =Miles per day. 

Kilometers x .62137 =Miles. 

Kilometers x 3280.83 =Feet. 

Kilometers per hour+1.097 =Feet per second. 
Kilometers per hour + 96.58 =Miles per minute. 

Square Millimeters + 645.16 —Square Inches. 

Square Millimeters x 1973=Circular Mils. 

Square Meters x 10.764r=Square Feet. 

Square Kilometers x 247.1 =Acres. 

Cubic Centimeters +16.387 =Cubic Inches. 

Cubic Centimeters+29.574 =Fluid Ounces. 

Cubic Meters x 35.315 =Cubic Feet. 

Cubic Meters + .76456 r=Cubic Yards. 

Cubic Meters x 264.17 ^Gallons. 

Liters x 61.0234 =Cubic Inches. 

Liters x 33.84 =Fluid Ounces. Liters + 3.785 —Gallons. 
Liters per sec. x 127.132 —Cubic Feet per hour. 
Hectoliters x 3.5314 =Cubic Feet. 

Hectoliters x 26.42 =Gallons. 

Grams x 15.432 =Grains. 

Grams + 29.57 r=Fluid Ounces. 

Grams+ 28.35 =Ounces Avoirdupois. 

Grams per metcr=Kilograms per Kilometer. 

Grams per meter+1.488 —Lbs. per 1000 feet. 

Grams per meter x 3.548 r=Lbs. per mile. 

Grams per cu. cm.+27.68 =Lbs. per cubic inch. 
Kilograms x 2.2046 ^Pounds. 

Kilograms+907.2 =Short Tons (2000 lbs.). 

Kilograms +1016.2 =Long Tons (2240 lbs.). 

Kilograms per sq. cm. x 14.2234 =Lbs. per sq. in. 
Kilograms per meter x .672 rrrPounds per foot. 
Kilograms per cu. Meter x .06243 “Lbs. per cu. ft. 
Kilograms per Cheval x 2.235 =Lbs. per Horse Power. 
Kilogrammeters x 7.233 =Foot Pounds. 

Watts+ 746 =Horse Power. 

Watts+.7373 =Foot Pounds per second. 

Kilowatts x 1.34 =Horse-Power. 

Calorie x 3.968 =B. T. U. 

Cheval vapeur x .9863 r=;Horse-Power. 

(Centigrade x 1.80)+32 =Degrees Fahrenheit. 


390 


THE 

N T E\V TINSMITH’S HELPER 




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USEFUL TABLES 


397 


Table 135 

Lengths of Rivets for Various Grips for Boilers 


Grip in 
Inches 
(See 
Fig. 39) 

Round-Head Rivets 

Countersunk-Head Rivets 

Diameter in Inches 

Diameter in Inches 


. 34, 

Vi 

K 

Vi 

.1 

34 

4 

54 

Vs 



Length in Inches 

Length in Inches 

1 

2 

2K 

2 Vi 

2 54 

2 Vi 

1*4 

1*4 

1*4 

1)4 

l Vi 

IK 

2 K 

2)4 

2 Vi 

2*4 

2 Vi 

154 

2 

O 

2 Vs 

254 

34 

2 K 

2 K 

3 

3 34 

334 

254 

24 

2*4 

2*4 

234 

IK 

2 Vi 

3 K 

334 

3 Vs 

3 34 

2 54 

234 

2H 

2*4 

2*4 

2 

3 K 

3 Vi 

3Vi 

3*4 

354 

2*4 

2*4 

24 

254 

3 

2K 

3 H 

3 Vi 

3*4 

3 V 8 

4 

254 

3 

3 34 

334 

3)4 

2)4 

354 

3Vi 

4 

4)4 

4 34 

3 34 

3 34 

3*4 

3*4 

3 1 a 

2 K 

3Vs 

4 Vi 

434 

4 54 

454 

354 

34 

3 34 

354 

3 K 

3 

4 K 

4)4 

. 4 54 

4*4 

4 7 4 

354 

334 

3)4 

4 

4)4 

3K 

4 H 

4 *4 

4 7 4 

5 

5 34 

4 

4*4 

434 

4V* 

4 5-8 

3H 

4 K 

5 

5)4 

514 

5*4 

4 34 

4*4 

4 54 

44 

454 

3*4 

5 

5 K 

554 

5 34 

5*4 

434 

4*4 

4*4 

4*4 

44 

4 

5 K 

5)4 

5*4 

5K 

5)4 

4*4 

4 H 

4 H 

5 

534 

4)4 . 

. 0 1 

6 

6 K 

6 ?4 

G>4 

.514 

5*4 

5 34 

534 

5*4 

5 

6H 

6*4 

GK 

6 7 s 

7 

54 

6 

6 

6 

6 34 


Table 136 


Allowances for Bends in Sheet Metal 


Square 

Bends 

Gage 

Thick¬ 

ness, 

Inches 

Amount to be Deducted from, the Sum of the 
Outside Bend Dimensions, Inches 

1 

Bend 

2 

Bends 

3 

Bends 

4 

Bends 

5 * 
Bends 

6 

Bends 

7 

Bends 

oS 

18 

0.0500 

0 

083 

0 166 

0 250 

0.333 

0.416 

0.500 

0.583 

fl 55 

16 

0.0625 

0 

104 

0 208 

0 312 

0.416 

0.520 

0.625 

0.729 

* S 

14 

0 07S1 

0 

130 

0 260 

0.390 

0 520 

0.651 

0.781 

0.911 


13 

0.0937 

0 

156 

0.312 

0 468 

0.625 

0.781 

0.937 

1 .093 

c ® 

12 

0.1093 

0 

182 

0 364 

0.546 

0 729 

0.911 

1.093 

1.276 

fc- A 

11 

0.1250 

0 

208 

0.416 

0 625 

0 833 

1.041 

1.250 

1.458 

0 •—1 
£ 

10 

0 1406 

0 

234 

0 468 

0 703 

0 937 

1.171 

1.406 

1 643 


18 

0.0500 

0 

066 

0 133 

0 200 

0 266 

0.333 

0.400 

0.466 

O - i 

16 

0.0625 

0 

083 

0 166 

0 250 

0 333 

0.416 

0 500 

0.583 


14 

0.0781 

0 

104 

0 208 

0 312 

0.416 

0.521 

0.625 

0.729 


13 

0.0937 

0 

125 

0.250 

0.375 

0 500 

0.625 

0.750 

0.875 

= * * 

12 

0.1093. 

0 

145 

0 291 

0 437 

0 583 

0.729 

0 875 

1 . 020 

O «2 33 
^ u £ 

11 

0.1250 

0 

166 

0 333 

0.500 

0 666 

0.S33 

1.000 

1.166 


10 

0.1406 

0 

1S7 

0 375 

0 562 

0.750 

0.937 

1. 125 

1.312 





























































398 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

Use of the Table 

Required the contents of a vessel, diameter 6 T / 10 
inches, depth io inches. 

By the table a vessel i inch deep and 6 7 / 10 inches 
diameter contains .15 (hundredths) gallon, then 
.15 X 10=1.50, or 1 gallon and 2 quarts. 

Required the contents of a can, diameter 19V10 
inches, depth 30 inches. 

By the table a vessel 1 inch deep and 19V10 
inches diameter contains 1 gallon and .33 (hun¬ 
dredths), then 1 .33 X 30 = 39.90, or nearly 40 
gallons. 

Required the depth of a can whose diameter is 
I2 2 /io inches, to contain 16 gallons. 

By the table a vessel 1 inch deep and 1 2 2 / 10 
inches diameter contains .50 (hundredths) gallon, 
then 16 - 7 -. 50 = 32 inches, the depth required. 

Number of Barrels in Cisterns and Tanks 

The following table shows the number of bar¬ 
rels (31^2 gallons) contained in cisterns of various 
diameters, from 5 to 30 feet, and of depths ranging 
from 5 to 20 feet. 

To use the table, find the required depth in the 
side column, and then follow along the line to the 
column which has the required diameter at the top. 
Thus, with a cistern 6 feet deep and 16 feet in diam¬ 
eter, we find 6 in the second line, and then follow 
along until column 16 is reached, when we find that 
the contents is 286.5 barrels. 

For tanks that are tapering the diameter may be 
measured four-tenths from large end. 


USEFUL TABLES 


3G9 


Table 137 

Capacity of Cisterns and Tanks in Barrels 

Depth Diameter in Feet 


in 

Feet 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

5 

23.3 

33.6 

45.7 

59.7 

75.5 

93 2 

112.8 

134.3 

157 6 

6 

28.0 

40.3 

54.8 

71.7 

90.6 

1119 

135 4 

161.1 

189.1 

7 

32.7 

47.0 

64.0 

83.6 

105.7 

130.6 

158.0 

188.0 

220.6 

8 

37.3 

53.7 

73.1 

95.5 

120.9 

149.2 

180.5 

214 8 

252.1 

9 

42.0 

60.4 

82.2 

107.4 

136.0 

167.9 

203 1 

241.7 

283.7 

10 

46.7 

67.1 

91.4 

119.4 

151.1 

186.5 

225.7 

268.6 

315 2 

11 

51.3 

73.9 

100.5 

131.3 

166 2 

205.1 

248.2 

295.4 

346.7 

12 

56.0 

80.6 

109.7 

143.2 

181.3 

223.8 

270.8 

322.3 

378.2 

13 

60.7 

87.3 

118.8 

155.2 

196.4 

242.4 

293.4 

349.1 

409.7 

14 

65.3 

94.0 

127.9 

167.1 

211.5 

261.1 

315.9 

376 0 

441.3 

15 

70.0 

100.7 

137.1 

179.0 

226.6 

289.8 

338.5 

402.8 

472.8 

16 

74.7 

107.4 

146.2 

191.0 

241.7 

298.4 

361.1 

429.7 

504.3 

17 

79.3 

114.1 

155.4 

202.9 

256.8 

317 0 

383.6 

456.6 

535 8 

18 

84.0 

120.9 

164.5 

214.8 

272.0 

335.7 

406.2 

483.4 

567.3 

19 

88.7 

127.6 

173.6 

226.8 

287.0 

354 3 

428.8 

510.3 

598.0 

20 

93.3 

134.3 

182.8 

238.7 

302.1 

373.0 

451.3 

537.1 

630.4 

Depth 




Diameter in 

Feet 




Feet 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

5 

182.8 

209.8 

238.7 

269.5 

302.1 

336 6 

373.0 

411.2 

451.3 

6 

219.3 

251.8 

286.5 

323.4 

362.6 

404.0 

447.6 

493.5 

541.6 

7 

255.9 

293.7 

334.2 

377.3 

423.0 

471.3 

522 2 

575.7 

631.9 

8 

292.4 

335.7 

382.0 

431.2 

483 4 

538.6 

396.8 

658.0 

722.1 

9 

329.0 

377.7 

429.7 

485.1 

543.8 

605.9 

671.4 

740.2 

812.4 

10 

365.5 

419.6 

477.4 

539.0 

604.3 

673.3 

746.0 

822.5 

902.7 

11 

402.1 

461.6 

525.2 

592.9 

667.7 

740.6 

820.6 

904.7 

992.9 

12 

438.6 

503.5 

572.9 

646.8 

725.1 

807.9 

895.2 

987.0 

1083.2 

13 

475.2 

545.5 

620.7 

700.7 

785.5 

875 2 

969.8 

1069.2 

1173.5 

14 

511.8 

587.5 

668.2 

754.6 

846 6 

942.6 

1044.4 

1151.5 

1263.7 

15 

548.3 

629.4 

716.2 

808.5 

906.0 

1009.9 

1119.0 

1233.7 

1354 0 

16 

584.9 

671.4 

773.9 

862.4 

966.8 

1077.2 

1193.6 

1315.9 

1444 3 

17 

621 4 

713.4 

811.6 

916.3 

1027.2 

1144.6 

1268 2 

1398.2 

1534 5 

18 

658.0 

755.3 

859.4 

970.2 

1087.7 

1211.9 

1342.8 

1480.4 

1624.8 

19 

694.5 

797.3 

907.1 

1024.1 

1148.1 

1279.2 

1417.4 

1562 7 

1715.1 

20 

731.1 

839.3 

954.9 

1078.0 

1208.5 

1346.5 

1492.0 

1644.9 

1805.3 

Depth 

in 




Diameter in 

Feet 





Feet 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 


5 

493.3 

537.1 

582.8 

630.4 

679.8 

731.1 

784.2 

839.3 

6 

592.0 

614.5 

699.4 

756.5 

815.8 

877.3 

941.1 

1007.1 

7 

690.6 

752.0 

815.9 

882.5 

951.7 

1023.5 

1097 9 

11750 

8 

789.3 

859.4 

932.5 

1008.6 

1087.7 

1169.7 

1254 8 

1342 8 

9 

887.9 

966.8 

1049.1 

1134.7 

1223.6 

1316.0 

1411.6 

1510.7 

10 

986.6 

1074.2 

1165.6 

1260.8 

1359.6 

1462.2 

1568.2 

1678.5 

11 

1085.2 

1181.7 

1282 2 

1386.8 

1495.6 

1608.7 

1723.0 

1846 4 

12 

1183 9 

1289.1 

1398.7 

1512.9 

1631.5 

1754.6 

1882 2 

2014.2 

13 

1282 6 

1396.5 

1515.3 

1639.0 

1767.5 

1900.8 

2039.0 

2182 0 

14 

1381.2 

1503.9 

1631.9 

1765.1 

1903.4 

2047.1 

2195 9 

2343.9 

15 

1479.9 

1611.4 

1748.4 

1891.1 

2039.4 

2193 3 

2352.7 

2517.8 

16 

1578 5 

1718.8 

1865.0 

2017.2 

2175.4 

2339 5 

2509.6 

2685.6 

17 

1677.2 

1826 2 

1981.6 

2143 3 

2311.3 

2485.7 

2666.4 

2853.5 

18 

1775 9 

1933.6 

2398.1 

2269.4 

2147.3 

2631.9 

2823.3 

3021.3 

19 

1874.5 

2041.1 

2214 7 

2395.4 

2583.2 

2778.1 

2980.1 

3189.2 

20 

1973.2 

2148.5 

2321.2 

2521.5 

2719.2 

2924.4 

3137.0 

3357.0 








400 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Capacity of Cylinders in United States Gallons 

Table 65 gives the capacity in United States 
gallons (231 cubic inches) of cylindrical vessels 
from 1 to 72 inches in depth and from 4 to 72 
inches in diameter. Table 64 will be found useful in 
reducing the decimal parts of a gallon to gills, pints 
and quarts. A very few words will suffice to ex¬ 
plain the use of the tables, and perhaps the simplest 
method of doing so is to apply it to a practical case. 
Suppose, for instance, it is desired to find the dimen¬ 
sions of a cylinder holding 27 gallons. Running 
down the column headed 19, we find the number 
27.0028, and following the line across, we come 
to the number 22; hence a cylinder 19 inches in 
diameter and 22 inches deep will hold 27 gallons 
and .0028 gallon. Turning to Table 64 we find a 
gill is equal to .03125 gallon, so that the capacity 
of the cylinder in question is about 1 / 10 gill more 
than 27 gallons. 

Again, if it is desired to find the depth of a 15- 
inch cylinder that shall hold 27 gallons, we run 
down the column headed 15 till we come to the 
number 27.54, and following the line across we 
find the depth to be 36 inches. The decimal .54 
we find, on consulting Table 64, is equivalent to 
between 1 and 2 pints; therefore a 15-inch cyl¬ 
inder 36 inches deep will hold between 1 and 2 
pints more than 27 gallons. Similarly, to find 
the diameter of a cylinder 15 inches deep that 
shall hold 27 gallons, we run across the line oppo¬ 
site 15 till we come to the number 26.976, under 
the column headed 23. The decimal part, accord- 


1 USEFUL TABLES 401 

ing to Table 64, is equivalent to between 31 gills 
and 1 gallon, so the capacity of a cylinder 15 
inches deep and 23 inches diameter is about gill 
less than 27 gallons. Where it is desired to find 
the capacity of a cylinder both dimensions of which 
are given, it is only necessary to run down the 
column headed with the diameter till we come to 
the line across from the given depth, where the 
number found will be the capacity of the cylinder 
in gallons. To illustrate: What is the capacity of 
a cylinder 29 inches deep and 32 inches in diam¬ 
eter ? Consulting Table 65 in the manner described, 
we find the number 100.966, the decimal part of 
which, according to Table 64, is about 31 gills, 
or 3 quarts, 1 pint and 3 gills; the given cylinder, 
therefore, holding 100 gallons, 3 quarts, 1 pint 
and 3 gills. These examples, we think, fully illus¬ 
trate the uses of the tables, and serve to show their 
wide application to the determination of the capaci¬ 
ties and dimensions of cylindrical vessels. 


Table 138 

The Decimal Equivalents of the Fractional Parts 

of a Gallon 


0.03125 of a gallon = 1 gill 

0.06250 of a gallon = H pint 
0.09375 of a gallon = 3 gills 

0.12500 of a gallon = 1 pint 

0.15625 of a gallon = 5 gills 

0.18750 of a gallon = pints 
0.21875 of a gallon = 7 gills 

0.25000 of a gallon = 1 quart 

0.28125 of a gallon = 9 gills 

0.31250 of a gallon = 2>$ pints 

0.34375 of a gallon =11 gills 
0.37500 of a gallon = 3 pints 

0.40625 of a gallon = 13 gills 
0.43750 of a gallon = 3V£ pints 

0.46875 of a gallon = 15 gills 
0.50000 of a gallon = ^ gallon 


0.53125 of a gallon = 17 gills 
0.56250 of a gallon = 4^£ pints 
0.59375 of a gallon = 19 gills 
0.62500 of a gallon = 5 pints 

0.65625 of a gallon =21 gills 
0.68750 of a gallon = 5H pints 
0.71875 of a gallon = 23 gills 
0.75000 of a gallon = 3 quarts 
0.78125 of a gallon = 25 gills 
0.812.50 of a gallon = 6^ pints 
0.84375 of a gallon = 27 gills 
0.87500 of a gallon = 7 pints 

0.90625 of a gallon = 29 gills 
0.93750 of a gallon = pints 
0.96875 of a gallon = 31 gills 
1.00000 of a gallon = 1 gallon 


402 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Table 139 

Capacity of Cylinders in United States Gallons 


Depth, 

Inches 



Diameter 

in Inches 



4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

1 

.0544 

.085 

.1224 

. 1660 

.2176 

.2754 

2 

.1088 

.170 

.2448 

.3332 

.4352 

.5508 

3 

.1632 

.255 

.3672 

.4998 

.6528 

.8262 

4 

.2176 

.340 

.4896 

.6664 

.8704 

1.1016 

S 

.2720 

.425 

.6120 

.8330 

1.0880 

1.3770 

6 

.3204 

.510 

.7344 

.9996 

1.3056 

1.6524 

7 

.3808 

.595 

.8568 

1.1662 

1.5232 

1.9278 

8 

1882 

.680 

.9792 

1.3328 

1.7408 

2.2022 

9 

.4896 

.765 

1.1016 

1.4994 

1 9584 

2.4786 

14) 

.5440 

.850 

1.2240 

1.6660 

2.1760 

2.7546 

11 

.5984 

.935 

1.3464 

1. S3 26 

2 3936 

3 0294 

12 

.6528 

1.020 

1.4688 

1.9992 

2 6112 

3.3048 

13 

.7072 

1.105 

1.5912 

2.1658 

2.8288 

3.5802 

14 

.7616 

1.190 

1.7136 

2.3324 

3 0464 

3 8556 

IS 

.8160 

1.275 

1.S360 

2.4990 

3.2640 

4.1310 

16 

.8704 

1.360 

1.9584 

2.6656 

3 4816 

4.4064 

17 

.9248 

1.445 

2.0808 

2 8322 

3 6992 

4.6818 

18 

.9792 

1.530 

2.2032 

2.9988 

3.9168 

4 9572 

19 

1.0336 

1.015 

2.3256 

3.1654 

4.1344 

5 2326 

20 

1.0880 

1.707 

2.4480 

3.3320 

4.3520 

5.5080 

21 

1.1424 

1.7S5 

2.5704 

3.4986 

4.5696 

5.7834 

22 

1.1968 

1.870 

2.6928 

3 6652 

4 7872 

6.0588 

23 

1.2512 

1.955 

2.8152 

3.8318 

5.0048 

6.3342 

24 

1.3056 

2.040 

2.9376 

3 9984 

5.22.-1 

6 6096 

25 

1.3600 

2.125 

3.0600 

4.1650 

5.4400 

6.8850 

26 

1 1144 

2.210 

3.1824 

4.3316 

5.6576 

7.1604 

27 

1.4OHS 

2.295 

3.3048 

4.4982 

6 ''752 

7.4358 

28 

1.5232 

2.380 

3.4272 

4.6648 

6 0928 

7.7112 

29 

1.5776 

2.465 

3.5496 

4.8314 

6.3104 

7.9866 

30 

1.6320 

2.550 

3.6720 

4.9980 

6.5280 

8.2620 

31 

1.6864 

2.635 

3 7944 

5.1646 

6 7456 

8.5374 

32 

1.7408 

2.720 

3.9168 

5.3312 

6 9632 

8.8128 

33 

1.7952 

2.805 

4.0392 

5 4978 

7.1808 

9.0882 

34 

1.8496 

2.890 

4.1616 

5.66-14 

7.3984 

9.3636 

35 

1 .9040 

2.975 

4.2840 

5.8310 

7.6160 

9 0390 

36 

1.9584 

3.060 

4.4064 

5.9976 

7.8336 

9.9144 

40 

2.1760 

3.400 

4.8960 

6.6640 

8.7040 

11.0160 

44 

2 3936 

3.740 

5 3856 

7.3304 

9.5744 

12.1176 

48 

2.6112 

4.080 

5.8752 

7.9968 

10 4448 

13.2192 

54 

2.9376 

4.590 

6.6096 

8.9964 

11.7504 

14.8716 

60 

3.2640 

5.100 

7.3440 

9.9960 

13.0500 

16.5240 

72 

3.9168 

6.120 

8.8128 

11.9952 

15.6672 

19.8288 


Note. —This table on heavy cardboard 11 X 14 ins., eyeletted, *0.25. 









USEFUL TABLES 


403 


Table 139 (Continued) 

Capacity of Cylinders in United States Gallons 


Depth, 

Inches 



Diameter 

in Inches 



10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

1 

.34 

.4114 

.4896 

.5746 

.6664 

.765 

2 

.68 

.8228 

.9792 

1.1492 

1.3328 

1.530 

3 

1.02 

1.2342 

1.4688 

1.7238 

1.9992 

2.295 

4 

1.36 

1.6456 

1.9584 

2.2984 

2.6656 

3.060 

5 

1.70 

2.0570 

2.4480 

2.8730 

3.3320 

3.825 

6 

2.04 

2.4684 

2.9376 

3.4476 

3.9984 

4.590 

7 

2.38 

2.8798 

3.4272 

4.0222 

4.6648 

5.355 

8 

2.72 

3.2912 

3.9168 

4.5968 

5.3312 

6.120 

9 

3.06 

3.7026 

4.4064 

5.1714 

5.9976 

6.885 

10 

3.40 

4.1140 

4.8960 

5.7460 

6.66-40 

7.650 

11 

3.74 

4.5254 

5.3856 

6.3206 

7.3304 

8.415 

12 

4.08 

4.9368 

5.8752 

6.8952 

7.9968 

9.180 

13 

4.42 

5.3482 

6.3648 

7.4698 

8.6632 

9.945 

14 

4.76 

5.7596 

6.8.544 

8.0444 

9.3296 

10.710 

15 

5.10 

6.1710 

7.3440 

8.6190 

9.9960 

11.475 

16 

5.44 

6.5824 

7.8336 

9.1936 

10.6624 

12.240 

17 

5.78 

6.9938 

8.3232 

9.76S2 

11.3288 

13.005 

18 

6.12 

7.4052 

8.8128 

10.3428 

11.9952 

13.770 

19 

6.46 

7.8166 

9.3024 

10 9174 

12.6616 

14.535 

20 

6.80 

8.2280 

9.7920 

11.4920 

13.3280 

15.300 

21 

7.14 

8.6394 

10.2816 

12.0666 

13.9944 

16.065 

22 

7.48 

9.0508 

10.7712 

12.6412 

14.6608 

16.830 

23 

7.82 

9.4622 

11.2608 

13.2158 

15.3272 

17.595 

24 

8.16 

9.8736 

11.7504 

13.7904 

15.9936 

18.360 

25 

8.50 

10.2850 

12.2400 

14.3650 

16.6600 

19.125 

26 

8.84 

10.6964 

12.7296 

14.9396 

17.3264 

19.890 

27 

9.18 

11.1078 

13.2192 

15.5142 

17.9928 

20 655 

28 

9.52 

11.5192 

13.7088 

16.0888 

18.6592 

21.420 

29 

9.86 

11.8306 

14.1984 

16.6634 

19.3256 

22.185 

30 

10.20 

12.3420 

14.6880 

17.2380 

19.9920 

22.950 

31 

10.54 

12.7534 

15.1776 

17.8126 

20.6584 

23.715 

32 

10. S8 

13.1648 

15.6672 

18.3S72 

21.3248 

24.480 

33 

11.22 

13.5762 

16.1568 

18.9618 

21.9912 

25.245 

34 

11.56 

13.9876 

16.6464 

19.5364 

22.6576 

26.010 

35 

11.90 

14.3998 

17.1360 

20.1110 

23.3240 

26.775 

36 

12.24 

14.8104 

17.6256 

20.6856 

23.9904 

27.540 

40 

13.60 

16.4560 

19.5840 

22.9840 

26.6560 

30.600 

44 

11.96 

18.1016 

21.5424 

25.2824 

29.3216 

33.660 

48 

16.32 

19.7472 

23.5008 

27.5808 

31.9872 

36.720 

54 

18.36 

22.2156 

26.4384 

31.0284 

35.9S56 

41.310 

60 

20.40 

24.6S40 

29.3760 

34.4760 

39.9840 

45.900 

72 

24.48 

29.6208 

35.2512 

41.3712 

47.9808 

55.080 


Note.—T his table on heavy cardboard 11 X 14 ins., eyeletted, $0.25. 




404 


THE NEW TINSMITH'S HELPER 


Table 139 (Continued) 

Capacity of Cylinders in United States Gallons 


Diameter in Inches 
Depth, - 


Inches 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

{ 

.8704 

.9826 

1.1016 

l 8874 

1 36 

1 4994 

2 

1.7408 

1.9652 

2.2032 

2.4548 

2 72 

2 9988 

3 

2.6112 

2.9478 

8.8048 

3.6822 

4.08 

4.4982 

4 

3 4816 

3.9304 

4.4064 

1 9096 

5 44 

5 9976 

5 

4.3520 

4.9130 

5.5080 

6.1370 

6.80 

7 4970 

6 

5.2224 

5.8956 

6.6096 

7.3644 

8.16 

8 9964 

7 

6.0028 

6.8782 

7.7112 

8.5918 

9 52 

10 4958 

8 

6.9632 

7.8608 

8.8128 

9 8192 

10 88 

11 9952 

9 

7.8336 

8.8434 

9.9144 

11 0466 

12 24 

13.4946 

10 

8.7040 

9.8260 

11.0160 

12.2740 

13 60 

14 9940 

11 

9.5744 

10.8086 

12.1176 

13.5014 

14 96 

16 4934 

13 

10.4448 

11.7912 

18 8108 

14.7288 

16 32 

17 9928 

13 

11.3152 

12.7738 

14 3208 

15.9562 

17.68 

19 4922 

14 

12.1856 

13.7564 

15 4221 

17.1636 

19 04 

20 9916 

15 

13.0560 

14.7390 

16.5240 

18.4110 

20 40 

22 4010 

16 

13.9264 

15.7216 

17 6256 

19.6384 

21.76 

23 9904 

17 

14.7968 

16.7042 

18.7272 

20.8658 

23.12 

25 4898 

18 

15.6672 

17.6868 

19.8288 

22 0932 

24 48 

26.9892 

19 

16.5376 

18.6694 

20.9304 

23 3206 

25 84 

28 4886 

20 

17.4080 

19.6520 

22.0320 

24 5480 

27.20 

29.9880 

31 

18.2784 

20.6346 

23.1336 

25.7754 

28.56 

31 4874 

22 

19.1488 

21.6172 

24.2352 

27.0028 

29 92 

32.9868 

23 

2(1 0102 

22.5998 

25.3368 

28.2302 

31.28 

34.4862 

24 

20.8896 

88.5824 

26.4384 

29.4579 

32 64 

35.9856 

25 

21.7C.OO 

24.5650 

27.5400 

30.6850 

34.00 

37.4850 

26 

83.6804 

25.5476 

28.6416 

31.9124 

35.30 

38.9844 

27 

23 5oos 

26.5302 

29 7488 

33.1398 

36 72 

40.4838 

28 

24.3712 

27.5128 

30.8448 

34 3672 

38.08 

41.9832 

29 

25.2416 

2S 1954 

31.9464 

35.5940 

39.44 

43 4826 

30 

26.1120 

29 47SO 

33.0480 

40.8220 

40.80 

44.9820 

31 

26.9824 

30.4606 

34.1496 

38.0494 

42.16 

46.4814 

32 

27 8528 

81.4488 

35.2512 

39 2768 

43.52 

47.9808 

33 

28.7232 

32.4258 

36.3528 

40.5042 

44 88 

4«» 4S02 

34 

29 5936 

33 His 4 

37.4544 

41.7316 

46.14 

50.9796 

35 

30.4640 

84 8810 

38.5560 

48 MOO 

47.60 

52.4790 

36 

81.8844 

35.3736 

39.6576 

44.1864 

48.90 

53 9784 

40 

34.8160 

39.3040 

44.0640 

19 0900 

54.40 

59.9760 

44 

38.2976 

43 2344 

48.4704 

54 0050 

59.84 

65.9736 

48 

41.7792 

47.1648 

52.8768 

5S 9152 

65.28 

71.9712 

54 

47.0016 

53.0604 

59.4864 

66.4796 

73 44 

80 9676 

60 

88.8840 

58.9560 

66.0960 

73 6440 

81.60 

89 9040 

72 

C 2 - 6 vs 

70.7472 

79.3151 

88.3728 

97.92 

107.9570 


Note. —This table on heavy cardboard 11 X 14 ins., eyelettad, $0.25. 




USEFUL TABLES 


4C5 


Table 139 (Continued) 

Capacity of Cylinders in United States Gallons 


Diameter in Inches 


Inches 

22 

23 

24 

26 

28 

1 

1.6456 

1.7986 

1.9584 

2.2984 

2.6656 

2 

3.2912 

3.5972 

3.9168 

4.5968 

5.3312 

3 

4.9368 

5.3958 

5.8752 

6.8952 

7.9968 

4 

6.5824 

7.1944 

7.8336 

9.1936 

10.6624 

S 

8.2280 

8.9930 

9.7920 

11.4920 

13.3280 

6 

9.8736 

10.7916 

11.7504 

13.7904 

15.9936 

7 

11.5192 

12.5902 

13.7089 

16.0888 

18.6592 

8 

13.1648 

14.3888 

15.6672 

18.3872 

21.3248 

9 

14.8104 

16.1874 

17.6256 

20.6856 

23.9904 

10 

16.4560 

17.9860 

19.5840 

22.9840 

26.6560 

11 

18.1016 

19.7846 

21.5424 

25.2824 

29.3216 

12 

19.7472 

21.5832 

23.5008 

27.5808 

31.9872 

13 

21.3928 

23.3818 

25.4592 

29.8792 

34.6528 

14 

23.0384 

25.1804 

27.4176 

32.1776 

37.3184 

15 

24.6840 

26.9790 

29.3760 

34.4760 

39.9840 

16 

26.3296 

28.7776 

31.3344 

36.7741 

42.6596 

17 

27.9752 

30.5762 

33.2928 

39.0728 

45.3152 

18 

29.6208 

32.3748 

35.2512 

41.3712 

47.9808 

19 

31.2664 

34.1734 

37.2096 

43.6696 

50.6464 

20 

32.9120 

35.9720 

39.1680 

45.9680 

53.3120 

21 

34.5576 

37.7706 

41.1264 

48.2664 

55.9776 

22 

36.2032 

39.5692 

43.0848 

50.5648 

58.6432 

23 

37.84S8 

41.3678 

45.0432 

52.*632 

61.3088 

24 

39.4944 

43.1664 

47.0016 

55.1616 

63.9744 

25 

41.1400 

44.9650 

48.9600 

57.4600 

66.6400 

26 

42.7856 

46.7636 

50.9184 

59.8584 

69.3056 

27 

44.4312 

48.5622 

52.8768 

62.0568 

71.9712 

28 

46.0768 

50.3608 

54.8352 

64.3552 

74.6368 

29 

47.7224 

52.1594 

56.7936 

66.6536 

77.3024 

30 

49.3680 

53.9580 

58.7520 

68.9520 

79.9680 

31 

51.0136 

55.7566 

60.7104 

71.2504 

82.6336 

32 

52.6592 

57.5552 

62.6688 

73.5488 

85.2992 

33 

54.3048 

59.3538 

64.6272 

75.8472 

87.9648 

34 

55.9504 

61.1524 

66.5856 

78.1456 

90.6304 

35 

57.5960 

62.9510 

68.5440 

80.4440 

93.2960 

36 

59.2416 

64.7496 

70.5024 

82.7424 

95.9616 

40 

65.8240 

71.9440 

78.3360 

91.9360 

106.6240 

44 

72.4064 

79.1384 

86.1696 

101.1300 

117.2860 

48 

7S.9S88 

86.3328 

94.0032 

110.3230 

127.9490 

51 

88.8624 

97.1244 

105.7.540 

124.1140 

143.9420 

60 

98.7360 

107.9160 

117.5040 

137.9040 

159.9360 

72 

1IS.4830 

129.4990 

141.0050 

165.4850 

191.9230 

Note.— 

-This table on 

heavy cardboard 11 X 

14 ins., eyeletted, $0.25. 




406 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Table 139 (Continued) 

Capacity of Cylinders in United States Gallons 

Diameter in Inches 

Depth, ■— - - ■ .. — 


Inches 

SO 

32 

34 

34 

40 

1 

3 06 

3.4816 

• M04 

4.4064 

5 44 

a 

6.12 

' iJ 

7.8608 

8.8128 

10.88 

s 

9.18 

10 4448 

11.7912 

13 2192 

16.32 

4 

12.24 

13 9264 

15.7216 

17.6256 

21.76 

5 

15.30 

17.4080 

19.6520 

22 5320 

27.20 

6 

18.36 

20.8896 

23.5824 

26.4384 

32.64 

7 

21.42 

24.3712 

27.512s 

30 8448 

38.08 

8 

24.48 

27.8528 

31 4432 

35.2512 

43.52 

9 

27.54 

31.3344 

35 3736 

39.6576 

4s <*.; 

10 

30.60 

34.8160 

39.3040 

♦ 

44 0640 

54.40 

11 

33.66 

38.2976 

43.2344 

48.4704 

59.84 

12 

36.72 

41.7792 

47.1648 

52.8768 

65.28 

IS 

39.78 

45 2i-.MS 

51.0952 

57.2832 

70.72 

14 

42.84 

48.7424 

55.0256 

61 6896 

76.16 

15 

45.90 

52.2240 

58.9560 

66 0960 

81.60 

18 

48.96 

55.7056 

62.8864 

70 5024 

87.04 

17 

52.02 

59.1872 

66.8168 

74.9088 

92 48 

18 

55.08 

62.6688 

70.7472 

79.3152 

97 92 

19 

58.14 

66.1504 

74.6776 

83.7216 

103.36 

20 

61.20 

69.6320 

78.6080 

88.1280 

108.80 

21 

64.26 

73 1136 

82.5384 

92 5344 

114.24 

22 

67.32 

76.5952 

86.4688 

96 9408 

119.68 

23 

70.38 

80 0768 

90.3992 

101 3470 

125.12 

24 

73 44 

83.5584 

94.3296 

105.7540 

130.56 

25 

76.50 

87.0400 

98.2600 

110.1600 

136.00 

26 

79.56 

90.5216 

102.1900 

114.5660 

141 44 

27 

82.62 

94.0032 

106.1210 

118.9730 

146.88 

28 

85.68 

97.4848 

110.0510 

123 3790 

152.32 

29 

88.74 

100.9660 

113.9820 

127.7860 

157.76 

SO 

91.80 

100.4480 

117.9120 

132.1920 

163.20 

SI 

94.86 

107.9300 

121.8420 

136 5980 

168 64 

32 

97 92 

111.4110 

125.7730 

141 0050 

174.08 

33 

100.98 

114.8930 

129.7030 

145 4110 

179.52 

34 

104.04 

118.3740 

133.6440 

149.8180 

184.96 

35 

107.10 

121.8560 

137.5640 

154 2240 

190.40 

36 

110.16 

125.3380 

141.4944 

158 6300 

195.S4 

40 

122.04 

139.2640 

157.2160 

176.2560 

217 60 

44 

134.64 

153.1900 

172 9380 

193.8820 

239.36 

48 

146.88 

107.1170 

188.6590 

211.5070 

261.12 

54 

165.24 

188.0060 

212.2420 

237 9460 

293.76 

60 

183.60 

208.8960 

235.8240 

264.3840 

326 40 

72 

220.32 

250.6750 

282.9890 

317.2610 

391.68 


Note. —This table on heavy cardboard 11 X 14 ins., eyeletted, $0.25, 




USEFUL TABLES 


407 


Table 139 (Continued) 

Capacity of Cylinders in United States Gallons 

Diameter in Inches 

Depth, -- 


Inches 

44 

48 

54 

60 

72 

1 

6.5824 

7.8336 

9.9144 

12.24 

17.6256 

2 

13.1648 

15.6672 

19.8288 

24.48 

35.2512 

3 

19.7472 

23.5008 

29.7432 

36.72 

52.8768 

4 

26.3296 

31.3344 

39.6576 

44.96 

70.5024 

5 

32.9120 

39.1680 

49.5720 

61.20 

88.1280 

6 

39.4944 

47.0016 

59.4864 

73.44 

105.7510 

7 

46.0768 

54.8352 

69.4008 

85.68 

123.3790 

8 

52.6592 

62.6688 

79.3152 

97.92 

141.0050 

9 

59.2416 

70.5024 

89.2296 

110.16 

158.6300 

10 

65.8240 

78.3360 

99.1440 

122.40 

176.2560 

11 

72.4054 

86.1696 

109.0580 

134.64 

193.8820 

12 

78.98S8 

94.0032 

118.9730 

146.88 

211.5070 

13 

85.5712 

101.8370 

■* 28.8870 

159.12 

229.1330 

14 

92.1536 

109.6700 

a38.8020 

171.36 

246.7580 

15 

98.7360 

117.5040 

148.7160 

183.60 

264.3840 

16 

105.3180 

125.3380 

158.6300 

195.84 

282.0100 

17 

111.9010 

133.1710 

168.5450 

208.08 

299.6350 

18 

118.1830 

141.0050 

178.4590 

220.32 

317.2610 

19 

125.0660 

118.8380 

188.3740 

232.56 

334.8860 

20 

131.6480 

156.6720 

198.2880 

244.80 

352.5120 

21 

138.2300 

164.5060 

208.2020 

257.04 

370.1380 

22 

144.8130 

172.3390 

218.1170 

269.28 

387.7630 

23 

151.3950 

ISO.1730 

228.0310 

281.52 

405.3S90 

24 

157.9780 

188.0060 

237.9460 

293.76 

423.0140 

25 

164.5600 

195.8-100 

247.8600 

306.00 

440.6*100 

26 

171.1420 

203.6740 

257.7740 

318.24 

458.2660 

27 

177.7250 

211.5070 

267.6890 

330.48 

475.8910 

28 

184.3070 

219.3410 

277.6030 

342.72 

493.5170 

29 

190.8900 

227.1740 

287.5180 

354.96 

511.1420 

30 

197.4720 

235.0080 

297.4320 

367.20 

528.7680 

31 

204.0.540 

242.8420 

307.3460 

379.44 

546.3940 

32 

210.6370 

250.6750 

317.2610 

391.68 

564.0190 

33 

217.2190 

258.5090 

327.1750 

403.92 

581.6450 

34 

223.8020 

266.3420 

337.0900 

416.16 

599.2700 

35 

230.3840 

274.1760 

347.0040 

428.40 

616.8960 

36 

236.9660 

282.0100 

356.9180 

440.64 

634.5220 

40 

263.2960 

313.3440 

396.5760 

489.60 

705.0240 

44 

289.6260 

344.6780 

436.2340 

538.56 

775.5260 

48 

315.9550 

376.0130 

475.8910 

587.52 

846.0290 

54 

355.4500 

423.0140 

535.3780 

660.96 

951.7820 

60 

394.9440 

470.0160 

594.8640 

734.40 

1057.5100 

72 

473.9330 

564.0190 

713.8370 

881.28 

1269.0400 


Note.—T his table on heavy cardboard 11 X 14 ins., eyeletted, $0.25. 




408 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Table 139 (Continued) 

Capacity of Cylinders in United States Gallons 


Depth Diameter in Feet 


in 

Feet 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

11 

S 

735 

1,060 

1,440 

1,875 

2,380 

2,925 

3,550 

4,237 

6 

SM 

1,270 

1,728 

mso 

2,855 

3,510 

4.260 

5,084 

7 

1,028 

1,480 

2,016 

2,625 

3,330 

4,095 

4,970 

5,931 

8 

1.175 

1,690 

2,304 

3,000 

3,805 

4,680 

5,680 

6,778 

9 

1,322 

1,900 

2,592 

3,375 

4,280 

5,265 

6,390 

7,625 

10 

1,400 

2,110 

2,880 

3,750 

4,755 

5,850 

7,100 

8,472 

11 

1,616 

2,320 

3,168 

4,125 

5,250 

6,435 

7,810 

9,319 

11 

1,762 

2,530 

3,456 

4,500 

5,705 

7,020 

8,520 

10,166 

IS 

1,909 

2,740 

3,744 

4,875 

6,180 

7,605 

9,230 

11,013 

14 

2,056 

2,950 

4,032 

5,250 

6,655 

8,190 

9,940 

11,860 

15 

2,203 

3,160 

4,320 

5,625 

7,130 

8,775 

10,650 

12,707 

16 

2,356 

3,370 

4,608 

6,000 

7,605 

9,360 

11,360 

13,554 

17 

2,497 

3,580 

4,896 

6,375 

8.080 

9,945 

12,070 

14,401 

18 

2,644 

3,790 

5,184 

6,750 

8,535 

10,530 

12,780 

15,245 

19 

2,791 

4,000 

5,472 

7,125 

9,010 

11,115 

13,490 

16,098 

SO 

2,938 

4,210 

5,760 

7,500 

9,490 

11,700 

14,200 

16,942 

Depth 



Diameter 

in Feet 




Feet 

IS 

14 

16 

16 

18 

20 

22 

14 

0 

4,960 

5,765 

6,698 

7,520 

9,516 

11,750 

14,215 

16,918 

6 

5,952 

6,918 

8,038 

9,024 

11,419 

14,100 

17,059 

20,302 

7 

6,944 

8,071 

9,378 

10,528 

13,322 

16,450 

19,902 

23,680 

8 

7,936 

9,224 

10,718 

12,032 

15,225 

18,800 

22,745 

27,070 

9 

8,928 

10,377 

12,058 

13,536 

17,128 

21,150 

25,588 

30,454 

10 

9,920 

11,530 

13,398 

15,050 

19,031 

23,500 

28,431 

33,838 

11 

10,913 

12,683 

14,738 

16,544 

20,934 

25,850 

31,274 

37,222 

12 

11,904 

13,836 

16,078 

18,048 

22,837 

28,200 

34,117 

40,606 

13 

12,896 

14,989 

17,418 

19,552 

24,740 

30,550 

36,960 

43,990 

14 

13,888 

16,142 

18,758 

21,056 

26,643 

32,900 

39,803 

47,374 

16 

14,880 

17,295 

20,098 

22,260 

28,546 

35,250 

42,646 

50,758 

16 

15,872 

18,448 

21,438 

26,064 

30,449 

37,600 

45.489 

54,142 

17 

16,864 

19,601 

22,778 

25,568 

32,352 

39,950 

48.332 

57,520 

18 

17,856 

20,754 

24.118 

27,072 

34,255 

42,300 

51,175 

60,910 

19 

18,848 

21,907 

25,458 

28,576 

36.158 

44,650 

54,018 

64,294 

20 

19,840 

23,060 

26,798 

30,080 

38,062 

47,000 

56,861 

67,678 


To find the number of gallons in a tank of unequal diameter multiply 
the inside bottom diameter in inches by the inside top diameter in inches, 
then this product by 34: point off four figures and the result will be the aver¬ 
age number of gallons to one inch in depth of the tank. 














USEFUL TABLES 


409 


Table 140 

Number of U. S. Gallons in Rectangular Tanks 

One Foot in Depth 


Width 




Length of Tank in Feet 




Feet 

2 2 

5 3 

3.5 

4 

4 5 

5 

5 5 

6 

6 5 

7 

2 

29.92 37 

.40 44.88 52.36 59.S4 67.32 74.81 82.29 89.77 97.25 

104.73 

2.5 

.46 

.75 56.1 

10 65.45 74.80 84.16 93.51 

102.86 112.21 

L 121.56 

130.91 

W 


... 67.32 78.54 89.77 100.99 112.21 

. 123.43 134.65 145.87 

157.09 

3.5 



.. 91.64 104 .u 

t 117.82 130.91 

144.00 157.09 170.18 

183.27 

4 




. 119.69 134.65 149.61 

. 164.57 179.53 194.49 

209.45 

4.5 





, 151.48 168.31 

185.14 201.97 218.80 

235.63 

5 






. 187.01 

. 205.71 224.41 243.11 

261.82 

5.5 







226.28 246.86 267.43 

288.00 

O 








. 269.30 291.74 

314.18 

6.5 









, 316.05 

340.36 

7 










366.54 

Width 




Length of Tank in Feet 




in 

Feet 

7.5 

8 

8.5 

9 

9.5 

10 

10.5 

11 

11.5 

12 

2 

112.21 

119.69 

127.17 

134.65 

142.13 

149.61 

157.09 

164.57 

172.05 

179.53 

2.5 

140.26 

149.61 

158.96 

168.31 

177.66 

187.01 

196.36 

205.71 

215.06 

224.41 

3 

168.31 

179.53 

190.75 

202.97 

213.19 

224.41 

235.63 

246.86 

258.07 

269.30 

3.5 

196.36 

209.45 

222.54 

235.63 

248.73 

261.82 

274.90 

288.00 

301.09 

314.18 

4 

224.41 

239.37 

254.34 

269.30 

284.26 

299.22 

314.18 

329.14 

344.10 

359.06 

4 5 

252.47 

269.30 

286.13 

302.96 

319.79 

336.62 

353.45 

370.28 

387.11 

403.94 

5 

280.52 

299.22 

317.92 

336.62 

355.32 

374.03 

392.72 

411.43 

430.13 

448.83 

5.5 

308.57 

329.14 

349.71 

370.28 

390.85 

411.43 

432.00 

452.57 

473.14 

493.71 

6 

336.62 

359.06 

381.50 

403.94 

426.39 

448.83 

471.27 

493.71 

516.15 

538.59 

6.5 

364.67 

388.98 

413.30 

437.60 

461.92 

486.23 

510.54 

534.85 

559.16 

583.47 

7 

392.72 

418.91 

445.09 

471.27 

497.45 

523.64 

549.81 

575.99 

602.18 

628.36 

7.5 

420.78 

448.83 

476.88 

504.93 

532.98 

561.04 

589.08 

617.14 

645.19 

673.24 

8 


478.75 

508.67 

538.59 

568.51 

598.44 

628.36 

658.28 

688.20 

718.12 

8.5 



540.46 

572.25 

664.05 

635.84 

667.63 

699.42 

731.21 

763.00 

9 




605.92 

639.58 

673.25 

706.90 

740.56 

774.23 

807.89 

9.5 





675.11 

710.65 

746.17 

781.71 

817.24 

852.77 

10 






748.05 

785.45 

822.86 

860.26 

897.66 

10 5 







824.73 

864.00 

903.23 

942.56 

11 








905.14 

946.27 

987.43 

11 5 









989.29 

1032.3 

12 










1077.2 


Example.—To find number of gallons in a rectangular 
tank that is 7.5 feet by 10 feet, the water being 4 feet 
deep: Look in extreme left-hand column for 7 . 5 , and 
opposite to this in column headed 10 read 561.04, which 
being multiplied by 4, the depth of water in the tank, gives 
2244.2, the number of gallons required. 



























410 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

Table 141 

Capacity of Cylinders in Imperial Gallons 


Diameter in Inches 


j-»epm. 

Inches 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

1 

.0153 

.0708 

.102 

.1388 

.1814 

,SM 

.2833 

2 

.0906 

.1416 

.204 

.2776 

.3028 

.4590 

.5666 

3 

.1359 

.2124 

.306 

. 41 <’4 

.5442 

.6885 

.8499 

4 

.1812 

.2S32 

.408 

.5552 

.7256 

.9180 

1.1332 

5 

.2265 

.3540 

.510 

.6940 

.9070 

1 1175 

1.4165 

6 

.2718 

.4248 

.612 

.8328 

1.0884 

1.3770 

1.6998 

7 

.3171 

.4956 

.714 

.9716 

1.1698 

1.6005 

1.9831 

8 

.3621 

.5664 

.816 

1.1104 

1.4512 

1.8300 

2.2664 

9 

.4077 

.6372 

.918 

1.2492 

1.6326 

2.0655 

2.5497 

10 

.4530 

.7080 

1.020 

1.3880 

1.8140 

2.2950 

2.8330 

11 

.49S3 

.77S8 

1.122 

1.5268 

1.9954 

2.5245 

3.1163 

12 

.5436 

.8496 

1.224 

1.6056 

2.1768 

3.7640 

3.3996 

13 

.5889 

.9204 

1.326 

1.8044 

2.3582 

2.9835 

3.6829 

14 

.6342 

.9912 

1.428 

1.9432 

2.3396 

3.2130 

3.9662 

15 

.6795 

1.0620 

1.530 

2.0820 

2.7210 

3.4425 

4.2495 

16 

.7248 

1.1328 

1.632 

2.2208 

2.9024 

3 6720 

4.5328 

17 

.7701 

1.2036 

1.734 

2.3596 

3.0' ' 

3.9015 

4.8161 

18 

.8154 

1.1744 

1.836 

2.4984 

3.2652 

4.1310 

5.0994 

19 

.8607 

1.3452 

1.938 

2.6372 

3.4466 

4.3605 

5.3827 

20 

.9060 

1.4160 

2.040 

2.7760 

3.6280 

4.5900 

5.6660 

21 

.9513 

1.4868 

2.142 

2.9148 

3.5094 

4.8195 

5.9493 

22 

.9966 

1.5576 

2.244 

3.0536 

3.9908 

5.0490 

6.2326 

23 

1.0419 

1.6284 

2.346 

3.1924 

4.1722 

5.27S5 

6.5159 

24 

1.0872 

1.6992 

2.448 

3.3312 

4.3536 

5.5080 

6.7992 

25 

1.1325 

1.7700 

2.550 

3.4700 

4.5350 

5.7375 

7.0825 

26 

1.1778 

1.8408 

2.652 

3.6088 

4.7164 

5.9670 

7.3658 

27 

1.2231 

1.9116 

2.754 

3.7476 

4.8978 

6 1965 

7.6491 

28 

1.2684 

1.9824 

2.856 

3.8864 

4.6792 

6.4260 

7.9324 

29 

1.3137 

2.0532 

2.958 

4.0252 

5.2606 

6.6555 

8.3057 

30 

1.SM0 

2.1240 

3.060 

4.1640 

5.4420 

6.8850 

8.4990 

31 

1.4043 

2.1948 

3.162 

4.3028 

5.6234 

7.1145 

8.7823 

32 

1.4496 

2.2656 

3.264 

4.4416 

5.8048 

7.3440 

9.0656 

33 

1.4949 

2.3304 

3.366 

4.5804 

5.M89 

7.5735 

9.3489 

34 

1.5402 

2.4072 

3.468 

4.7192 

6.1676 

7.8030 

9.6322 

35 

1.5855 

2.4780 

3.570 

4.8580 

6.3490 

8.0325 

9 9155 

36 

1.6308 

2.5488 

3.672 

4 .9968 

6.5304 

8.2620 

10.1988 

40 

1.8120 

2.8320 

4.080 

5.5520 

7.2560 

9.1800 

11.3320 

44 

1.9932 

3.1152 

4.489 

6.1072 

7 9M0 

10.0980 

12 4652 

48 

2.1744 

3.3984 

4.896 

6.6624 

8.7072 

11.0160 

13.5984 

54 

2.4 4 • > _’ 

3.8232 

5.508 

7.4952 

9.7956 

12.3930 

15.2982 

60 

2.7180 

4.2480 

6.120 

8.3280 

10.8840 

13.7700 

16 2980 

72 

3.2616 

5.0976 

7.344 

9.9936 

13.0608 

16.5240 

29.3976 


This table gives number of Imperial gallons (277.274 inches) in cylindrical 
vessels from 1 to 72 inches in depth and from 4 to 72 inches in diameter. 




USEFUL TABLES 


411 


Table 141 (Continued) 


Capacity of Cylinders in Imperial Gallons 


Depth, 

Inches 



Diameter in Inches 



11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

1 

.3428 

.4080 

.4788 

. 5553 

.6375 

.7253 

2 

.6856 

.8160 

.9576 

1.1106 

1.2750 

1.4506 

3 

1.0284 

1.2240 

1.4364 

1.6659 

2.0125 

2.1759 

4 

1.3712 

1.6320 

1.9152 

2.2212 

2.5500 

2.9012 

5 

1.7140 

2.0400 

2.3940 

2.7765 

3.1875 

3.6265 

6 

2.0568 

2. 4480 

2.8728 

3.3318 

3.8250 

4.3518 

7 

2.3996 

2.8560 

3.3516 . 

3.8871 

4.3625 

5.0771 

8 

2.7424 

3.2640 

3.8304 

4.4424 

5.1000 

5.8024 

9 

3.0852 

3.6720 

4.3092 

4.9977 

5.7375 

6.5277 

10 

3.4280 

4.0800 

4.7880 

5.5530 

6.3750 

7.2530 

11 

3.7708 

4.4880 

5.2668 

6.1083 

7.0125 

7.9783 

12 

4.1136 

4.8900 

5.7456 

6.6036 

7.6500 

8.7036 

13 

4.456-1 

5.3040 

6.2244 

7.3189 

8.2875 

9.4289 

14 

4.7992 

5.7120 

6.7032 

7.7742 

8.7250 

10.1542 

15 

5.1420 

6.1200 

7.1820 

8.3295 

9.5625 

10.8795 

16 

5.4848 

6.5280 

7.6608 

8.8848 

10.2000 

11.6048 

17 

5.8276 

6.9360 

8.1396 

9.4401 

10.8375 

12.3301 

18 

6.1704 

7.34 K) 

8.6184 

9.9954 

11.4750 

13.0554 

19 

6.5132 

7.7520 

9.0972 

10.5507 

12.1125 

13.7807 

20 

6.8560 

8.1000 

9.5760 

11.1060 

12.7500 

14.5060 

21 

7.1988 

8.5680 

10.0548 

11.6613 

13.0875 

15.2313 

22 

7.5-116 

8.9760 

10.5330 

12.2166 

14.0250 

i5.9566 

23 

7.8844 

9.3840 

11.0124 

12.7719 

14.6625 

16.6819 

24 

8.2272 

9.7920 

11.4912 

13.3272 

15.3000 

17.4072 

25 

8.5700 

10.2000 

11.9700 

13.8825 

15.9375 

18.1325 

26 

8.9128 

10.6080 

12.4488 

14.4378 

16.5750 

18.8578 

27 

9.2556 

11.0160 

12.9276 

14.9931 

17.2125 

19.5831 

28 

9.5984 

11.4240 

13.4064 

15.5484 

17.4500 

20.3084 

29 

9.9412 

11.8320 

13.8852 

16.1037 

18.4875 

21.0337 

30 

10.2840 

12.2400 

14.3040 

16.6590 

20.1250 

21.7590 

31 

10.6268 

12.6480 

14.8428 

17.2143 

19.7625 

22.4843 

32 

10.9096 

13.0500 

15.3216 

17.7696 

20.4000 

23.2096 

33 

11.3124 

13.4640 

15.8004 

18.3249 

21.0375 

23.9349 

34 

11.6552 

13.8720 

16.2792 

18.8802 

21.6750 

24.6602 

35 

11.9980 

14.2S00 

16.7580 

19.4355 

21.8125 

25.3855 

36 

12.3408 

14.6880 

17.2368 

19.9908 

22.9500 

26.1108 

40 

13.7120 

16.3200 

19.1520 

22.2120 

25.5000 

29.0120 

44 

15.0832 

17.9520 

21.0672 

24.4332 

28.0500 

31.9132 

48 

16.4544 

19.5840 

22.9824 

26.654 I 

30.6000 

34.8144 

54 

18.5112 

22.0320 

25.8552 

29.9862 

34.4250 

39.1702 

60 

20.SOSO 

24.4800 

28.7280 

33.3180 

38.2500 

43.5180 

72 

24.6816 

29.3760 / 

34.4736 

39.9816 

45.9000 

52.2216 


This table gives the number of Imperial gallons (277.274 inches) in cylin¬ 
drical v®sswls from 1 to 02 inches in depth and from 4 to 1 2 inches in diamt ter* 




412 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

Table 141 (Continued) 


Capacity of Cylinders in Imperial Gallons 


Depth. 



Diameter in Inches 









Inches 

17 

. 18 

19 

20 

21 

24 

1 

.8188 

.8180 

1.0228 

1.1333 

1.2495 

1.632 

2 

1.6376 

1.8360 

2.0456 

2.2666 

2.4990 

3 2< . 

3 

2.4564 

2.7540 

3.0684 

3.3999 

3.7485 

4 1 

4 

3.2752 

8.8730 

4.0912 

4.5332 

4.9980 

6.528 

5 

4.0940 

4.5900 

5.1140 

5.6665 

6.2475 

8.160 

6 

4.9128 

5.5080 

6.1368 

6.7998 

7.4970 

9 792 

7 

5.7316 

6.4260 

7.1596 

7.9331 

8.7465 

11 424 

8 

6 5501 

7.3440 

8.1824 

9.0664 

9.9960 

13 056 

9 

7.3 12 

8.2620 

9.3063 

10.1997 

11.3465 

14.688 

10 

8.1880 

9.1800 

10.2280 

11.3330 

12.4950 

16.320 

11 

9.0068 

10 0980 

11.2518 

12.4663 

13.7445 

17.952 

12 

9.82.56 

11.0160 

12.2736 

13.5996 

14 9940 

19.584 

13 

10.6141 

11.9340 

13.2964 

14. 7130 

18.3485 

21.216 

14 

11.4632 

12.8520 

14.3192 

15.8662 

17.4930 

22.848 

15 

12.2820 

13.77(H) 

15 3120 

16.9995 

18.7425 

24 480 

16 

13 100S 

14.0880 

16.36is 

18.1838 

19.9920 

26.112 

17 

13.9196 

15.6060 

17.3876 

19.2661 

21.2415 

27.744 

18 

] i 7384 

16.5240 

18.4101 

20.3994 

22.4910 

29 376 

19 

15 5572 

17.4420 

19.4332 

21.5327 

23.7405 

31.008 

20 

16.3760 

18.3600 

20.4.560 

22.6660 

24 9900 

32.640 

21 

17.1948 

19.2780 

21.4788 

23.7993 

26.2395 

34.272 

22 

18.0136 

20.1960 

22.5036 

24 9326 

27.4890 

85 804 

23 

18.8324 

91.1140 

23 5244 

26 0659 

28.7385 

87 536 

24 

19.6512 

22.0320 

24.5472 

27.1992 

29.9KS0 

39 168 

25 

20.4700 

22.9.500 

25 5700 

28 3325 

31.2375 

40.800 

26 

21.2888 

23.8680 

26 5^28 

29.46.58 

32 4870 

42 432 

27 

22.1076 

24.7800 

27 6156 

80.6001 

33.7886 

44.064 

28 

22.9264 

25.7040 

28 6384 

31 7324 

31 9SMI 

45.096 

29 

23.7452 

38.8330 

29 6612 

32 8857 

88 2355 

47 898 

30 

24.5640 

27.51(H) 

30 6840 

33.9990 

87.4850 

48 960 

31 

25.3828 

28 4580 

31 7068 

35 1323 

38.7345 

50.592 

32 

26 2016 

29.3760 

33 7308 

36 2656 

39 9840 

52 224 

33 

27 0204 

30 2940 

33 7551 

37.3989 

41.2335 

53 856 

34 

27 8392 

31.2120 

34.7752 

38.5322 

42 4880 

55.488 

35 

38.8680 

32.1300 

35.7980 

39.66.55 

43.7325 

67.120 

36 

38.4788 

33.0480 

36 8208 

40.7988 

44 9820 

58.752 

40 

32.7520 

36.7200 

40 9120 

45.3320 

49 9800 

65.280 

44 

36 0272 

40.3920 

45 0072 

49.8652 

54.9780 

71.808 

48 

39.3024 

44.0640 

45.0944 

54.6384 

59.9760 

7 s 336 

54 

44.3153 

49.5720 

55.2312 

61.1982 

87.4780 

88.128 

60 

48.1380 

55.0800 

61 3680 

67.9980 

74.9700 

97.920 

72 

58.9536 

66.0960 

73 6416 

81.5976 

89.9640 

117.604 


This table Rives the number of Imperial gallons (277 274 inches) in cylin¬ 
drical vessels from 1 to 72 inches in depth and from 4 to 72 inches in diameter. 







USEFUL TABLES 


413 


Table 141 (Continued) 

Capacity of Cylinders in Imperial Gallons 


Depth, 

Inches 



Diameter 

in Inches 



33 

36 

40 

48 

60 

72 

1 

2.55 

3.672 

4.5333 

6.528 

10.2 

14.688 

2 

5.10 

7.344 

9.0666 

13.056 

20.4 

29.376 

3 t 

7.65 

11.016 

13.5999 

19.584 

30.6 

44.064 

4 

10.20 

14.688 

18.1332 

26.112 

40.8 

58.752 

5 

12.75 

18.360 

22.6665 

32.640 

51.0 

73.440 

6 

15.30 

22.032 

27.1998 

39.168 

61.2 

88.128 

7 

17.85 

25.704 

31.7331 

45.696 

71.4 

102.816 

8 

20.40 

29.376 

36.2664 

52.224 

81.6 

117.504 

9 

22.95 

33.048 

40.7997 

58.752 

91.8 

132.192 

10 

25.50 

36.720 

45.3330 

65.2S0 

102.0 

146.880 

11 

28.05 

40.392 

49.8663 

71.808 

112.2 

161.568 

12 

30.60 

44.064 

54.3996 . 

78.336 

122.4 

176.256 

13 

33.15 

47.736 

58.9329 

84.864 

132.6 

190.944 

14 

35.70 

51.408 

63.4662 

91.382 

142.8 

205.632 

15 

38.25 

55.080 

67.9995 

97.920 

153.0 

220.320 

16 

40.80 

58.752 

72.5328 

104.448 

163.2 

235.008 

17 

43.35 

62.424 

77.0661 

110.976 

173.4 

249.696 

18 

45.90 

66.096 

81.5994 

117.504 

1S3.6 

26-1.384 

19 

48.45 

69.768 

86.1327 

124.032 

193.8 

279.072 

20 

51.00 

73.440 

90.6660 

130.560 

204.0 

293.760 

21 

53.55 

77.112 

95.1999 

137.088 

214.2 

308.448 

22 

56.10 

80.784 

99.7326 

143.616 

22 4.4 

323.136 

23 

58.65 

84.456 

104.2659 

150.144 

234.6 

337.824 

24 

61.20 

88.128 

108.7992 

156.672 

244.8 

352.512 

25 

63.75 

91.800 

113.3325 

163.200 

255.0 

367.200 

26 

66.30 

95.472 

117.8658 

180.728 

265.2 

381.888 

27 

68.85 

99.144 

122.3991 

176.256 

275.4 

396.576 

28 

71.40 

102.816 

126.9324 

182.784 

285.6 

411.264 

29 

73.95 

106.488 

131.4657 

1S4>. 312 

295.8 

425.952 

30 

76.50 

110.160 

135.9990 

195.8*10 

306.0 

440.640 

31 

79.05 

113.832 

140.5326 

202.368 

316.2 

455.328 

32 

81.60 

117.504 

145.0656 

208.S96 

326.4 

470.016 

33 

84.15 

121.176 

149.5989 

215.424 

336.6 

48-1.704 

34 

86.70 

124.848 

154.1322 

221.952 

346.8 

499.392 

35 

89.25 

128.520 

158.6655 

228.480 

357.0 

514.080 

36 

91.80 

132.192 

163.1988 

235.008 

367.2 

528.768 

40 

102.00 

146.880 

181.3320 

261.120 

40S.0 

587.520 

44 

112.20 

161.568 

199.4652 

287.232 

448.8 

646.272 

48 

122.40 

176.256 

217.5984 

313.344 

489.6 

705.024 

54 

137.70 

198.288 

244.29S2 

352.512 

550.0 

793.152 

60 

153.00 

220.320 

271.9980 

391.680 

612.0 

881.280 

72 

183.60 

264.384 

326.3976 

470.016 

734.4 

1057.536 


This table gives the number of Imperial gallons (277.274 inches) in cylin¬ 
drical vessels from 1 to 72 inches in depth and from 4 to 72 inches in diameter. 




414 


THE NEW TINSMITH'S HELPER 


Table 142 

Diameters, Areas and Circumferences of Circles 

To find the capacity of any cylindrical measure, from 1 
inch diameter to 30 inches, take the inside diameter of the 
measure in inches, and multiply the area in the table 
which corresponds to the diameter by the depth in inches, 
and divide the products, if gills are required, by 7.2135; 
if pints, by 28.875; if quarts, by 57.75; if gallons, by 231. 

If bushels are required (say in a tierce or barrel* after 
the mean diameter is obtained), multiply as above, and 
divide the product by 2150.42. 

Calling the diameters feet the areas are feet,—then, if 
a ship’s water tank, steam boiler, etc., is 5 %, or any num¬ 
ber of feet and parts of feet in diameter, find the area in 
the table which corresponds in inches, multiply it by the 
length in feet, and multiply this result by the number of 
gallons in a cubic foot (7.4805), and the product is the 
answer in gallons. In any case where there are more fig¬ 
ures in the divisor than in the dividend, add ciphers. 

Any of the areas in inches, multiplied by .052, or the 
areas in feet multiplied by 7.48, the product is the num¬ 
bers of gallons at 1 foot in depth. 

Any of the areas in feet, multiplied by .03704, the prod¬ 
uct equals the number of cubic yards at 1 foot in depth. 


Diam., 

Ins. 

Circum., 

Ius. 

Area, 
Sq. Ins. 

Diam., 

Ins. 

Circum., 

Ins. 

Area, 
Sq. Ins. 

Diam., 

Ins. 

Circum., 

Ins. 

Area, 
Sq. Ins. 

A 

* 

.0030 

4 

SM 

.6013 

24 

m 

4.430 

4 

11 

.0122 

It 

21 t 

.6903 

24 

74 

4.908 

A 

it 

.0276 

l 

34 

.7854 

24 

84 

5 412 

4 

it 

.0490 

14 

34 

.9940 

2 4 

84 

5 939 

A 

It 

.0767 

14 

34 

1.227 

2 4 

9 

6 491 

4 

1A 

.1104 

IN 

44 

1 484 

3 

94 

7.068 

A 

1 H 

.1503 

14 

44 

1.767 

34 

94 

7.669 

1/1 

1A 

.1963 

14 

54 

2 074 

34 

104 

8.295 

A 

in 

.2485 

1 4 

54 

2.405 

34 

104 

8 946 

H 

Hi 

.3068 

14 

54 

2.761 

34. 

11 

9 621 

H 

2 A 

.3712 

2 

64 

3.141 

34 

114 

10 320 

4 

211 

.4417 

2 4 

64 

3 546 

34 ‘ 

114 

11.044 

H 

2A 

.5185 

24 

7 

3.976 

34 

124 

11.793 



USEFUL TABLES 


415 


Table 142 (Continued) 


Diameters, Areas and Circumferences of Circles 


Diam., 

Cir., 

Area, 

Area, 

Diam., 

Cir., 

Area, 

Area, 

Ins. 

Ft. 

Ins. 

Sq. Ins. 

Sq.Ft. 

Ins. 

Ft. 

Ins. 

Sq. Ins. 

Sq. Ft. 

4 in. 

1 

034 

12.566 

.0879 

10% 

2 

8*4 

86.590 

.6061 

4% 

1 

054 

13.364 

.0935 

10% 

2 

9*4 

88.664 

.6206 

434 

1 

154 

14.186 

..0993 

10*4 

2 

9% 

90.762 

.6353 

4% 

1 

154 

15.033 

.1052 

10 *^ 

2 

10 '4 

92.855 

.6499 

4 % 

1 

234 

15.904 

.1113 

11 in. 

2 

1014 

95.033 

.6652 

4% 

1 

234 

16.800 

.1176 

11 Vi 

2 

10*4 

97.205 

.6874 

4% 

1 

234 

17.720 

.1240 

UH 

2 

114 

99.402 

.6958 

4% 

1 

334 

18.665 

.1306 

11 % 

2 

11*4 

101.623 

.7143 

5 in. 

1 

354 

19.635 

.1374 

11% 

3 

04 

103.869 

.7290 

5% 

1 

434 

20.629 

.1444 

n% 

3 

0*4 

106.139 

.7429 

5 \i 

1 

434 

21.647 

.1515 

n% 

3 

0*4 

108.434 

.7590 

5 H 

1 

454 

22.690 

.1588 

n% 

3 

1% 

110.753 

.7752 

5'A 

1 

534 

23.758 

.1663 

12 in. 

3 

1*4 

113.097 

.7916 

55? 

1 

554 

24.850 

.1739 

12Ks 

3 

2 

115.466 

.8082 

534 

1 

6 

25.967 

.1817 

12 M 

3 

2*4 

117.859 

.8250 

5 14 

1 

654 

27.108 

.1897 . 

12*4 

3 

24 

120.276 

.8419 

6 in. 

1 

654 

28.274 

.1979 

12 H • 

3 

3% 

122.718 

.8590 

8% 

1 

734 

29.46-1 

.2062 

12*4 

3 

34 

125.185 

.8762 

634 

1 

754 

30.679 

.2147 

12*4 

3 

4 

127.676 

.8937 

8% 

1 

8 

31.919 

.2234 

12% 

3 

4*4 

130 192 

.9113 

6V$ 

1 

854 

33.183 

.2322 

13 in. 

3 

4*4 

132.732 

.9291 

65? 

1 

854 

34.471 

.2412 

13H 

3 

54 

135.297 

.9470 

6»4 

1 

954 

35.784 

.2504 

13 >4 

3 

5 H 

137.8S6 

.9642 

6J? 

1 

934 

37.122 

.2598 

13*4 

3 

6 . 

140.500 

.9835 

7 in. 

1 

10 

38.484 

.2693 

13 H 

3 

c*6 

143 139 

1.0019 

734 

1 

1054 

39.871 

.2791 

13 % 

3 

m 

145.802 

1.0206 

734 

1 

1054 

41.282 

.2889 

13*4 

3 

7>4 

148.489 

1.0294 

714 

1 

1134 

42.718 

.2990- 

13 j 8 

3 

7Va 

151.201 

1.0584 

734 

1 

1134 

44.178 

.3092 

14 in. 

3 

7*8 

153.938 

1.0775 

75? 

754 

1 

1154 

45.663 

.3196 

14H 

3 

8*8 

156.699 

1.0968 

2 

o*4 

47.173 

.3299 

14% 

3 

8*4 

159.485 

1.1193 

7% 

2 

054 

47.707 

.3409 

14*1 

3 

9 % 

162.295 

1.1360 

8 in. 

2 

134 

50.265 

.3518 

1434 

3 

9*4 

165.130 

1.1569 

834 

2 

134 

51.848 

.3629 

14*3 

3 

9*4 

167.989 

1.1749 

8% 

8% 

2 

134 

53.456 

.3741 

14*4 

3 

104 

170.873 

1.1961 

2 

234 

55.088 

.3856 

14% 

3 

10*1 

173.782 

1.2164 

83? 

2 

254 

56.745 

.3972 

15 in. 

3 

11*4 

176.715 

1.2370 

854 

2 

3 

58.426 

.4089 

15*4 

3 

11*4 

179.672 

1.2577 

854 

2 

3*4 

60.132 

.4209 

1514 

3 

11*8 

182.654 

1.2785 

8J? 

2 

354 

61.862 

.4330 

15* 9 

4 

04 

185.661 

1.2996 

9 in. 

2 

4 U 

63.617 

.4453 

15*4 

4 

OH 

188.692 

1.3208 

934 

2 

434 

65.396 

.4517 

15*4 

4 

1 

191.748 

1.3422 

9% 

2 

5 

67.200 

.4704 

15*4 

4 

1*4 

194.828 

1.3637 


2 

5*4 

69.029 

.4832 

15% 

4 

1*4 

197.933 

1.3855 

9>? 

2 

554 

70.882 

.4961 

16 in. 

4 

24 

201.062 

1.4074 

95 1 

2 

634 

72.759 

.5093 

164 

4 

2*4 

204.216 

1.4295 

9 3 | 

2 

654 

74.662 

.5226 

16*4 

4 

3 

207.394 

1.4517 

id 

2 

7 

76.588 

.5361 

lm 

4 

3*4 

210.597 

1.4741 

10 in. 

2 

754 

7».540 

.5597 

16* 3 

4 

3*i 

213.825 

1.4967 

10 1 4 

2 

7*1 

80.515 

.5636 

16*6 

4 

4 Vi 

217.077 

1.5195 

103-4 

2 

834 

82.516 

.5776 

16 3 4 

4 

4* g 

220.353 

1.5424 

10 H 

2 

854 

84.540 

.5917 

m 

4 

5 

223.654 

1.5655 


Note. —This table on heavy cardboard 11 X 14 ins., eyeletted, $0.25. 



416 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Table 142 (Continued) 

Diameters, Areas and Circumferences of Circles 


Di&m., 

las. 

Cir., 

Ft. • Ins. 

Area, 
Sq. Ins. 

Area, 
Sq. Ft. 

Diatn., 
Ft. Ins. 

Cir., 

Ft. Ins. 

Are*. 
Sq. Ins. 

Are*. 

Sq.Ft. 

17 ia. 

4 

5*4 

226.980 

1.5888 

2 

0 

6 

34 

452 290 

3 1418 

17H 

4 

5»J 

230 330 

1 6123 

2 

O '4 

6 

44 

461 864 

3 2075 

17*4 

4 

64 

233.705 

1.6359 

2 

0>, 

6 

44 

471 436 

3 2731 

17H 

4 

64 

237.104 

1 6597 

2 

0*4 

6 

5*4 

481.106 

3 3410 

17,4 

4 

64 

240 528 

1.6836 

2 

1 

6 

64 

490 875 

3 4081 

174 

4 

74 

243 977 

1.7078 

2 

1 V 4 

6 

7,4 

500 741 

3 4775 

174 

4 

7*4 

247.450 

1.7321 

2 

1H 

6 

84 

510.706 

3 5468 

174 

4 

84 

250 947 

1.7566 

2 

1H 

6 

84 

520 769 

3 6101 

18 ia. 

4 

84 

254 469 

1.7812 

2 

2 

6 

94 

530 930 

3 6870 

184 

4 

84 

258.016 

1.8061 

2 

2 ' 4 ' 

6 

104 

541 189 

3.7583 

184 

4 

94 

261.587 

1.8311 

2 

2,4 

6 

114 

551 547 

3 8302 

184 

4 

"4 

265.182 

1.8562 

2 

2*4 

7 

0 

562 002 

3 9042 

184 

4 

104 

268.803 

1.8816 

2 

3 

7 

0 * 4 ' 

572 556 

3 9761 

184 

4 

1"’ 1 

272 447 

1.9071 

2 

8 \i 

7 

14 

583 208 

4 0500 

184 

4 

104 

276.117 

1.9323 

2 

34 

7 

24 

593 958 

4 1241 


4 

114 

279.811 

1.9586 

2 

3*4 

7 

34 

604.807 

4 2000 

19 in. 

4 

114 

283.529 

1 9847 

2 

4 

7 

34 

615.753 

4 2760 

194 

5 

0 

287.272 

1.0941 

2 

4 H 

7 

4*4 

626 798 

4 3521 

194 

5 

°4 

291.039 

2 0371 


44 

7 

54 

637 941 

4 4302 

194 

5 

o4 

294.831 

2.0637 

2 

4*? 

7 

6! 4 

649.182 

4 5083 

194 

5 

14 

298.648 

2.0904 

2 

5 

7 

7 

660 521 

4 5861 

194 

5 

14 

302.489 

2.1172 

2 

5 M 

7 

74 

671.958 

4 6665 

194' 

5 

2 

306 355 

2.1443 

2 

54 

7 

8? a 

683 494 

4 7467 

194 

5 

24 

310.245 

2.1716 

2 

5*4 

7 

94 

695 128 

4 8274 

20 in. 

5 

24 

314.160 

2.1990 

2 

6 

7 

1" : i 

706 860 

4 9081 

204 

5 

34 

318 099 

2.2265 

2 

6 ' 4 

7 

11 

718 690 

4 9901 

204 ’ 

5 

34 

322.063 

2 2543 

2 

64 

7 

11*4 

730.618 

5 0731 

204 

5 

4 

326 051 

2.2822 

2 

6*4 

8 

0 H 

742 644 

5.1573 

204 

5 

44 

330.004 

2.3103 

2 

7 

8 

14 

754 769 

5 2278 

20lf 

5 

4 H 

334.101 

2 3386 

2 

Vi 

8 

24 

766 992 

5 3264 


5 

54 

338 163 

2 3670 

2. 

74 

8 

24 

779 313 

5 4112 

2.14 

5 

54 

342.250 

2.3056 

2 

7*4 

8 

3*4 

791.732 

5 4982 

21 in. 

5 

54 

346 361 

2 4244 

2 

8 

8 

44 

804 249 

5 5850 

214 

5 

64 

350 497 

2.4533 

2 

8 W 

8 

5* 8 

816 865 

5 6729 

214 

5 

64 

354.657 

2.4824 

2 

8V4 

8 

64 

829.578 

6 7601 

214 

5 

74 

358.841 

2 5117 

2 

8 * 4 * 

8 

64 

842.390 

5 8491 

214 

5 

7 4 

363.051 

2.5412 

2 

9 

8 

7 H 

855 300 

5 9398 

214 

5 

74 

367.284 

2.5708 

2 

9H 

8 

84 

868.308 

6 0291 

214' 

5 

84 

371.543 

2.6307 

2 

94 

8. 

9,4 

881 415 

6 1201 

214 

5 

84 

375.826 

2 6306 

2 

9*4 

8 

10 

894 619 

6 2129 

22 in. 

5 

94 

380.133 

2.6608 

2 

10 

8 

10 4 

907.922 

6 3051 

224 

5 

94 

384.465 

2.6691 

2 

10W 

8 

114 

921.323 

6 3981 

224 

5 

94 

388.822 

2.7016 

2 

104 

9 

04 

934 822 

6 4911 

224 

5 

104 

393.203 

2.7224 

2 

10? 4 

9 

14 

948.419 

6 5863 

224 

5 

104 

397.608 

2.7632 

2 

11 

9 

14 

962 115 

6 6815 

224 

5 

11 

402.038 

2.7980 

2 

11 w 

9 

2*4 

975 908 

6 7772 

224 

5 

114 

406.493 

2.8054 

2 

114 

9 

34 

989.800 

6 8738 

224 

5 

114 

410.972 

2.8658 

2 

11*4 

9 

4,4 

1003 79 

6 9701 

23 in. 

6 

04 

415.476 

2.8903 

3 

0 

9 

5 

1017 87 

7.0688 

234 

6 

04 

420.004 

2.9100 

3 

0 w 

9 

54 1032 06 

7.1671 

234 

6 

1 

424.557 

2.9518 

3 

04 

9 

64 104 6 35 

7 2664 

234 

6 

14 

429.135 

2.9937 

3 

oh 

9 

1060.73 

7.3662 

234 

6 

1*4 

433.737 

3.0129 

3 

1 

9 

84 1075 21 

7.4661 

.’34 

6 

VS 

438 363 

3.0261 

3 

1 H 

9 

9 

1089.79 

7 5671 

£**4 

6 

24 

443 014 

3.0722 

3 

14 

9 

94 1104.46 

7 6691 

2b 4 

6 

3 

447.690 

3.1081 

3 

1*1 

9 

104 1119.24 

7.7791 


* v •/% * * W /J ** ** • *■ f • M Vi 

Note.—T his table on heavy cardboard 11 X 14 ins., eyeletted. $0.25. 




USEFUL TABLES 


417 


Table 14 2 (Continued) 

Diameters, Areas and Circumferences of Circles 


Diam., 

Cir., 

Area, 

Area, 

Diam., 

Cir., 

Area, 

Area, 

Ft. 

Ins. 

Ft. 

Ins. 

Sq. Ins. 

Sq. Ft. 

Ft. 

Ins. 

Ft. 

Ins. 

Sq. Ins 

Sq. Ft. 

3 

2 

9 

11*4 

1134.12 

7.8631 

4 

4 

13 

74 

2123.72 

14.748 

3 

24 

10 

04 

1149.09 

7.9791 

4 

44 

13 

84 

2144.19 

14.890 

3 

24 

10 

04 

1164.16 

8.0546 

4 

44 

13 

8Ji 

2164.75 

15.033 

3 

2*4 

10 

14 

1179.32 

8.1891 

4 

44 

13 

94 

2185.42 

15.176 

3 

3 

10 

24 

1194.59 

8.2351 

4 

5 

13 

104 

2206.18 

15.320 

3 

3 4 

10 

34 

1209.95 

8.4926 

4 

5 

13 

114 

2227.05 

15 465 

3 

3 4 

10 

4 

1225.42 

8.5^91 

1 

54 

14 

0 

2248.01 

15.611 

3 

3 4 

10 

44 

1240.98 

8.6171 

4 

5*4 

14 

04 

2269.06 

15.757 

3 

4 

10 

5V a 

1256.64 

8.7269 

4 

i 

14 

14 

2290.22 

15.904 

3 

4H 

10 

6 4 

1272.39 

8.8361 

4 

64 

14 

24 

2311.48 

16.051 

3 

4 4 

10 

74 

1283.25 

8.9462 

4 

6*4 

14 

34 

2332.83 

16.200 

3 

4*4 

10 

8 

1304.20 

9.0561 

4 

64 

14 

4 

2354.28 

16.349 

3 

5 

10 

854 

1320.25 

9.1686 

4 

7 

14 

4*4 

2375.83 

16.498 

3 

5 4 

10 

9 4 

1336.40 

9.2112 

4 

74 

14 

54 

2397.48 

16.649 

3 

54 

10 

10 4 

1352.65 

9.3936 

4 

74 

14 

64 

2419.22 

16.800 

3 

5*4 

10 

114 

1369.00 

9.5061 

4 

74 

14 

74 

2441.07 

16.951 

3 

6 

10 

114 

1385.44 

9.6212 

4 

8 

14 

74 

.2463.01 

17.104 

3 

6 4 

11 

04 

1401.98 

9.7364 

4 

64 

14 

84 

2485.05 

17.256 

3 

m 

11 

14 

1418.62 

9.8518 

4 

84 

14 

94 

2507.19 

17.411 

3 

m 

11 

24 

1435.36 

.9.9671 

4 

84 

14 

104 

2529.42 

17.565 

3 

7 

11 

3 

1452.20 

10.084 

4 

9 

14 

11 

2551.76 

17.720 

3 

14 

11 

34 

1469.14 

10.202 

4 

94 

14 

114 

2574.19 

17.876 

3 

7 4 

11 

44 

1486.17 

10.320 

4 

94 

15 

0*8 

2596.72 

18.033 

3 

7% 

11 

54 

1503.30 

10.439 

4 

94 

15 

14 

2619.35 

18.189 

3 

8 

11 

64 

1530.53 

10.559 

4 

10 

15 

24 

2642.08 

18.347 

3 

84 

11 

7 

1537.86 

10.679 

4 

104 

15 

24 

2664.91 

18.506 

3 

84 

11 

7*4 

1555.28 

10.800 

4 

10)3 

15 

34 

2687.83 

18.665 

3 

84 

11 

84 

1572.81 

10.922 

4 

10*4 

15 

A4 

2710.85 

18.825 

3 

9 

11 

94 

1590.43 

11.044 

4 

11 

15 

64 

2733.97 

18.965 

3 

9J-4 

11 

104 

1608.15 

11.167 

4 

114 

15 

64 

2757.19 

19.147 

3 

94 

11 

104 

1625.97 

11.291 

4 

114 

15 

64 

2780.51 

.19.309 

3 

9*4 

11 

11*4 

1643.89 

11 415 

4 

11*4 

15 

74 

2803.92 

19.471 

3 

10 

12 

04 

1661.90 

11.534 

5 

0 

15 

84 

2827.44 

19.635 

3 

10*4 

12 

14 

1680.02 

11.666 

5 

o»4 

15 

94 

2851.05 

19.798 

3 

10H 

12 ' 

2 

1698.23 

11.793 

5 

0V4 

15 

10 

2874.76 

19.963 

3 

10*4 

12 

24 

1716.54 

11.920 

6 

0*4 

15 

10*4 

2898.56 

20.128 

3 

11 

12 

34 

1734.94 

12.048 

5 

1 

15 

114 

2922.47 

20.294 

3 

114 

12 

44 

1753.45 

12.176 

5 

14 

16 

04 

2946.47 

20.461 

3 

114 

12 

64 

1772.05 

12.305 

5 

14 

16 

14 

2970.57 

20.629 

3 

1 1*4 

12 

6 

1790.76 

12.435 

5 

14 

16 

14 

2994.77 

20.797 

4 

0 

12 

6*4 

1809.56 

12.566 

5 

2 

16 

2*4 

3019.07 

20.965 

4 

04 

12 

74 

1828.46 

12.697 

5 

24 

16 

34 

3043.47 

21.135 

4 

04 

12 

84 

1847.45 

12.829 

5 

24 

16 

44 

3067.96 

21.305 

4 

04 

12 

94 

1866.55 

12.962 

5 

2 4 

16 

54 

3092.56 

21.476 

4 

1 

12 

94 

1885.74 

13.095 

5 

3 

16 

54 

3117.25 

21.647 

4 

14 

12 

104 

1905.03 

13.229 

5 

34 

16 

64 

3142. (T4 

21.819 

4 

14 

12 

114 

1924.42 

13.304 

5 

34 

16 

74 

3166.92 

21.992 

4 

14 

13 

04 

1943.91 

13.499 

5 

34 

16 

84 

3191.91 

22.166 

4 

2 

13 

1 

1963.50 

13.635 

5 

4 

16 

9 

3216.99 

22.333 

4 

24 

13 

14 

1983.18 

13.772 

5 

44 

16 

9*4 

3242.17 

22.515 

4 

24 

13 

24 

2002.96 

13.909 

5 

4 4 

16 

10*4 

3267.46 

22.621 

4 

24 

13 

34 

2022.84 

14.047 

5 

4*4 

16 

11*4 

3292.83 

22.866 

4 

3 

13 

44 

2042.82 

14.186 

5 

5 

17 

04 

3318.31 

23.043 

4 

34 

13 

5 

2062.90 

14.325 

5 

54 

17 

04 

3343.88 

23.221 

4 

3*4 

13 

5*4 

2083.07 

14.465 

5 

54 

17 

14 

3369.56 

23.330 

4 

34 

13 

64 

2103.35 

14.606 

5 

54 

17 

24 

3395.33 

23.578 

Note.— 

■This 

table 

i on heavy cardboard 

11 X 

14 

ins.. 

eyeletted, 

$0.25. 



418 THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Table 142 (Continued) 

Diameters, Areas and Circumferences of Circles 


Diam., 
Ft. Ina. 

Cir., 

Ft. Ina. 

Area, 

Sq. Ina. 

Area, 

Bq. Ft. 

Diam., 

Ft. In*. 

Cir., 

Ft. Ina. 

Area, 

Sq.Ina. 

Area. 
Sq. Pt. 

5 

6 

17 

34 

3421 20 

23 758 

6 

8 

20 

UK 

5026 26 

34 900 

5 

Vi 

17 

44 

3447.16 

23 938 

6 

Vi 

21 

0‘» 

5058 02 

35 125 

5 

6U 

17 

4*a 

3473.23 

24 119 

6 

Vi 

21 

07 * 

5089 58 

35 344 

5 

6*4 

17 

54 

3499 39 

24 301 

6 

8** 

21 

1*» 

5121 24 

35 564 

6 

7 

17 

64 

3.V25 26 

24 483 

6’ 

9 

21 

2*« 

5153 00 

35 784 

5 

Vi 

17 

74 

3552 01 

24 666 

6 

Vi 

21 

3*4 

5184 86 

36 006 

5 

Vi 

17 

8 

3578.47 

24 850 

6 

9>; 

21 

4 

5216 82 

36 227 

5 

7*4 

17 

Vi 

3605.03 

25 034 

6 

9*4 

21 

4*4 

5248 87 

36 450 

5 

8 

17 


3631.68 

25 220 

6 

10 

21 

5‘a 

5281 02 

36 674 

5 

*K 

17 

104 

36.58.44 

25 405 

6 

10>i 

21 

6* s 

5313 27 

36 897 

5 

8S 

17 

114 

36S5 29 

25 592 

6 

10U 

21 

V, 

5345 62 

37 122 

5 

8** 

17 

114 

3712 24 

25.779 

6 

10*4 

21 

v % 

5378 07 

37 347 

5 

9 

18 

0*4 

•3739 28 

25 964 

6 

11 

21 

8*4 

5410 62 

37 573 

5 

Vi 

IS 

14 

3766 43 

26 155 

6 

11 H 

21 

94 

5443 26 

37 700 

5 

94 

18 

24 

3793 67 

26 344 

6 

HH 

21 

10»4 

5476 00 

38 027 

5 

9*4 

18 

34 

3821.02 

26 534 

6 

11*4 

21 

11 

5508 84 

38 256 

5 

10 

18 

34 

3848.46 

26 725 

7 

0 

21 

114 


38 4846 

5 

104 

18 

44 

3875 99 

26 916 

7 

1 

22 

3 


39 4060 

5 

104 

18 

54 

3903.63 

27.108 

7 

2 

22 

64 


40 3388 

5 

104 

18 

64 

3931 36 

27.301 

7 

3 

22 

94 


41 2825 

5 

11 

18 

7 

3959 20 

27 494 

7 

4 

23 

04 


42 2367 

5 

11W 

18 

7 4 

3987.13 

27.688 

7 

5 

23 

24 


43 2022 

5 

114 

18 

8 4 

4015.16 

27.883 

7 

6 

23 

6*4 


44 1787 

5 

11*4 

18 

9*, 

4043 28 

28.078 

7 

7 

23 

11 


45 1656 

6 

0 

18 

104 

4071 51 

28.274 

7 

8 

24 

14 


46 1638 

6 

0»i 

18 

104 

4099.83 

28 471 

7 

9 

24 

4U 


47 1730 

6 

04 

18 

11*4 

4128 25 

28 663 

7 

10 

24 

74 


48 1926 

6 

0 4 

19 

04 

4156 77 

28.866 

7 . 

11 

24 

104 


49 2236 

6 

1 

19 

14- 

4185.39 

29.064 

8 

0 

25 

14 


50 2656 

6 

14 

19 

24 

4214.11 

29.264 

8 

1 

25 

44 


51 6178 

6 

14 

19 

24 

4242.92 

29.466 

8 

2 

25 

774 


52 3816 

6 

14 

19 

34 

4271.83 

29.665 

8 

3 

25 

11 


53 4562 

6 

2 

19 

44 

4300 85 

29.867 

8 

4 

26 

24 


54 5412 

6 

24 

19 

54 

4329 95 

30.069 

8 

5 

26 

54 


55 6377 

6 

24 

19 

6 

4359.16 

30 271 

8 

6 

26 

8*, 


56 7451 

6 

2*4 

19 

6*4 

4388.47 

30 475 

8 

7 

26 

114 


57 8628 

6 

3 

19 

74 

4417.87 

30 619 

8 

8 

27 

2*4 


58 9920 

6 

34 

19 

8*8 

4417 37 

30 8X4 

8 

9 

27 

5*4 


60 1321 

6 

34 

19 

94 

4476 97 

31 CKK) 

8 

10 

27 

9 


61 2826 

6 

34 

19 


4506 67 

31 296 

8 

11 

28 

04 


62 4445 

6 

4 

19 

104 

4536 47 

31 503 

9 

0 

28 

34 


63 6174 

6 

44 

19 

114 

4566 36 

31 710 

9 

1 

28 

64 


64 8006 

6 

4 4 

20 

04 

4596 35 

31 919 

9 

2 

28 

94 


65 9951 

6 

4*4 

20 

14 

4626.44 

32 114 

9 

3 

29 

OK 


67.2007 

6 

5 

20 

14 

4656 63 

32 337 

9 

4 

29 

3*4 


68 4166 

6 

54 

*0 

24 

4686 92 

32 548 

9 

5 

29 

7 


69.6440 

6 

5U 

20 

34 

4717.30 

32 759 

9 

6 

29 

104 


70 8823 

6 

5*4 

20 

44 

4747.79 

32 970 

9 

7 

30 

14 


72 1309 

6 

6 

20 

5 

4778 37 

33 183 

9 

8 

30 

4*4 


73 3910 

6 

6 H 

20 

5*4' 

4809 05 

33 396 

9 

9 

30 

74 


74 6620 

6 

64 

20 

64 

4839 83 

33 619 

9 

10 

30 

11*4 


75 9433 

6 

6*4 

20 

7», 

4870 70 

33 824 

9 

11 

31 

1*4 


77 2362 

6 

7 

20 

84 

4901 68 

34 039 

10 

0 

31 

5 


78 5400 

6 

74 

20 

84 

4932 75 

34 255 

10 

1 

31 

84 


79 8540 

6 

74 

20 

9*4 

4963 92 

34 471 

10 

2 

31 

114 


81 1795 

6 

7 H 

20 

104 

4995 19 

34 688 

10 

3 

32 

24 


82 5190 

Note.— 

This table on heavy cardboard 

11 X 

14 

ins.. 

eyelet ted 

. *0.25. 










































USEFUL TABLES 


419 


Table 142 (Continued) 


Diameters, Areas and Circumferences 9f Circles 


Diam., 
Ft. Ins. 

Cir., 

Ft. Ins. 

Area.. 

Sq. Ft. 

Diam., 

Ft. Ins. 

Cir., 

Ft. Ins. 

Area, 
Sq. Ft. 

10 

4 

32 

5A 

83.8627 

15 

3 

47 

10 n 

182.6545 

10 

5 

32 

8 H 

85.2211 

15 

4 

48 

2A 

184.6555 

10 

6 

32 

11H 

86.5903 

15 

5 

48 

5A 

186.6684 

10 

7 

33 

2V 8 

87.9697 

15 

6 

48 

8H 

188.6923 

10 

8 

33 

0A 

89.3668 

15 

7 

48 

11 A 

190.7260 

10 

9 

33 

9H 

90.7627 

15 

8 

49 

2A 

192 7716 

10 

10 

34 

on 

92.1749 

15 

9 

49 

5 A 

194.8282 

10 

11 

34 

3A 

93.5986 

15 

10 

49 

8A 

196.8946 

11 

0 

34 

on 

95.0334 

15 

11 

50 

0 

198.9730 

11 

1 

34 

9 n 

96.4783 

16 

0 

50 

3 A 

201.0624 

11 

2 

35 

on 

97.9347 

16 

1 

50 

OH 

203.1615 

11 

3 

35 

4 A 

99.4021 

16 

2 

50 

9 A 

205.2726 

11 

4 

35 

7H 

100.8797 

16 

3 

51 

on 

3H 

207.3946 

11 

5 

35 

10 n 

102.3689 

16 

4 

51 

209.526-4 

11 

6 

36 

1A 

103.8601 

16 

5 

51 

on 

211.6703 

11 

7 

36 

4 A 

105.3794 

16 

6 

51 

10 

213.8251 

11 

8 

36 

7 n 

106.9013 

16 

7 

52 

in 

215.9896 

11 

9 

36 

10 n 

108.4342 

16 

8 

52 

4H 

218.1662 

11 

10 

37 

2 H 

109.9772 

16 

9 

52 

7 A 

220.3537 

11 

11 

37 

5 H 

111.5319 

16 

10 

52 

io>3 

222.5510 

12 

0 

37 

8 n 

113.0976 

16 

11 

53 

m 

224.7603 

12 

1 

37 

11A 

111.6732 

17 

0 

• 53 

4 A 

226.9806 

12 

2 

38 

2A 

116.2607 

17 

1 

53 

8 

229.2105 

12 

3 

38 

5 H 

117.8590 

17 

2 

53 

un 

2 A 

231.4625 

12 

4 

38 

m 

119.4674 

17 

3 

54 

233.7055 

12 

5 

39 

0 

121.0876 

17 

4 

54 

5 n 

235.9682 

12 

6 

39 

3H 

122.7187 

17 

5 

54 

8 A 

238.2430 

12 

7 

39 

6 n 

124.3593 

17 

6 

54 

n 5 S 

240.5287 

12 

8 

39 

9A 

126.0127 

17 

7 

55 

2 n 

242.8241 

12 

9 

40 

on 

127.6765 

17 

8 

55 

6 

245.1316 

.12 

10 

40 

3 u 

129.3504 

17 

9 

55 

9 A 

247.4500 

12 

11 

40 

6 % 

131.0369 

• 17 

10 

56 

OH 

249.7781 

13 

0 

40 

10 

132.7326 

17 

11 

56 

3*2 

252.1184 

13 

1 

41 

m 

134:4391 

18 

0 

56 

on 

254.4696 

13 

2 

41 

4 n 

136.1574 

* 18 

1 

56 

9 A 

256.8303 

13 

3 

41 

7A 

137.8867 

ts 

2 

57 

on 

259.2033 

13 

4 

41 

10 A 

139.6260 

18 

3 

57 

4 

261.5872 

13 

5 

42 

m 

141.3771 

18 

4 

57 

7 A 

263.9807 

13 

6 

42 

4 n 

143.1391 

18 

5 

57 

10 H 

l A 

266.3864 

13 

7 

42 

8 

144.9111 

18 

6 

58 

268.8031 

13 

8 

42 

nn 

146.6949 

18 

7 

58 

4 A 

271.2293 

13 

9 

43 

2*4 

148.4896 

18 

8 

58 

7A 

273.6678 

13 

10 

43 

5'A 

8 5 'g 

150.2943 

18 

9 

58 

ion 

276.1171 

13 

11 

43 

152.1109 

18 

10 

59 

2 

278.5761 

14 

0 

43 

11 

153.9484 

18 

11 

59 

5 A 

281.0472 

14 

1 

44 

2% 

155.7758 

19 

0 

59 

8 H 

283.5294 

14 

2 

44 

6 

157.6250 

19 

1 

59 

11 A 

286.0210 

14 

3 

44 

9 A 

159.4852 

19 

2 

*0 

2 A 

288 5249 

14 

4 

45 

on 

161.3553 

19 

3 

60 

on • 

291 3970 

14 

5 

45 

3A 

163.2373 

19 

4 

60 

8 A 

293.5641 

14 

6 

45 

on 

9 3 ^ 

165.1303 

19 

5 

60 

11 A 

296.1107 

14 

7 

45 

167.0331 

19 

6 

61 

3A 

OH 

298.6483 

14 

g 

46 

on 

168.9479 

19 

7 

61 

301.2054 

11 

9 

46 

4 

170.8735 

19 

8 

61 

9A 

303.7747 

14 

10 

46 

7 n 

172.8091 

19 

9 

62 

on 

306.3550 

1 1 

11 

46 

1154 

17V7565 

19 

10 

62 

3A 

308.9448 

15 

0 

47 

1 

176.7150 

19 

11 

62 

0A 

311.5469 

15 

1 

47 

4A 

7 H 
ible on 

178.6832 

20 

0 

62 

9A 

314.1600 

15 2 

Note.— 

47 

-This ts 

180.6624 

heavy cardboard 

ir x 

14 ins.. 

eyeletted, $0.25. 



420 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Table 1*43 


Long or Linear Measure 

12 inches 

3 feet. or 30 inches 

5V$ yards, or 198 ins., or 164 ft. 

40 rods, or 7.920 ins., or 060 ft., or 220 yds. 

8 furlongs, or 0,330 ins., or 5.280 ft., or 1,700 yds. or 320 rods 


1 foot 
1 yard 
1 rod 
1 furlong 
1 mile 


Measures in Occasional Use 

1,000 mils — 1 inch 9 ins. — 1 span 

3 ins. « 1 palm 2V£ ft. “ 1 military pace 

4 ins. ■* 1 hand 2 yds., or 6 ft. » 1 fathom 


Table 144 


Square Measure for Surface 


1 

sq. in. 

— 1.2732 circular inches. 

144 

sq. ins., or 183.35 cir ins. 

= 1 square foot 

9 

sq. ft., or 1,296 sq. ins 

=» 1 square yard 

100 

sq. ft. 

= 1 square 

30*4 sq. yds., or 272'4.sq. ft. 

=* 1 square rod 

40 

sq. rods, or 1.210 sq. yds. 

= 1 square rood 

4 

sq. roods, or 10 sq. chains, or 160 sq. rods 



or 4,840 sq. yds., or 43,500 sq. ft. 

- 1 acre 

640 

acres, one section, or 27.878.4(H) sq. ft. 

* 1 square mile 


One square inch = 1.2732 circular inches. An acre = a 
square whose side is 208.77 feet. 


Table 145 


Liquid Measure 


4 gills or 10 fluid ounces 

2 pints or 8 gills 

4 quarts, or 128 fluid ounces 
31 1 a gallons 

42 gallons 

03 gallons, or 2 barrels 

84 gallons, or 2 tierces 

126 gallons or 2 hogsheads 

2 pipes, or 3 puncheons 


1 pint 
1 quart 
1 gallon 
1 barrel 
1 tierce 
1 hogshead 
1 puncheon 
1 pipe or butt 
1 tun 


A gallon of water at 62° F. weighs 8.3356 pounds. The 
U. S. gallon contains 231 cubic inches. A measure six 
inches high and seven inches in diameter will hold almost 
a gallon, or one 6 inches high by $y 2 inches in diameter 
one quart; or one three inches high and three and one- 


half inches in diameter will hold one pint. The British 
Imperial gallon contains 277.274 cubic inches or 1.20032 
U. S. gallons. 





USEFUL TABLES 


421 


Table 146 


Dry Measure 

2 pints, or f.7.2 cu. ins. 

4 quarts, or 208.8 cu. ins. 

2 gallons, or 8 quarts 
4 pecks, or 2,150.42 cu. ins. 


= 1 quart 
= 1 gallon 
= 1 peck 
= 1 bushel 


The standard U. S. bushel is the Winchester bushel 
which is in cylinder form 18^2 inches diameter and 8 
inches deep. The British Imperial bushel equals 8 Im¬ 
perial gallons or 2218.192 cubic inches. Eight Imperial 
bushels equal one British quarter. 

The following measures are sanctioned by custom or 
law: » 


32 lbs. oats 

= 1 bushel 

56 lbs. butter 

= 1 firkin 

45 lbs. timothy seed 

= 1 

U 

100 lbs. meal or flour 

= 1 sack 

48 lbs. barley 

= 1 

u 

100 lbs. grain or flour 

= 1 cental 

50 lbs. indian meal 

= 1 

a 

100 lbs. dry fish 

= 1 quintal 

56 lbs. rye 

= 1 

u 

100 lbs. nails 

= 1 cask 

56 lbs. Indian com 

= 1 

a * 

106 lbs. flour 

= 1 barrel 

60 lbs. wheat 

= 1 

u 

200 lbs. beef or pork 

== 1 « 

60 lbs. potatoes 

= 1 

a 

280 lbs. salt N. Y. 

= 1 “ 

60 lbs. clover seed 

= 1 

a 

2 S0 lbs. lime 

= 1 “ 

80 lbs. lime 

= 1 

u 

400 lbs. Portland cement 

= 1 “ 


Table 147 


Cubic Measure—Measures of Volume 

1,728 cu. ins. = 1 cubic foot 

27 cu. ft. = 1 cubic yard 

128 cu. ft. (a pile, 4X4X8 ft.) = 1 cord of wood 

24% cu. ft. (104 X 14 XI ft.) = 1 perch of masonry 

18 cu. ft. = 1 cord foot 


Table 148 

Apothecaries’ Fluid Measure 

60 minims (m) or drops (gtt) = 1 fluid drachm /3 

8 drachms = 1 fluid ounce 

16 fluid ounces = 1 pint O 

• 8 pints = 1 gallon (Cong) 

In the U. S. a fluid ounce is the T28th part of a U. S. 

gallon, or 1.805 cubic inches. It contains 456.3 grains of 
water at 30° F. In (ireat Britain the fluid ounce is 1.73^ 
cubic inches and contains 1 ounce avoirdupois, or 437.5 
grains of water at 62° F. 


422 


THE NEW TINSMITH'S HELPER 


Table 149 


Avoirdupois or Commercial Weight 


or 437 5 grains 
or 7,000 grams 


27.343 grains 
16 drachms, 

16 ounces, 

28 pounds 

4 quarters. or 112 pounds 

20 hundredweight, or 2,240 lb. 

2 000 pounds 
2,204.6 pounds 
14 pounds 
100 pounds 


1 drachm 
1 ounce, oz. 

1 pound, lb. 

1 quarter, qr. 

1 hundredweight, cwt. 
1 gross or long ton 
1 net or short ton 
1 metric ton 
1 stone 
1 quintal 


The drachm, quarter, hundredweight, stone and quintal 
are now seldom used in the United States. 


Table 150 

Troy Weight 


24 grains 


wm 

20 pennyweights. 

or 480 grains 

— 

12 ounces, 

or 5,760 grains 


1 U. S. cent 


a* 

1 U. S. nickel 


«* 

1 U. S. dime. 

silver 

tm 

1 U. S. quarter dollar, silver 

= 

1 U. S. half dollar, 

silver 


1 U. S. dollar, 

silver 

■B 

1 U. S. dollar. 

gold 

— 


1 U. S. quarter eagle, $2.50, gold 
1 U. S. half eagle, $5. gold 
1 U. S. eagle, $10, gold 

1 U. S. double eagle, $20, gold 


1 pennyweight, dwt. 

1 ounce, oz. 

1 pound, lb. 

48 T. grains 
77.16 T. grains 
38.58 T. grains 
96.45 T. grains 
192 T. grains 

412.5 T. grains 
25.8 T. grains 

64.5 T. grains 
129 T. grains 
258 T. grains 
516 T. grains 


Troy weight is used for weighing gold and silver. The 
grain is the same as Avoirdupois, Troy, and Apothecaries’ 
weights. A carat, for weighing diamonds = 3.168 grains 
= 0.200 gramme. In gold it indicates the fineness and 
means 1/24 part: Thus 18 carats fine is 18/24 gold and 
6/24 alloy. 


Table 151 


Apothecaries’ Weight 

20 grains =* 1 scruple 3 

3 scruples, or 60 grains = 1 drachm J 

8 draenms, or 480 grains = 1 ounce, oz. § 

12 ounces, or 5,760 grains « 1 pound, lb. 


USEFUL TABLES 


423 


Table 152 


Metric and U. S. Equivalent Measures 


Measures of Length 


French 


British and U. S. 


1 meter 
0.3048 meter 

1 centimeter 
2.54 centimeters 
1 millimeter 
25.4 millimeters 
1 kilometer 
1.60935 kilometers 
1 myriameter 


= 39.37 inches, or 3.28083 feet, or 1.09361 ydf 
= 1 foot 
= 0.3937 inch 
= 1 inch 

= 0.03937 inch, or about Vk inch 
= 1 inch 

= 1,093.61 yards, or 0.62137 mile 
= 1 mile 
= 6.2137 miles 


Table 153 

Square or Surface Measure 


French 

1 sq. meter 
0.836 sq. meter 
0.0920 sq. meter 

1 sq. centimeter 
6.452 sq. centimeters 
1 sq. cemtimeter 
645.2 sq. cemtimeters' 

1 centiare = 1 sq. meter 
1 are, or 1 sq. decameter 
1 hectare, or 100 ares 
1 sq. kilometer 
1 sq. myriameter 


British and U. S. 

= 10.7639 sq. feet, or 1.196 sq. yards 
= 1 sq. yard 
= 1 sq. foot 
= 0.15500 sq. inch 
= 1 sq. inch 

= 0.00155 sq. inch =» 1,973 circ. mils 
= 1 sq.inch 

= 10.764 sq. feet, or 1.196 sq. yards 
= 1,076.41 sq. feet, or 119.6 sq. yards 
= 107,641 sq. feet = 2.4711 acres 
= 0.386109 sq. miles = 247.11 acres 
= 38.6109 sq. miles 


Table 154 


Cubic or Volume Measure 


French 

1 cu. meter 

0.7645 cu. meter 

0.02832 cu. meter 

1 cu. decimeter 

28.32 cu. decimeters 

1 cu. centimeter 

16.387 cu. centimeters 

1 cu. centimeter = 1 milliliter 

1 deciliter 

1 liter = 1 cu. decimeter 
1 hectoliter or decistere 
l sterc, kiloliter, or cu. meter 


British and U. S. 

35.314 cu. feet, or 1.308 cu. yards 
1 cu. yard 
1 cu. foot 

61.0234 cu. inches, or 0.035314 cu. foot 

1 cu. foot 

0.061 cu. inch 

1 cu.inch 

0.031 cu. inch 

6.102 cu. inches 

61.0234 cu. inches = 1.05671 qts, U. S. 
3.5314 cu. feet — 2.8375 bu., U. S. 
1.308 cu. yards = 28.37 bu., U. S. 


424 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Table 155 


Liquid and Dry Measures 


The liter is the primary unit of measures of ca¬ 
pacity, and is a cube, each of whose edges is a tenth 
of a meter in length. * 

The hectoliter is the unit in measuring large 
quantities of grain, fruits, roots and liquids. 


10 milliliters (ml) 
10 centiliters 
10 deciliters 
10 liters 
10 decaliters 
10 hectoliters 


1 centiliter (cl) 

1 deciliter 
1 liter (1) 

1 decaliter 
1 hectoliter (hi) 
1 kiloliter 


■* 0.338 fluid ounce 

* 0.843 liquid gill 

■* 1.0667 liquid quarts 

™ 2.6417 gallons 

=* 2 bushels, 3.35 pecks 

* 28 bushels, 1H pecks 


A centiliter is about of a fluid ounce; a liter is 
about i 1/18 liquid quarts, or 9/10 of a dry quart; 
a hectoliter is about bushels; and a kiloliter is 
one cubic meter, or store. 

Table i 56 

Weights 


The gram is the primary unit of weights, and is 
the weight in a vacuum of a cubic centimeter of 
distilled water at the temperature of 39.2 0 F. 


10 milligrams (mg) — 1 centigram (eg) 
10 centigrams — 1 decigram (dg) 

10 decigrams -= 1 gram (g) 

10 grams = 1 decagram 

10 decagrams = 1 hectogram 

10 hectograms = 1 kilogram (kg) 

10 kilograms = 1 mvriagram 

10 mynagrams = 1 quintal (q) 

10 quintals =* 1 tonneau (t) 

1 kilogram per kilometer = 0 

1 pound per thousand feet = 1 

1 kilogram per sq. millimeter ** 1 
1 pound per sq. inch = 0 


, 0.1543 troy grain 
1.513 troy grains 
= 15.432 troy grains 

* 0.3527 avoirdupois ounce 

« 3.5271 avoirdupois ounces 

™ 2.2016 avoirdupois pounds 

= 22.046 avoirdupois pounds 

= 220.46 avoirdupois pounds 
= 2204.6 avoirdupois pounds 
.67195 pound per 1.000 feet 
. 4882 kilograms per kilometer 
.423 pounds per sq. inch 
.000743 kilogram per sq. millimeter 


The gram is used in weighing gold, jewels, letters and 
small quantities of things. The kilogram, or, for brevity, 



USEFUL TABLES 425 

kilo, is used by grocers; and the ':onneau,*Oi’ metric ton, 
is ifsed in finding the weight of very heavy articles. 

A gram is about 15J/2 grains troy; the kilo about 2^ 
pounds avoirdupois; and the metric ton, about 2,205 
pounds. 

A kilo is the weight of a liter of water at its greatest 
density; and the metric ton, of a cubic meter of water. 

Metric numbers are written with the decimal point (.) 
at the right of the figures denoting the unit; thus the 
expression, 15 meters 3 centimeters, is written, 15.03 m. 

When metric numbers are expressed by figures, the part 
of the expression at the left of the decimal point is read 
as the number of the unit, and the part at the right, if 
any, as a number of the lowest denomination indicated, or 
as a decimal part of the unit; thus, 46.525 m is read 46 
meters and 525 millimeters, or 46 and 525 thousandths 
meters. 

In writing and reading metric numbers, according 31s 
the scale is 10, 100 or 1,000, each denomination should be 
allowed one, two or three orders of figures. 


Table 157 

Comparison of U. S, and Foreign Weights and 

Measures 


Avoirdupois Weights Liquid Measures Dry Measures 
Country Name U.S. Lbs. Name U.S. Gals. Name U.S. Bush. 


Austria. . . . 

Pfund .... 

. 1 . 231 

Eimcr . 

.14.95 

Nutze . 

.1.745 

Bremen. ... 

Pfund. ... 

. 1.099 

Stubchen.. 

. .851 

Scheffel. . . 

.2.103 

Buenos Ay’s 

Libra. . . . 

.1.0127 

Frasco.... 

. .027 

Fanega... . 

.3.894 

C* h i 1 1 a. 

Catty. . . . 

. 1 . 3333 



Sei . 

.3.472 

Cuba . 

Libra . . . . 

.1.0119 

Arroba. . . . 

. 4.1 

Fanega .... 

.3.124 

Denmark . . 

Pund .... 

.1.1025 

Pott . 

• .255 

Fonda. ... 

.3.948 

England ... 

Pound . . . 

.1. 

Imf>. Gall. . 

. 1 . 2003 

Imp. Bush. 

.1.0315 

France .... 

Kilo . 

.2.2046 

Liter . 

. .2642 

Hectoliter. 

. 2.S38 

Hamburg. . 

Pfund. ... 

.1.00S3 

Ohm . 

.48.278 

Fass . 

.1.56 

Jap.in 

Mon me. . 

.3 . 858 

Masa . 

. .459 



Mexico. . . . 

Libra. . . . 

.1.0119 

F rasco.... 

. .4 

Fanega. ... 

.1.547 

Nor. & Swdn. 

Skalpund. 

. .937 

Kamca .... 

. .062 



Papal States Libra. . .. 

. .7475 

Barile (w’e) 

.15.412 

Rubblio ... 

. .836 

Portugal ... 

Libra . . .. 

.1.0119 

Almude . . . 

. 4.422 

Alqueire. .. 

. .393 

Russia . 

Fuat . 

.1.097 

V edro . 

. 3.249 

Chetviert. . 

.5.956 

Turkey. ... 

Oke . 

.2.834 



Kilo . 

.1.001 







































426 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 

g • 

Table 158 


Decimal Equivalents of the Fractional Parts of 

an Inch 


Fractions 

Decimals Millimeter 

Fractions 


Decimals Millimeter 

1/64 inch - 

0.015625 

0.3968 

33/64 

inch 

a 

0.515625 

13.0966 

2/04 

• a 

0.03125 

0.7937 

34/64 

M 

a 

0.53125 

13.4934 

3/64 

« KM 

0 046875 

1.1906 

35/0*4 

« 

as 

(i .546875 

13.8903 

1/16 

m mm 

0 0625 

1.5875 

9/16 

m 

■■ 

0 .5625 

] 1 2872 

5/64 

• a 

0 07812.5 

1.9843 

37/0*4 

u 

— 

0.578125 

14 6841 

6/64 

" S3 

0 09375 

2.3812 

38/0*4 

m 

as 

0 50375 

15.0809 

7/64 

• a 

0 109375 

2.7780 

29/64 

a 

— 

0 600376 

15.4778 

1 8 

« as 

0 125 

8.1749 

5 8 

u 

■i 

0 626 

15.8747 

9/64 

• = 

0.14625 

3.5718 

41/64 

« 

— 

0 640625 

16 2715 

10/04 

■ = 

0.15625 

3.9086 

42/0*4 

44 

mm 

0.05625 

16.6684 

11 /64 

* B 

0 171875 

4.3655 

43/0*4 

M 

mm 

0.671875 

17.0653 

3/16 

« a 

0.1875 

4.7624 

11/16 

41 

=« 

0.6875 

17.40,21 

13/64 

* as 

0.203125 

5.1502 

45/0.4 

U 


0.703125 

17.8590 

14/04 

* a 

0.21875 

5.5501 

46/64 

44 

— 

0.71876 

18.2559 

15/0>4 

" sa 

0 234375 

5.9530 

47/04 

44 

mm 

n 731375 

18 6527 

1 4 

u ma 

0.250 

6.3498 

3 4 

44 

mm 

0.750 

19 0496 

17/64 

• a 

0.265625 

6.7467 

49/64 

44 

** 

0.765625 

19.4465 

18/0*4 

• = 

0.28125 

7.1436 

50/64 

44 

— 

0 78125 

19.8433 

19/04 

* ear 

0.296875 

7.5404 

51/0*4 

a 

a 

0.796875 

20.2402 

5/16 

m XM 

0.3125 

7.9373 

13/16 

44 

« 

0.8125 

20.6371 

21/64 

* a 

0.328125 

8.3342 

53/64 

44 

mm 

0.828126 

21.0339 

22/64 

* =» 

0.35375 

.8.7310 

5-1/64 

44 

mm 

(i s 137.5 

21.4308 

23/0*4 

* KM 

0 3.59375 

9.1279 

55/64 

44 


0 8.59375 

21 8277 

3 8 

U S3 

0.375 

9.5248 

7 8 

44 

as 

0 875 

22 2245 

25/64 

* B 

0 390625 

9.9216 

57/64 

44 

— 

0.800625 

22.6214 

26/0*4 

“ IS 

0 400*25 

10.3185 

58/04 

« 

mm 

0 90025 

23.0183 

27/04 

* ss 

0.421875 

10.7154 

59/64 

44 

mi 

0 921875 

23 4151 

7/16 

* as 

0.4375 

11.1122 

15/16 

44 

KM 

0 9375 

23 8120 

29/04 

* a 

0.453125 

11.5091 

61/64 

44 

mm 

0.953125 

24 2089 

30/04 

“ ma 

0.46875 

11.900*0 

62/64 

44 

— 

0.90*875 

24.60.57 

31/0*4 

* ss 

0 484375 

12.3029 

63/64 

44 

as 

0.983275 

25.0057 

1/2 

* - 

0.500 

12.6997 

1 

44 

- 

1.000 

25.3995 


Table 159 

Inches and Fractions Expressed in Decimals of 

One Foot 


Inches 0123456789 10 11 


o _ 0833 1067 2.500 -no? :>< ;,s:u c,oo7 7.5oo 8333 910,7 

1/8 0104 0938 1771 2604 3438 4271 5104 5938 6771 7004 8438 9271 

1/4 0208 1042 1875 2708 3542 4375 5208 (.042 6875 7708 8542 9375 

3/8 0313 1146 1979 2813 3046 4479 5313 6146 6979 7813 8640 9479 

1/2 0417 12.50 2083 2917 37.50 4.583 .5417 6250 7083 7917 87.50 9.583 

5/8 0521 13.54 2188 3021 38.54 4688 5521 63.5-4 7188 8021 88.54 9688 

3/4 0625 1458 2292 3125 3958 4792 50.25 645s 7292 si25 895s 9 

7/8 0729 1563 2396 3229 4063 4896 5729 6563 7396 8229 9063 9896 








USEFUL TABLES 


427 


Table 160 

Boiling Point of Acid, Oil, Water, Etc., at 
Atmospheric Pressure 14.7 lb. Per Sq. Inch 

Degrees . Degrees 

F. F. 


Alcohol. 173 

Aniline.. 303 

Aqua ammonia, sp. gr. 0.95 140 

Average sea-water. 213.2 

Benzine. 170 

Bromine... ; 145 

Carbon bisulphide.* 118 

Chloroform.... 140 

Ether, sulphuric. 100 

Lmseed oil. 597 


Mercury. 070 

Naphthaline. 428 

Nitric acid...... 248 

Oil of turpentine. 315 

Phosphorus. 554 

Saturated brine. 226 

Sulphur. 800 

Sulphuric acid. 590 

Water.... 212 

Wood spirit. 150 


The boiling-points of liquids increase as the pressure increases. 


Table 161 


Melting Points of Various Materials 

Degrees 


Degrees 

F. 


Acetic acid. 113 

Alloy, 1 Yi tin, 1 lead.334, 367+ 

Aluminum.,1157*, 1214+ 

Antimony.1150, 1109f 

Bismuth.504 to 507 

Brass melts at. 1873 

Bronze. 1092 

Bromine.— 9.5 

Cadmium. 442 

Calcium.Full red heat. 

Carbonic acid.—108 

Cast iron: White.1922,2075+ 

Gray.2012 to 2780, 2228* 

Copper.1929*. 1943+ 

Gold............1913* 1947+ 

Hyponitric acid. 10 

Ice. 32 

Iodine. 225 

Iridium. 4280 

Lead..... 618*. 620+ 

M agnesium.. 1200 

Margaric acid.131 to 140 

Mercury.—39. 38+ 

Molybdenum. 4622 

NaCl, common salt. 1472+ 

Nickel... 2600+ 

Nitro-glycerine. 45 


Palladium. 2732* 

Platinum.3227*, 3110+ 

Phosphorus. 112 

Potassium.136 to 144 

Potassium sulphate. .1859*, 1958+ 

Rhodium. 3578 

Silver.1733*. 1751 + 

Sodium ..194 to 208 

Spermaceti. 120 

Stearic acid. 158 

Stearine.109 to 120 

Steel.2372 to 2532* 

hard.2570*; mild, 2087 

Sulphur... 239 

Sulphurous acid.—148 

Tallow. 92 

Tin.446, 449+ 

Tin and lead, equal parts, 

melt at.... 418 

Tin 2 parts, bismuth 5 and 

lead 3, melt at. 199 

Tungsten. 5252 

Turpentine. 14 

Vanadium. 3110 

Wax.142 to 154 

Wrought iron 2732 to 2912, 2737* 
Zinc. 779*.786+ 


The figures given above are by Clark (on the authority of Pouillct, 
Claudel, and Wilson), except those marked *, which are given by 
Prof. Koberts-Austen, those marked -, which are from II. von War- 
tenberg, and those marked t, which are given by Dr. J. A. Harder. 










































































428 


THE NEW TINSMITH’S HELPER 


Table 102 


Weight of Liquids Per Gallon 


1 Gallon Lbs. 


Acid, Nitric.. .. 10. AS 

Acid, Sulphuric. 15.42 

Acid. Muriatic. 10._ 

Alcohol, Commerce. 6.74 

Alcohol, Proof Spirit. 7.94 

Naphtha. 7 08 

Oil, Linseed. 7.75 


1 Gallon Lbs. 


Oil of Turpentine. 7.25 

Oil. Whale. 7 25 

Petroleum.. 7.35 

Vinegar. 8.43 

Saltwater . 8.50 

Tar. 8.43 

Distilled Water.. 8.34 


Table 163* 

Weight of Water 

1 cubic inch .is equal to ’ .03617 pound. 

\2 cubic inches .is equal to .434 pound. 

1 cubic foot .is equal to 62.5 pounds. 

1 cubic foot .is equal to 7.50 U. S. gallons. 

1.8 cubic feet .is equal to 112.00 pounds. 

35.84 cubic feet .is equal to 2240.00 pounds. 

1 cylindrical in.is equal to .02842 pound. 

12 cylindrical ins.is equal to .341 pound. 

1 cylindrical ft.is equal to 49.10 pounds. 

1 cylindrical ft.is equal to 6.00 U. S. gallons. 

2.282 cylindrical ft.is equal to 112.00 pounds. 

45.64 cylindrical ft.is equal to 2240.00 pounds. 

13.43 U. S. gallons.is equal to 112.00 pounds. 

268.8 U. S. gallons.is equal to 2240.00 pounds. • 

Center of pressure is at two-thirds depth from surface. 


Table 164 


Pressure of Water Per Square Inch, Due to Dif¬ 
ferent Heads, from 1 to 250 Feet 


Bead 

Pressure in Lbs. 

Head 

Pressure in Lbs. 

Head 

Pressure in Lbs. 

1 

.4335 

19 

8 237 

37 

16 04 

2 

.8670 

20 

8 670 

38 

16 47 

3 

1.300 

21 

9 104 

39. 

16 91 

4 

1.734 * 

22 

9.537 

40 

17 34 

5 

2.167 

23 

9 971 

50 

21 67 

6 

2.601 

24 

10.40 

100 

• 43 35 

7 

3.035 

25 

10 84 

110 

47 68 

8 

3.408 

26 

11 27 

120 

52 02 

9 

3.902 

27 

11 70 

130 

56 36 

10 

4.335 

28 

12.14 

140 

60 69 

11 

4 768 

29 

12 57 

150 

65 03 

12 

5.202 

30 

13 00 

160 

* 69 36 

13 

5.636 

31 

13 44 

170 

73.70 

14 

6 069 

32 

13 87 

180 

78 03 

15 

6 5 )3 

33 

14 31 

190 

82 36 

16 

6 936 

34 

14.74 

200 

86 70 

17 

7 370 

35 

15.17 

225 

97 41 

18 

7.803 

36 

15.60 

250 

108.37 

































USEFUL TABLES 


429 


Table 165 

Weights of Various Substances Per Cubic Foot 

in Pounds 


Material 

Weight per 
Cubic Foot, 
Lbs. 

Aluminum. 

. . 162 to 166.5 

Antimony. 


421.6 

Ashes. 

. . 37 to 

43. 

Asphaltum. 


87. 

Bismuth. 


612.4 

Brass: 

Cast. 


504 

Copper + Zinc 

80 20 


536.3 

70 30 


523.8 

60 40 


521.3 

50 50 


511.4 

Brick: 

Soft. . 


100. 

Common. 


112. 

Hard. 


125. 

Pressed. 

. . 135 to 

150. 

Fire . 

. . 140 to 

150. 

Sand-lime. 


136. 

Brickwork in— 

Mortar. 


100. 

Cement. 


112. 

Bronze: 

Cop.. 95 to 80 1 


552 

Tin 5 to 20 j 


Cadmium. 


539. 

Calcium. 


98.5 

Cement: 

American, Roscndale 

56. 

Louisville, Portland 

50. 

loose. 

. . 90 to 

92. 

in barrel. 


115. 

Chromium. 


311.8 

Clay. 

. . 120 to 

150. 

Cobalt. 


533.1 

Concrete. 

. . 120 to 

165. 

Copper. 


552. 

Earth: 

Loose. 

.. 72 to 

80. 

Rammed. 

90 to 

110. 

Emery. 

. . 156 to 

250. 

Gla«tt . 

172. 

“ flint. 

. . ISO to 

196. 

Gneiss \ 

.. IGOto 

170. 

Granite / 

Gold, pure: 

Cast. 

..1200.9 to 1204 

Hammered . . . . 


1217 

Gravel. 

. . 100 to 

120. 

Gypsum. 

.. 130 to 

150. 

Hornblende. 

. . 200 to 

220. 

Ice. 


57. 


Iridium. 139t>. 


freight per 
Material Cubic Foot, 

Lbs. 


Iron: 

Cast. 450. 

Wrought. 480. 

Lead.. 709.7 

Lime, quick, in bulk 50 to 00. 

Limestone. 140 to 185. 

Magnesia, Carbonate 150. 

Magnesium. 109. 

M anganese. 499. 

Marble. 100 to 180. 

Masonry: 

Dry rubble. 140 to 160. 

Dressed. ... 140 to 180. 

32°. . . . 848.6 

Mercury ■ 60°. 846.8 

212°. 834.4 

Mica. 175 to 183. 

Mortar. 90 to 100. 

Mud, soft flowing... 104 to 120. 

Nickel. 548.7 

Pitch. 72; 

Plaster of Paris. ... 93 to 113. 

Platinum. 1347.0 

Potassium. 53.9 

Quartz. 165. 

Rosin. 69. 

Salt: 

Coarse, N. Y. 45. 

Fine, Liverpool... 49 

Sand. 90 to 110. 

“ wet. 118 to 129. 

Sandstone. 140 to 150. 

Silver. 655.1 

Slate. 170 to 180. 

Snow: 

Freshly fallen.... 5 to 12. 

Moistened. 15 to 50. 

Soapstone. 166 to 175. 

Sodium. 60.5 

Steel. 489 • 6 

Stone: 

Various. 135 to 200. 

Crushed. 100. 

Tar. 62. 

Tile. 110 to 120. 

Tin.'. 458.3 

Titanium. 330.5 

Trap Rock. 170 to 200. 

Tungsten. 1078.7 

Water: 

Distilled at 60° F. 62.35 

Sea. 64.08 

Zinc... 436.5 



















































































INDEX 


A 

Acetylene welding anc) cutting, discussion..... ISO 

Acid, oil, water, etc., Boiling point of...... 427 

Acid-pr&of putty receipt ....... 250 

Addition, Sign of —......... 1 

Ageing or pattenizing copper work —.....235 

Allowances for bends in sheet metal ..... 397 

Aluminium and brass sheets, Weights of_..... 314 

bars, Weight of square and round ... 338 

sheets, B. & S. gauge and weight—___—. 314 

sheets, Stub’s gauge and weight...... 315 

soldering and welding .....;.... 230 

solder, Novel’s formulas ______ 229 

solders, formulas 1, 2 and 3....... 230 

preparation and application ..... 230 

table of compositions .....229 

Angle chart, use —.-_________ 87 

face miter, pattern ...... 156 

finding true angle of sides of leader head__ 130 

iron horizontal joint connection ....... 204 

stiffener for plate work..... 195 

miter, Developing pattern for plain gutter—.. 134 

in plan, pattern _______ 152 

to bisect geometrically ________ 23 

true, for oblique leader elbow, pattern ..... 120 

Angles of polygons ___________ 1 

of roofs commonly used ______ 359 

relations in triangles __—.—...—. 3 

Weight and safe load of Carnegie table ..... 286 

Angular furnace boot, pattern .—.__—...— 107 

Apothecaries’ fluid measure ..—---—.421 


Approximate dimensions of tinners’ rivets...... 323 

Arc and radius given, to locate centre of arc geometrically 23 

Erecting a perpendicular to geometrically,.. 21 

To draw a tangent geometrically.... 25 

To find center geometrically, chord and segment given 22 
To find length, by mensuration—.—.—.—. 10 










































432 INDEX 

PACE 

Area and volume. Tables of---,— ——— MS 

of roof. Application of geometry and mensuration..... 3d 
of circle, To tlnd, diameter given by mensuration — 8 

of ellipse or oval. To find, by mensuration . — 12 

of regular polygon, side only given, by mensuration.. 5 

of right-lined figure by mensuration.™— —. 2 

of sector of circle. To find, by mensuration.. 10 

of segment- of cirocle. To find, by mensuration .. 10 

of triangle, base and perpendicular given - 3 

Arithmetical signs, definition .- .. 1 

Article, Holler block for truing oval bodies ..—... 70 

Flaring, top and base a rectangle, pattern -..... 00 

Rectangular base and round top, two-piece pattern... 02 

Round base nnd square top, two-piece pattern - 01 

Sepia re base and round top, two-piece pattern... G3 

“A” smoke jack, patterns --- v . 90 

Autogeneous, set* Acetylene. 

Automobile joints nnd seams ________ 218 

Avoirdupois or commercial weight, table---422 


B 

Rail, Gore pattern_ 167 

Band iron joint, Tapped.._....205 

stiffener, diagram __..........._. 195 

Bands used in bundling flat black nnd galvanized sheets, 

Weights of .. 251 

Bar, Gable skylight, pattern -----...-- 170 

Hip, Hipped skylight, pattern ..... 180 

Jack and rafter, Hipped skylight, patterns_'..177 

Reinforced skylight . . ..... 152 

Single pitch skylight, pattern ... .... 173 

Special expansion, for skylights_____ 213 

Bare copper wire _ 310 

Barrels, number in cisterns and tanks_____398 

Bars, aluminum. Round nnd square, weights_338 

and sheets of lead, copper and brass— _ 312 

for skylights, Finding lengths__ 184 

Square and round steel, weight nnd areas____ 282 

Base nnd top rectangle, Pattern-for flaring article.. _ 00 

chimney. Laying out. pattern ______..99 

rectangular and top round. Pattern for, article.. 62 

round nnd top square, Pattern for, article__ 01 

sqtiare nnd top round, Pattern for, article .._ 63 

Batten type of $enm for roofing__202 

Bead, Gutter, for slip joints___ ... . 205 

swage and slip joint ____196 

Bends in sheet metal, Allowances for__ 397 

























INDEX 


433 


PACE 

. 23 
. 257 
. 201 
. 265 
. 271 
. 232 
. 304 
. 243 
. 68 
. 343 
. 260 


Bisecting an angle, geometrically ..... 

Black coating for iron __________ 

putty receipt ---—.... 

sheet iron and wire gauge .... 

sheets, Bundling table of_____ 

solder formulas 1 and 2 ______ 

varnish for iron and steel ...__.. 

Blades, Cement for fastening ___ 

Blanks, Marking pattern ______ 

Block tin-pipe, Pure......... 

Bluing steel by heat treatment ______ 

Niter process of .—....._........ 259 

Bodies, fractured, Cement for repairing______ 249 

Body, stiffener, diagram ____ 196 

Tea kettle, to obtain length of pieces___ 67 

Boiler block for truing and shaping bodies of oval articles 70 

cover, Rapid method for laying out, pattern__ 56 

to find length, Sheet for oval._...... 55 

Boilers, Cement for —______ 246 

Boiling point of acid, oil, water, etc.........427 

Bolted joint connection for pipes...„... 204 

Bolts and nuts, Materials for_______ 363 

Bonnet, furnace, Joining collars to......208 

Bonnets, Furnace collar, weights ...„... 330 

Boot, Furnace, patterns......101, 104, 107 

Borax, zinc chloride and sal ammoniac flux.... 240 

’ Bottom, Seaming on body ....._. 193 

Bowls, Wash, table of tinware sizes .-.-. 356 

Boxes of tin. Number for roofing, tables . 358 

register, Connecting collars to .... 210 

Branch’pipes for planing mill machinery, sizes ... 364 

Branch, Y, pattern ...*... Ill 

Brass and aluminum sheets, Stubs’ gauge and weights.... 314 

and copper rectangular bars, table of weights... 302 

Cement for fastening to glass ... 242 

copper and lead sheets and bars, weights . 312 

wrought iron and steel .....—.«... 292 

escutcheon pin, table of weights .-. 323 

Method of cleaning ..... 241 

Solders for, formulas 1 and 2 ...-... 232 

tubes, Seamless, weights ..... 300 

and Tobin bronze rods, weights ....... 308 

Brazed brass tube, Iron lined .-. 318 

Weight per foot .....-... 307 

Brazed joint for coppersmitliing ....... 197 


Brazier’s oval head copper rivets,, table .... 




. 323 




















































434 


INDEX 


PACE 


Breast for can, patterns, three methods -*— 

for watering pot or steamer pail, pattern .— 

Bright asphalt varnish for sheet metals .—.- ~. 

tin plates, net weight, sixes and number of sheets- 

Britannia ware, solder formulas .-.-.. 

Bronze aluminum, Novel’s formula .-.. 

Bronze, To give ground steel appearance of gold.~. 


,47-49 
- 40 

.. 295 
.. 340 

.. M 
228 
_ 204 


Bronzing cast iron ....—.. 

copiter bluish gray _—...—.—■ 

Brown and Sharpe gauges for sheets, table .. 

Browning iron and steel ..-.- 

Bundling table *...... 

of black sheets .... 

of Wood’s refined iron ...—. 

Burs and rivets. Oval head ..- 

Butt miter against curved surface, pattern 
seams, Facts about —..—. 


_323, 


202, 372 

__291 

_293 

_ 380 

_'T7 
"71 
27 ® 
324 
151 
188 


Can breasts, three method patterns -——„._...._.........47-49 

Cans, Capacity in U. S. gallons In, rules and tables- 358 

Capacity of any cybical figure, to find by mensuration.... 14 

of cylinders in imperial gallons —...-. 410 

of cylinders in U. S. gallons .... .... 400 

of frustum of pyramid, by mensuration ........ 18 

of hot air pipes and registers ...-... 300 

of pipes and registers, Estimated ... 308 

of rectangular tanks in U. S. gallons, table .. 400 

of spheres, to find by mensuration ... 19 

Capacities of bodies, mensuration of _____ 14 

Caps, Sliding, for roofing, diagram ____201 

Carnegie angles, Weights and safe loads of-280 


channels, Weights and safe loads of . 
T shapes. Weights and safe loads of 

Carriage bolts, Dimensions of ____ 

Cose hardening .......______ 

Cast Britannia ware, solder, formulas . 

iron. Bronzing ..... 

Casting, Cement for holes in __ 


_ 280 

_ 287 

_324 

. 1 11 

_ 232 

.202, 372 
_244 


Cedar and pine shingles, number and weight, table_ 372 

Cements, for various purposes ..._..242-249 

A good general _____ ... -- 249 

Iron rust, Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4....245, 240 

Marble ___ _ 247 

paint. Non-combustible and waterproof_248 

Red lead, for face joints___ . 248 





















INDEX 


435 


page; 

Cement, Plumber’s ....... 248 

to render cisterns and casks watertight ... 243 

Transparent, for glass ..........245 

Waterproof .......... 248 

Centre bar, skylight, pattern .... 176 

boot, furnace, pattern ___ ioi 

of arc, to find, geometrically ........ 22 

to find geometrically, chord and segment given. 22 

Chains, Sizes, weight proof tests and average 

breaking loads for__________ 362 

Chain hoists, Data on ..... a . 361 

Weight .—..—_______ 360 

Chart, Angle, use .......... 87 

Gray’s practical elbow ........... 86 

Chemical water closets, deodorant. ..... 334 

Chimney base, laying out pattern ... 99 

cap, pattern ...;........ 72 

China cement, Formula for ...„. 243 

Circle, diameter given, Find side of square of equal area 9 
given side of square, Find diameter of circle of 

equal area ..... 9 

mensuration of .......... 6 

To draw tangent to, geometrically ........ 25 

To find area by mensuration, diameter given . 8 

To find area of a sector of, by mensuration . 10 

To find area of a segment, by mensuration . 10 

To find diameter, any chord and versed sine given .... 9 

To find circumference by mensuration, diameter given 8 

To find diatneter by mensuration, area given . 9 

To find diameter by mensuration, circumference given 8 

To find length of any arc, by mensuration . 10 

To inscribe equilateral triangle in, geometrically—. 25 

To inscribe hexagon in, geometrically . 26 

To inscribe octagon in, geometrically . 27 

To inscribe square in, geometrically--—. 26 

Circles, Areas, diameters and circumferences---- 414 

Circular cornices, Making seams for.... 217 

Circumference of circle, to find, diameter given. 8 

of ellipse or oval, To find, by mensuration.—. 12 

Circumferences, Diameters and areas of circles... 414 

Cisterns and tanks, number of barrels in. 398 

Cement to make watertight.... 243 

Cleaning brass ..... 241 

metals for coloring .-.-.-. 338 

soldering coppers —.— --.—. 236 

Close and open valleys in slate roofing.. 227 

Coating for bars of spring steel not acted upon by acids..2G0 
































436 


INDEX 


PACE 

Coating:, Rust proof, for steel .....—. 242 

Coffee pots, table for tinware sir.es • ••»•»•••••••#•• • Ml w T f r T ftTtf M ~TT 306 

Cold air box, Slip Joint, diagram.. .-. 205 

Collars, Furnace, pattern .-...-.~. 118 

Collars, Connecting to furnace tops.... 207 

Connecting: to register boxes .—... 210 

Coloring of metal surfaces.. 386 

solder to match copper work _..—. 238 

Commercial or avoirdupois weight......422 

Common lock seam .....-.—.... 103 

ogee swage . ... —...... l,tfl 

pewter, composition .......- 234 

soldering fluxes ..._.. 230 

Comparison of standard wire and sheet metal gauges.. . 200 

Comparisons of U.S. nnd foreign weights and measures 428 

Composition and fusing point of soft solders.— 234 

Compound elbows in rectangular piping, two cases.. 01-04 

Concrete mixtures, proportions ----- 2S6 

Conductor pipes, sizes to use, table-----.-- 336 

Conductors, see Leaders 

Cone, frustum, Contents in United States standard gallons 17 
convex surface of frustum. To And, by mensuration.... 13 

frustum of, second method pattern..........._.*... 43 

of, table of tinware sizes......_. 356 

Old German rule for developing pattern . 30 

To find solidity or capacity of frustum, by mensuration 17 

Cones, Mensuration of . 13 

Convenient way to use equivalent table ... 387 

Convex surface of cylinder, To find, by mensuration. 12 

of frustum of cone or pyramid, To find._. 13 

of right cone or pyramid. To find, by mensuration 13 

of sphere or globe. To find, by mensuration. % 14 

Contraction in long gutters, Joint for._.... 205 

in long skylights, Joint for ...... 212 

Copper and brass rectangular or flat bars... 352 

and yellow metal nails, number to the pound and 

lengths of various sizes__1____ 313 

brass, iron and steel wire, Weight of. 207 

brass and lead sheets and bars, table of weights. 205 

wrought iron and steel sheets. Am., B. & S. or Bir¬ 
mingham or Stub’s gauges....._.202-203 

brazier’s rivets. Oval or flat head ...323-352 

Sheet, weight ........... 1150 

Soldering. Method for cleaning ...... 236 

Solder for, formulas 1. 2 and 3........ 232 

work, Ageing or pattenizing of.... 235 

wrought iron and lead pipe, table of weights, example 331 






























INDEX 


437 


PAGB 

Coppersmith’s cement ...........244-247 

Coppersmithing brazed joint ........ 196 

Corks, Cement for .....;_244 

Corner piece joint, diagram ...... 203 

Cornice seams, Methods of making ... 216 

Corrugated iron joints ......;. 214 

steel sheets, number in one square....-.. 289 

sheets, How to estimate ........288 

Estimating quantity and cost._... 288 

Formed rooting and siding products...290-291 

Measurement of ....... 288 

Space between supports ..... 289 

weight per 100 sq. ft...289 

Cove molding, describing_*____ 146 

Cover, frustum of, pattern ..... 42 

oval boiler, pattern for rapid method .. 56 

Coverings, Roof, table of weights .„._. 354 

Crimping method ......... 197 

Cubed, Arithmetical sign used when number is to be. 1 

Cubic measure, measures of volume of._. 421 

metric and U. S. equivalent ....-. 423 

Cubical form, capacities of figures .„... 14 

Cullender, table of tinware sizes of .... 356 

Curb profile, pattern, Hipped skylight.... 179 

Skylight, pattern ...—. 176 

Curved surface, butt miter against ......—..... 151 

Cut nails and spikes ..... 322 

Cycle Engineers’ Institute standard thread... 327 

Cylinders, capacity in Imperial gallons... 410 

To find solidity or capacity, by mensuration...11-16 

Mensuration of t .......—. 11 

of various materials .-..... 427 


D 

Dampers, Smoke and hot air pipe, table of weights. 330 

Data on chain hoists ...-. 361 

Decagon, Angle of .-.. 6 

Decimal equivalents of fractional parts of an inch._... 392 

of fractional parts of gallon ..—. 401 

of millimeter and fractions of millimeters—. 393 

of numbers of twist drill and steel wire gauge. 394 

Decimals of one foot, Inches and fractions expressed in 426 

Design of leader head .-. ; —.129-131 

Diameter given. To find circumference of circle. 8 

To find area of circle .—.-. 8 











































PA.CH 


438 


INDEX 


Diameter (riven, To find aide of square of equal area 
to circle >•> 

To find, of circles, any chord and versed side given 
To find, of circle of equal area to given side of square 

To find, area of circle given*.... 

To find, circumference given ___ 

Diameters, areas and circumferences of circles_ 

Dimensions and resistances of pure copper wire-- 

of carriage bolts ----- 

of dust separators 

of liquid measures ..—-- 

of registers and boilers ____-_____ 

of round and square washers ....—. 

of sto> e bolts 

of tinner’s rivets ...—... 

of w ood screw s ...............s............................................................. 

Ordinary, of galvanized sheets __-.. 

Dlpperj, table 1 or tinware sizes.......— 

Direct-acting pneumatic hoists_ 

Dish Kettles and pails, table for tinware, sizes- — .— 

I d\ ision, Sign of ................... ................ ...m...... ............................... 

Doctoring solder ................ .... . 

Dodecagon, Angle of, table .....—...... 

Door, Tin clnd fire, joints and seams__ 

Double and flange seams. Making .........-. 

hem edge stiffener ...-... 

lock standing seams for tin roofs..... 

marking for labels. Metric equivalent or ....... 

fi m, 8 k i n ................................................................................. 

Dove-tailed furnace collar, diagram —.. 

Drawn copper bars, Weight of —.-.. 

Drip or roasting pan, pattern ........ 


Drop forging dies. Steel for_______ 

Druggist’s and liquor dealer’s measures, table of sizes.... 

Dry measure, metric and U|S. equivalent, table.. 

I-1 r y m ea s u re ............................................................................................ 

Dry measures. Liquid and .......,. 

Ducts, Horizontal joint _...__ 

Duct v\ ork, seams .... -mu' 

Dust collectors, proportions of Verrill’s ___ 

separators, Dimensions of ___ - ... — 

Proportions of parts of.........333 

to accommodate branches. Proportions of main 
ducts in --—----330 


0 

9 

9 

9 

8 

414 

296 

324 

335 

356 

366 

321 

316 

323 

326 

339 

356 

363 

356 

1 

237 

0 

220 

193 
195 
348 
391 

194 
208 
294 

71 

261 

356 

423 
421 

424 
204 
203 
337 
335 
330 


E 

Earthenware cement, formula __ 244 

Eaves trough, flaring tube, and opening in trough, pattern 139 































INDEX 


480 


PAGE 

Eaves trough, Right angle miter, patterns __..... 142 

Straight tube, and opening in trough, pattern. 137 

Edge stiffeners ....... 195 

Elbow, Compound, in rectangular piping, patterns..91-94 

Gray’s practical, chart ....... 86 

Ideal rule for cutting patterns ..... 88 

Oblique leader, patterns ..... 123 

Offsetting or obtuse, finding miter lines ... 84 

rectangular, Pattern for, two methods ...89-90 

rises for elbow miter lines, How to find.. 85 

Rule and example for finding miter line rise of elbows S5 

Table of rises for miter lines____. 85 

Tapering, describing pattern .. 74 

Three, four and five pieces, right-angle, pattern.78-82 

Two-piece right angle, pattern... 76 

Quick method for cutting pattern..... 77 

True angle of oblique leader elbow and, pattern. 126 

Elbows, Hot air and smoke pipe, weights.™.—. 330 

Making by hot flame welding.....-. 180 

Electric welding, discussion ... 189 

Elements of standard worm thread.—. .«... 327 

Ellipse, to describe geometrically......29-33 

To find area and circumference ... 12 

Ellipses or ovals, Mensuration of . 12 

English, Old, method of laying slates...»... 227 

Engineers’ cement, formula —... 244 

Equivalent in decimals of fractional parts of an inch. 392 

measures, metric and U. S.-.... 423 

table, Convenient way to use. 387 

Equivalents, Decimal, of fractional parts of gallon . 401 

Escutcheon pins. Brass .-.-. 323 

Estimating capacity of pipes and registers . 368 

Estimating capacity of pipes and regsiters. 368 

Etching ornamental designs in metal... 258 

Expansion joints --------206-212 


F 


Face miter, patterns .-.154-156 

Fathom, see table 143 .-... 420 

Feet, inches and fractions expressed in decimals. 426 

Figure, Right line, to measure quantity of surface. 2 

Figuring amount of tin for roofing. 344 

Files, Cement for fastening .-.-.-. 243 

Finials, Hip, patterns...... 164 


Fire doors, Tin clad, joints and seams .---*-220 











































440 


INDEX 


PACK 

Flanged notched furnace collar, diagram--200 

Flaring article, top and base rectangular, two-piece, pattern 59 
with straight and round ends, two-piece pattern ... 58 

square top and rectangular base, patterns - f>7 

eaves trough tube, and opening in trough, patterns ... 139 

hexagon article pattern .—.... 52 

oval vessel, four-piece pattern ___..... 57 

tinware, describing, Patterns for ______ 45 


vessels, describing, Patterns for .-....... 44 

Flashing strips, Number of sheets for -. . . 351 


199 

198 

168 

421 


Flat black and galvanized sheets, Weights of L inds used In 

bundling ___......... 291 

head copper rivets, number of —._..—.. .. 852 

head tinner’s rivets _-—.. 274 

or rectangular bars of brass and copper weights. 352 

rolled iron, weight per lineal foot—..... 268 

seams. Facts about _______ 187 

for metal work. Roofing....... 197 

in tin roofing. Ideal method.. 

Novel procedure for tin roofing. .v.... 

sk ^ 1 i f, t s ....................................................................................... 

Fluid measure, Apothecaries’,' table _ 

or flux. Special soldering .•.. 240 

Flush and double seams, Making.... 193 

Fluxes, Common soldering. ... 239 

Flux for soldering tin roofs .-... 240 

Foreign weights and measures, comparison with U.S. 425 

Formed roofing and siding products, Corrugated sheets.... 290 

Four-piece right angle elbow patterns..... 80 

Fractured bodies. Cement for repairing..!... 249 

Fractional parts of an inch, decimal equivalents for.. 426 

of gallon, Decimal equivalents for..... 401 

Fractions and inches expressed in decimals of one foot.... 426 

Freight rate. Figuring roofing...... 374 

Figuring, terne plate ..... 378 

tables on roofiing plates .. 

Frictional resistance of riveted joints __:...237 

Frustum of cone or pyramid, to find convex surface _. 13 

two methods, pattern . 12 r: 

To find contents in U.S. gallons...... 17 

To find solidity or capacity ___ 17 

sizes of tinware .. 

of pyramids, patterns . : | 

of pyramid. To find solidity or capacity.... 18 

Funnel pattern by short rule--- 

Funnel, Rectangular, pattern ___ 50 





























INDEX 


441 


PAGE 

Furnace boot. Angular, patterns.....„_ 107 

Round to rectangle, patterns _ v ... 104 

center boot patterns ... 101 

collar pattern . 115 

pipes. Connecting to furnace tops . 207 

and registers, Calculations for size of.. 364 

work, Slip joint for ..... 205 

Fusing point and composition of soft solder...... 234 

G 

Gable molding on square tower, patterns ... 162 

mold, Joining, to corrugated roof.„ 215 

skylight ._. 174 

Gallon, fractional part of, Decimal equivalent of. 401 

liquid measures, Dimensions of . 356 

Gallons, Imperial, number in cylinders.. 410 

number in cylindrical vessels ..... 15 

in frustum of a cone . 17 

in a sphere .......— 18 

U.S. Capacity in cylinders ..... 400 

Number in cans, table ...... 358 

Number in rectangular tanks. 409 

Galvanized iron smo*ke pipe and elbows, weights. 330 

sheets, Ordinary, dimensions ..... 339 

Weights of standard ..... 339 

Gas fixture threads . 327 

Gauges, Standard, wire and sheet metal, comparison. 266 

of tin plate, standard weights ...-. 342 

Geometry and mensuration, Practical application of. 36 

German rule for developing pattern of cone. 39 

silver solder, formula . 232 

Gill, Liquid measure, table of dimensions . 420 

Glass, Cement for fastening brass to..... 242 

Transparent cement for ..... 245 

Weight of skylight —.—---—.-.—. 359 

Glassware, Cement for mending ..-. 244 

Glazier’s putty, receipt ...—... 251 

Gold bronze of great lustre on iron...—... 264 

To give ground steel appearance of .. 264 

color, Producing a rich.—.-...-. 393 

Gold solder, Soft, formula ...-. 232 

Gore pattern for balls .....-. 167 

Gray’s practical elbow chart ...... 86 

Green varnish for metals ...-.-. 392 

Grips for boilers, Lengths of rivets for--- 397 

Groove and lock seams, Making.—.-.-... 192 


















































442 


INDEX 


PAGE 

Gutter bofld slip Joint, dliim... .. 205 

Plain, square and angle miter, pattern- 134 

strips. Number of sheets in................. 331 

Gutters and conductors, Proportioning to any surface— 300 
Expansion joint for _....---——— .——~ 206 


H 

Half and half tinsmith solder, formula.. 

Hand, see table 143_ 


233 

420 

241 

233 

233 

104 

28 

260 


52 

52 


Hardening, case, Mixture for .—..... 

Hard putty, receipt ..~....—.. ■ n■■■■■i 

solder, formula „.— ......— . ...... 

Head, Joining to body 

Heart, To draw, with square and compass --- 

Heat treatment, Bluing steel by......—... 

Height of segment and chord given, To tind center of arc 22 

11 em edgo stiffener ....*....... -*» 105 

Heavy sheet iron gutter for gravel roofs---- 132 

Hexagonal pyramid frustum, pattern----- 

article, pattern _____—— 

shapes of lead, copper nnd brass, table of weights— 205 

To inscribe, in a circle -------- 26 

Ilextagon, Angle of, table ___—...6 

Hip bar, Correct view of ___.'.-.-... 181 

for hipped skylight ........ --—.. 180 

finals, patterns..-.—-164 

skylight bars, Finding length of ....... 184 

Jack and rafter bar for_.____ 177 

Hips, find .true angle of, in a leader head._... 30 

Hobo or Pittsburg seam, diagram .-... 203 

Hobo or Pittsburgh seam, diagram .......203 

Hoisting, Working load for slow speed .-.. 371 

Holes in castings. Cement for _____204 

Hood, furnace, Connecting collars to.. 208 

Hook seam, Making _______ 192 

Horizontal joints in ducts_____204 

Hot air pipes nnd registers, Capacity of.—-- 369 

pipe, elbows, dampers, etc., weights _ 330 

stacks, sizes and dimensions of safety, double._.. 337 

Hot flame, Welding and cutting, discussion_._J89 

Hot rolled hexagon Monel metal bars....319 

Monel metal flats .. . . r —. 318 

Monel metal rounds ____317 

square Monel metal bars.... 325 

Hypotenuse and base given. To And perpendicular_ 4 

and perpendicular given, To find base ....*._4 

To find, base and perpendicular given..4 























INDEX 


443 


I PAGE 

Ideal rule for elbow patterns ___-___ 88 

Imperial gallons, Number of, in cylinders__.._ 410 

Inches and fractions expressed in decimals of or.e foot.... 426 

Ink for marking .....241-242 

Inscribing octagon in circles and squares..._... 27 

square in circle ......... 26 

Inside miter, diagram .......... 142 

patterns, Nesting ........ 144 

Iron and steel, Black varnish for. 304 

Browning ........... 380 

sheets, Corrugated, number in 100 ft. 289 

Soldering flux for . 325 

Iron, Angle, Carnegie, weight and safe loads... 286 

Black coating for ....... 257 

Black sheets, and wire gauge______._ 265 

Channel, Carnegie, weight and safe loads ... 286 

Corrugated, joints .......... 214 

Flat rolled, weight per lineal foot..... 268 

Gold bronze of great lustre on..... 26-1 

lend and copper pipe, table of weights, rule and 

example .....’.___.... 331 

lined brazed brass tube ...-. 318 

Plate, weight per lineal foot ...-.-. 270 

weight per square foot .....-. 267 

pots and pans, Cement for...— 245 

Russian sheet, weight and approximate U.S. gauge.... 267 

rust cement. No. 1, 2, 3 and 4 ..245-246 

steel, copper and brass, American or B. & S. gauges.... 292 

Birmingham or Stub’s gauges .... 293 

tubes. Cement for .-... 246 

Wood’s patent planished, weight, Russian gauge table 275 
Ivory cement .-.. 246 


J 

Jack and rafter bar for hipped skylight. 

bar pattern ..... 

Pattern for “A” smoke .-.. 

Jewelers’ solder for silver, formula....... 

Joint, Brazed, for coppersmithing-- 

Expansion, for skylights .-. 

Slip, diagram .. 

Tapped band iron, diagram ..._. 

Joints and seams for tin clad fire doors. 

Expansion, in long gutters .-. 

face, Red lead cement for -- 

for cornices —---- 


........ 177 

. 179 

_ 96 

. 233 

. 197 

. 212 

. 196 

. 205 

. 220 

. 206 

. 248 

..216-217 


































444 


INDEX 


Joints for corrugated iron ___.. 

Horizontal, in duct work ____ 

in automobiles _ 

in sheet metal shingles _ 

steel, Solder for, formula- 

Judging solder ____..................... 


PACE 

.. 214 
... 201 
.. 218 
.. 218 
. 238 
- 236 


K 

Kettle. Obtaining length of piece for body. 
Kettles, Dish, table ....- 


67 

356 


Lap seams, Making .... .. 191 

Laps, Corrugated iron ....,, _ 214 

Provisions for, on patterns ____186 

Lead and tin lined lead pipe .... 332 

copper and brass sheets and bars, weights__312 

copper and wrought iron pipe, table, rule and «OBpla SSI 

...S6S 


pipe, weight per foot^and caliber, table.. 

pipes. Protecting .... 

red. Cement for, face joints ..... 

waste pipe ..1______ 


wire. B. & S, gauge, table of weights. 

wire, Weight of, per lin. foot in pounds.. 

Leader elbow’, Oblique, patterns .„. 

True angle and pattern in oblique. 

head. Plain, designs and patterns _ 

pipe. Sizes to use, table .... 

pipes, Making offsets in __ 


... 256 

__ 248 

_338 

_ 293 

_331 

_123 

_126 

. 129 

. 337 

....... 119 

-. 128 

_ 246 


Sizes and other facts about__ 

Leather cement ........ 

Length, Measure of, metric and U.S. equivalent, table_ 423 

of piece for tea kettle body, To obtain__..__ 67 

of any arc of a circle, To find___ 10 

of rivets for various grips for boilers__ 397 

of sheet required for oval boiler, To find...—_ . 56 

Lengths of skylight bars. Finding..183 

Lineal measure, table ....„.......356-420 

Line, Ideal rule for obtaining elbow miter line, pattern.... 88 

To divide, into equal parts____.21-24 

To draw* a straight line parallel to... 24 

To erect a perpendicular --- 20 

Rule for finding miter line rise for elbows...... 85 

Liquid and dry measure, metric and U.S. equivalent table 424 

measure, table - 356 

Liquids, Boiling point of various.___ 427 

per gallon, Weights of......... 428 
































INDEX 


445 

PAGE 


Liquor dealers’ and druggists’ measure, table of sizes. 
Loads, Safe, and weights of Carnegie T shapes, table... 

Lock Miter, in oblique square leader elbow__ 

sea m, Mnki n g . . .. 

Locks for sheet metal shingles______ 

Long gutters, Expansion joints for_____ 

measure, table ............ 


. 356 
.. 287 
. 125 
. 192 
. 218 
. 206 
. 420 


M 

Manila rope, Working loads for..... 

Marble cement, receipts ........ 

Marking galvanized iron, Ink for _____ 

Materials for bolts and nuts....... 

Fusing point of various ....... 

Measures, tables ...356*-420- 

Cubic or volume, metric and U.S. equivalent... 

Druggists’ and liquor dealers’, table of sizes._... 

Foreign, comparison with U.S..... 

in occasional use .-..... 

11 p pa11ern ....................a............................................. 

Measurements of corrugated sheets....... 

Melting point of various materials.-... 

Mending cement for glass and earthenware.... 

Mensuration and geometry, practical application of. 

of solids and capacities of bodies..... 

Surface ... 

Metal shingles. Weight of... 
surfaces. Coloring of... 

Metals and wood, Cement for joining..... 

Metric and U. S. equivalent measure, tables. 

conversion factors .....-. 

conversion tables ---—.-.—. 385 

equivalent or double marking for labels.. 

Military pace, see table 69 ._..._. 

Mils, see table 143 ._...-.-. 

Millimeters and fractions of millimeters, 

Decimal equivalents of ...-. 

Minimum size branch pipes for grinding wheels... 

pipes for buffing wheels —------ 

Miter, Pattern for angle face..... 

at angle in plan, pattern... 

Butt, against curved surface, pattern. 

line. Elbow, table ........... 

for elbows, Ideal rule for finding... 

Rule and example for finding rise for elbows. 

lock in square oblique leader elbow---— 


280 

247 

241 

363 

427 

424 
423 
356 

425 
420 

40 

288 

427 

244 

36 

14 

n 

+» 

354 

386 

247 

423 

395 

396 
391 
322 
420 

393 

325 

325 

156 
152 

157 
85 
88 
85 

125 



































446 


INDEX 


Miter, Patterns, for plain putter- 

for rakinp ......—-- 

for square ._--—-- 

for square face _—---- 

Miters, Eaves trough, patterns .. 

Mixtures, Concrete ----- 

Molding. cove and ogee; describing .. 

Gable, on square tower, pattern-- 

Mother of pearl cement ..—.. 

Monel metal bars. Hot rolled hexapon.. 

bars, Hot rolled square--— 

flats. Hot rolled -- 

Physical properties of .. 

rounds, Hot rolled .. 


PACK 

_ 134 

_ISO 

_148 

_154 

i B 
... .241-255 
140 

. 162 

_246 

_ 319 

«..., 325 

. 318 

. 316 

_317 


N 

Nails, Number and weight, for wood shingles.....354-358 

pounds, and number of slates for roofing-- - 35G 

required for different kinds of work, quantity——... 319 

Niter process of bluing steel .—-._...250 

Nonapon, Angle of, table._........_.. 6 

Non-combustible and waterproof cement paint.. 248 

Novel’s solders for aluminum, formulas.... 229 

Number and weight of cedar and pine shingles per square 
of 100 sq. ft... ...........................................». .. . .......... ............ ...........372 

of barrels in cisterns and tanks....398 

of corrugated sheets in one square____ 289 

of slates and pounds of nails for roofing___... 358 

of brass escutcheon pins to pound....323 

of U.S. gallons in rectangular tanks one foot deep.... 409 
of wires in strands, B. & S. gauge____ 285 


O 

Oblique square leader elbow. True angle and pattern- 126 

Octagon angle, table .........—_ 6 

shapes. Lead, copper and brass weights... 312 

Tapering, article pattern ----53 

To Inscribe, in A given circle_____ 27 

Offset elbow, finished cut for __.____ 121 

Offsetting or obtuse elbow_____.____ 84 

Offsets, Square leader pipe, making.____ 119 

Ogee and cove molding. Describing---H6 

swage for stiffening....... 190 

Oil, acid, water, etc.. Boiling point of---427 

Old English method of laying slates..--227 

Open and close valleys in slate roofing---- 227 

Opening in trough for tubes----137-140 


























INDEX 


447 


Ordinary dimensions of galvanized sheets__ 

Ornamental designs in metal, Etching____ 

sliding cap for roofing .... 

Outside miter, diagram ........ 

patterns, Nesting_.................. 

Oval articles. Boiler block for truing bodies... 

boiler cover. Rapid method for laying out, pattern.. 

To find length of sheet required for.... 

flaring vessel, patterns ._... 

head copper braziers’ rivets ..._. 

head rivets and butts ....... 

Ovals or ellipses, to describe geometrically .. 

Oxy-acetylene welding, discussion 




PAGE 

.... 339 
.... 258 
.... 201 
... 142 
... 144 
.... 70 
.... 50 
.... 56 
..57-59 
... 323 
... 323 
.29-34 
... 189 


Pail, Pattern for breast of ......._... 46 

Pails and dish kettles, table of tinware sizes .. 356 

Paint, cement, Non-combustible and waterproof..—.. 248 

for preserving zinc roofs ....._. 263 

for sheet iron roof ....... 305 

Painter’s putty and rough stuff —.—. 253 

Palm, see table 143...... 420 

Pans, tinware, table of sizes...—--- 356 

Parapet, Finishing corrugated iron against--- 215 

Fattening or ageing copper work....... 235 

Pattern, Stringing together, blanks..68-69 

Peeniug an edge in tin roofing..—... 199 

Perpendicular and base given. To find area of triangle.... 3 
To find hypotenuse ..... 4 


To erect, to arc ...-. 

To erect, to straight line-......— 

Pewter, Common, composition .. 

Pewterers’ solder, formula -.—.. 

Physical properties of Monel metal .. 

Piece, Length of tea kettle body . 


. 21 

___ 20 

. 234 

.. 233 

.. 316 

... 67 

Pine and cedar shingles number and weights. 272 

shingles .-.-.-.-.-. 358 

Pins, Brass escutcheon . 323 

Pint, liquid measure, dimensions .-.-. 356 

Pipe, Conductor, table of sizes ...~.-. 337 

Lead, table of weight per foot and caliber.-. 353 

lead waste ...-.-.-. 335 

Pure block-tin, weights ...-.-.-.-. 343 

Smoke and hot air, weights . 330 

Stiffening, and slip joints...-..*—.-. 197 

work and seams, Horizontal joints in -203-204 






































448 


INDEX 


pes and registers, Estimated capacity of— 

Connecting, to furnace tops - 

for buffing wheels 

for grinding wheels, Branch.... 

Leader making offsets in ... 


r ACE 

_338 

_207 

_325 

_325 


"Pitch bonnet collars for furnace work, table of weights 330 

Double skylight __174 

Single skylight ...----- 100 

Pitched cover, pattern ___ 40 

Pittsburgh or hobo seam, diagram....,......... 203 

'‘‘lain loader head, patterns ---- 129 

sliding cap, diagram ......201 

■'inning mill machinery. Sizes of branch pipes for__ 361 

f’Janished sheet iron, Wood’s patent, weight, Russian 

It a u j. e ............................................................ .■....................... 

Plated metal solder, formula ___ 233 

Plate iron, weight per foot, table .«__.267-270 

Terne and tin, table of specifications and weights_ 342 

Tin, standard weights and gauges, table....-. 342 

Plates, Bright tin, net weight, number and sizes of sheets 340 

Plumbers’ cement, receipt ...—__ 248 

solder, formula .....-.. 233 

Pocket seam, diagram ....._. . .... 203 

Polygon, regular, side only given, To find area.. 5 

table of angles .......... 5 

Pot, coffee, table of tinware sizes ........ 356 

Pattern for breast of ______ 46 

Pots and pans. Iron, cement for.....245 

Practical metric methods______..__ 380 

Preservation of color ........394 

Pressure of water due to different heads, tables.. 428 

Processes; Stiffening ..........195 

Producing a black background ___ 373 

a rich gold color ........-__ 393 

Proof tests and average breaking loads for studded chain 
c a 1)1 es .................................................................................................. 3ul 

Proportioning gutters and conductors to roof surface _ 369 

Proportions of main ducts in dust separators to accommo¬ 


date branches ______ 

of parts of dust separators __ 

of Verrill dust collectors ......... 

Protecting iron and steel from rust ... 

lead pipes ....... 

Pure block-tin pipe, weights and calibers..... 

copper wire Dimensions and resistances of_ 

Futties, Waterproof, four receipts _ 

Acid proof, receipt ..—--- 


... 333 
... 337 

.. 256 
... 343 
296 

MS 
200 




































INDEX 


449 


PACE 

Putties, Black, receipt ......-..._..„..251 

for skylights, receipt __.... -.. 250 

Glazier’s, receipt .....-.... 251 

11 1 1rd , r p colj)t h>• >■ >• >m....... 2(^3 

Painter’s, and rough stuff _._..... 253 

Softening ..._._.. 252 

Pyramid, frustum of, To find solidity or capacity of_ 18 

hexagonal, Frustum of, pattern ... 52 

octagonal, Frustum of, pattern ..... 53 

or cone, frustum of, To find convex surface of.... 13 

To find solidity or capacity .-.-.-. 17 


Q 

Quantity and cost of corrugated sheets, Estimating.. 288 


of nails required for different kinds of work... 319 

of slate and pounds of nails for roofing „... 358 

of tin for roofs, Basis of calculating...344-348 

Directions for using tables .. 345 

flat, single and double lock, standing seams. 344 

Quart, liquid measure, table of dimensions.—. 356 


Quick method for cutting two-piece elbow pattern.— 77 


232 

159 

60 

O 

62 


R 

Radius and arc given, To locate center ...._. 23 

Raised Britannia ware solder, formulas.-.. 

Raking miter, patterns ._.—.-.-. 

Rectangle base and flaring top, article, pattern. 

Rectangle, Mensuration of .-._.-.— 

Rectangular base and round top, article, pattern.-. 

elbows, patterns, two methods.-..89-90 

funnel, pattern .-.—• 50 

or flat bars of copper and brass, weights.-. 295 

piping, compound elbows, two methods.-.91-94 

Red lead cement for face joints...-.-. 248 

Refining solder .-.-.-.-.-. 237 

Register boxes, Connecting collars to.— -.- 210 

Registers and boilers, Dimensions of... — —... 366 

Regular polygon, side only given, To find area of . 5 

table of angles...-. 6 

Reverse double seam, diagram -.-...—•— 194 

Ridge bar, pattern ...— 

Ridge roll, Joining, to corrugated iron roof..._. 215 

Right angle eaves trough miters .-.- 142 

elbows, patterns .-.—.76-82 

Right angle, cone or pyramid, To find convex surface of 13 
line figure, sides parallel, To measure quantity of 
siirfuc^ .......*****.. • • 




































450 


INDEX 


Rises for elbow miter lines 

Rule anti example for finding.™.., 

Riveted butt seam, diagram.--- 

joints. Frictional resistance of .—.... 

lap seam 

steel pipe for exhaust-steam and water-pipe lines, 

straight-seam -------— 

Rivets and burs. Oval head __—.. 

Flat head copper -- 


rxcc 

.. 85 
85 
... 188 
... 257 
... 192 

334 

... 321 


_352 

for various grips for boilers, Length............ 397 

„ 71 
312 
315 
315 
208 
351 
249 


Roasting or drip pan, pattern .....—— 

Rods. Round lead, copper and brass, weights- 

Round zinc, weight per lineal foot-- 

Rolled aluminum, Weight and specific gravity-- 

iron. Flat, # weight per lineal foot.™.™...—... 

Rolls of tin for roofing, number of sheets...— 

Roof, Cement for repairing leaky.-................ 

corrugated. Joining to gable mold and ridge... 215 

coverings per square in pounds. Weight of.— .— 354 

Method of measuring ... .-.-...™.—.. 36 

surface. Proportioning gutters and conductors to- 369 

Roofing. Ratten seams for ...... 201 

freight rate. Figuring.....—-. 374 

metal, Flat seam _____—----- 197 

Number of slates and pounds of nails in-- 358 

slates and tiles ............................ .................. 

Sliding caps and standing seams for..™. 200 

tiles, Sheet metal, weights ______™____ 353 

Roofs, Angles commonly used for........ 359 

Quantity of tin for, single and double lock.. .344-3lo 

Rope, working load and weight--------371 

Rough stuff, Painter’s putty, receipt™_____ 25)3 

washers. Dimensions of _____321 

Round and square aluminum bars, ,,’eights... 338 

pipe ovalled for warm air heating. Sizes and areas of 370 

steel bars, weight and areas _.. 282 

base and square top, Article, pattern__ 61 

ends, straight sides, flaring. Article, pattern_ 58 

rods. Lead, copper and brass, weights-- 312 

tanks. Number of 1T.S. gallons In......400 

top and square base. Article, pattern___ 63 

to rectangle furnace boot, pattern____ 104 

zinc rods, weight per lineal foot___315 

Rule for determining safe working pressure for seamless 

brnss and copper tubes__________ 306 

Ideal, for elbow patterns _____ 88 

Russian sheet iron, weight anil approximate U.S. gauge™. 267 







































































































* 




















































INDEX 


451 


PAGE 


Rust cement. Iron, Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4___.245-246 

Rust-proof coating for steel________ 242 

preventive, New ...______ 256 

To protect iron and steel from ..... 360 


Safe loads and weights of Carnegie T-shape, table_ 2S7 

Safety double hot air stacks, Sizes of.—._..... 337 

thimbles for furnace work, table of weights.. 330 

Sal ammoniac, borax and zinc chloride flux........ 240 

Scale scoop, pattern ----..... 64 

Scroll, Drawing .—.......... 35 

Seam, Double ........ 194 

Flat, for metal roofing.._____ 197 

Seam, flat, Novel procedure for, tin roofing___....198 

Pittsburgh or liobo, diagram ....... 203 

Pocket, diagram ......... 203 

Reverse double ......- . 194 

Single, for joining body, to bottom____ 194 

Standing, diagram ....... 192 

Seamless brass tubes, weight per foot, table...... 300 

Seams and joints for tin clad fire doors----- 220 

Automobile ____—.... 218 

Circular cornice __.______ 217 

Facts about .......187-188 

in duct Avork ______—. 203 

Lap, making .....| --- 191 

lock and groove, Making .... 192 

Provisions for, on patterns ....... 186 

Rivited butt, diagram ....,-- 188 

Straight cornice .—.....-. 216 

Sector of circle. To find area of (see Circle)......... 10 

Segment, chord and height given. To find center of arc. 22 

of circle, To find area of (see Circle)--- 10 

Semi-circle, see Circle 

Shaping or truing block for bodies of oval articles. 70 

Sheet copper, weight ....-.-.-.--- 350 

iron, Black, and wire gauge.....-. 265 

roof, Paint for ...-.. 305 

Russian, Weight and approximate U.S. gauge of.. 267 
Wood’s patent planished, and Russian weight gauge275 


lead, weight and sizes .... 

metal and wire standard gauges—.-•. 

tiles, weights .—. 

metals, Bright asphalt varnish for-.. 

tin, weight and thickness per square foot.... 


339 

266 

353 

295 

343 





























452 


INDEX 


Sheet fine, thickness and weightR- 

required for oval boiler, length.... 


PACK 

- 357 

- 55 


Sheets, Aluminum, approximate It. & S. gauge and weights 314 

Stub's table of weights ...—-- SIS 

and bars, Copper, brass and lead, weights.—-- 295 

Itrass and aluminum. Stub's gauges and weights_ 314 

Bright tin plate, number, net weight an^ sizes..340 

Galvanized, dimensions and weights___ 339* 

Number required for tin roofs.......344-348 

of tin in flashing and gutter strips, table.... 351 

Shingles, Cedar and pine, number and weight, table-354-372 

Sheet metal, joints and locks ---- 218 

Short rule for funnel pattern .... 60 

Shoulder standing seam, diagram ...~. 203 

Side bonnet collars for furnace work, weights.... 330 

of regular polygon given. To find area -- 5 

Silver solder for plated metal, formula--- 233 

Simple spiral or scroll, Drawing .... 35 

Sine, see Circle 

Single pitch skylight, design and patterns-- 168 

glass, \\ eight of ................................M...........M..M....m....M...... 359 

Sizes and areas of round pipe ovalled for warm air heating 370 

and dimensions of safety double hot-air stacks. 337 

of smooth steel wire .-_..__ 281 

and other facts about leaders.... 128 

and weight of sheet lead .........339 

of conductor pipe 336 

of tinware in tlie form of a frustum of a cone, table 356 

of branch pipes for planing mill machinery....... 364 

weight, proof tests and average breaking loads for 
chains ..................................................... .. ......... . .................... 362 

Skylight, Gable, design and patterns..... 174 

glass required for one square of roof._ 359 

Hipped, design and patterns_______ 180 

Jack and rafter bars ____177 

Layout diagram of hipped .-__.• 184 

p u 11 y ..................................................................................................... 2S0 

Skylights, Expansion Joint _____ 212 

Slate, Number of pounds of nails for roofing___ 355 

Old English method of laying . ...? L'-'T 

per square of roof, weight ............_..... 355 

roofing _________ 225 

Slates and tiles, looting________ 223 

laying, Discussion of methods of ____ 226 

Sliding cap for standing seams, diagrams_ 201 

corner piece joint, diagram... 203 

Slip joints, diagram ---196-205 



























INDEX 


453 


Slips, Pipe or duct work, diagrams.-...—..- 
Smoke jack, A, pattern 

pipe, dampers, etc., weights .-.------- 

S o f t e n 111 ^ p i 11 j ........... i..................................................................... 

Solder, Best soft, for cast Britannia ware, formulas_ 

Coloring, to match copper work .... 

1—^oot o r i 11 ^ ................................... **.................................................. 

for silver. White, formula ...... 

Gold and German silver, formula ___ 

Gold, formula 1 and 2.... 

IIalf and half tinsmith’s, formula.... 

ITard, formu 1 a ........ 

How to judge ....—......._. 

Pewterer’s, formula __„__ 

Plumber’s, formula ....._... 

Silver, formulas 1 and 2..._._.-. 

Sort gold, formula ......... 

Tinner’s, formula _____ 

White and Yellow .......... 

Soldered lap seam ....... 

Soldering coppers, Method of cleaning .._... 

fluxp^ 239 

Solders, Black, formulas 1 and 2.„. 

for aluminum ._._....— 

soft, Composition and truing point of.— 

Solidity or capacity of any figure, To find......_. 

Solids and capacities of bodies. Mensuration of-- 

Spacing of supports for corrugated sheets._. 

Span, see table 143 .........,.........................—.........................a........ 

Special soldering fluid or flux .....— 

Specifications for tin and terne plates, table... 

Spheres ............... 

Spikes, tacks and steel wire nails..... 

Spiral, Drawing .-.-.—-.-.. 

riveted steel pipe (Amer. Spiral Pipe Works]. 

pressure pipe, Weight .-...— 

Spring steel not acted upon by acids—-- 

Coating for bars of.........................*^.... 

Spot welding, discussion .—.-...— 

Square and angle miters for plain gutter.... 

and round aluminum bars, table of weights._. 

str 1 bars, Weights and areas of...— 

Angle of, table .-.....— 

base and round top article, two-piece pattern..... 

elbow patterns ..... 

How to lay out and use---—-- 


PAGE 

. 204 
. 96 
. 369 
252 
. 232 

. 234 

..... 237 
...... 233 

. 232 

. 233 

. 233 

..... 233 
..... 236 

. 233 

..... 233 

. 233 

-.... 232 

. 233 

. 232 

..... 192 

. 236 

240-325 

..232 

229-231 
...... 234 

.14-19 

. 14 

. 289 

. 420 

. 240 

. 342 

... 13-18 
.. 320 


. 35 

_ 328 

__ 362 

. 260 

. 260 

-. 189 

.134 

. 338 

282 

_ 6 

.. 63 

... 76-82 
...... 121 




















454 


INDEX 


Square measure for surface, table _ 

millimeter diameter to inches diameter 
miter patterns 


RACK 

420 
... 386 


_ 148-104 

or flaring vessel. Fattorn for frustum < pyramid _ U 

tanks. Number of F.S. gallons in, table-- 409 

To inscribe, in circle --—-..—..—_ 20 

top and rectangular base, article, pattern for flaring... 54 
and round base. Article, Two-piece pattern for.... 01 

Standard gauge galvanized sheets, table of weights.. 273 

gauges for wire and sheet metal____!_ 200 

weights and gauges of tin plate, table__ 342 

Standing seam, diagram __ 193 

seams for tin roofing ____—--200 

Various types, for roofing___ 201 

Star brand brass escutcheon pins........ 323 

d esc riMu g ..................... _.... _............................................................. 28 

Steamer cover, pattern ____________ 40 

Steel bars, Hound and square, table of areas and weights 282 

for drop forging dies _____ 201 

joints. Solder for, formula _____ 233 

pipe for exhaust steam and water pipe lines, straight- 

seam riveted _________ 334 

ItemoN ing rust ..... 242 

Unst-proof coating for __ 242 

wire nails, spikes and tacks___ 320 

Weight, length and strength of___ 284 

wrought iron, copper and brass, weight of sheets, table 292 

Stiffener, Hnlf round iron, for automobiles.. 219 

Stiffening process ..........,... 193 

Stoneware cement...... ; ...... 248 

Stove bolts, Dimensions of .......... 310 

Straight eaves trough tube, and opening in tube, patterns 137 

line. To divide. Into equal parts.....21-24 

sides and round ends flaring. Article, pattern.. 58 

Strainer pall, pattern ___ 40 

Strength and weight of rope ..... 371 

Stringing number of patterns together__08-09 

Strip brass, Weights In pounds ..... 286 

Structural shapes for stiffening ____ 195 

Stub pattern, diagrams --- 176 

Studded chain cables, Proof tests and average breaking 

loads for - _- 361 

. ttt 

- 11 

_13 

- 13 


Substances, * Various, weights of _ 

Subtraction sign ____ 

Surface, convex. To find, of cylinder ..... 

To find, of frustum of cone or pyramid. 
To find, of right cone or pyramid_ 


































INDEX 


455 


PAGE 

Surface, convex, To find, of sphere or globe _ 14 

measure method and U. S. equivalent___ 423 

mensuration, square, rectangle, cube, etc_ 2 


quantity in any right-lined figure..... 2 

Square measure ......... 423 

Swages, Bead and ogee.... 196 


Table of angles for regular polygons... 

Tables of area and volume _..... 

of capacity .„..... 

of length, capacity and weight...... 

Tangent, To draw, to a circle of arc... 

Tanks and cisterns, No. of barrels and gallons in. 

rectangular, Number of U.S. gallons in__ 

Tapering elbow, patterns .........._.... 

octagon article or frustum of octagonal pyramid, 

pattern -------- 

Tapped band iron joint, diagram._..... 

Tea kettle body, Length of piece for...... 

Tee joints, patterns —.......... 

Terne and tin plate ....—.-.-...... 

plates, Figuring freight rate ...—.—. 

weight ....— — --—-—... 

Thickness and weight of sheet tin and zinc.—.343 

Three-piece square elbow, patterns --—. 

Tiles and slates, Roofing--------... 

Clay, table of weights.—--- 

Laying, discussion of methods --- 

Sheet metal, joints and locks...-.—.—.—. 

table of weights ----—... 

Tin clad doors, Joints and seams in-- 

in rolls for gutter or flashing strips— —.— 

lined lead pipe, Lead and—...— —. 

pipe, Pure block, weight and caliber - — .... 

plate, Bright, net weight, number and sizes of sheets 

Standard weights and gauges .....—. 

Quantity, for rOofs .—.-----.—.. 

standing seams .—...—.— 

roofing, flat and double lock seams.—.-.19S 

roofs. Soldering flux for----- 

Sheet, weight and thickness per square foot-. 

Tinner’s rivets, Flat head —----.—.—. 

rivets, dimensions —---—..... 

solder, formula -----.*- 

Tinsmith’s half and half solder, formula—.-.—. 

Tinware, Flaring, describing patterns------ 


rj 

. 383 

.. 384 

.389-390 

. 25 

. 398 

. 409 

..... 74 


53 

205 

67 

96 

342 

378 

342 
357 

78 

223 

353 

223 

218 

353 

220 

351 

332 

343 
340 

342 

344 
200 
348 
240 

343 
274 
323 
233 
233 

45 





























456 


INDEX 


PACE 

Tinware, Ink for marking ------242 

Sizes of various kindR _386 

Tops, furnace. Connecting pipes to_ - - 207 

Tower, Cable molding on square, patterns-162 

Transparent cement for glass__—......245 

Tray, Scale or scoop, patterns_ 04 

Triagulation,-Typical problem in..___ 107 

To find areas of______3*4 

Triangles,* Mensuration of _ 3 

Troughs, eaves, Opening and pattern for flaring tube. 140 

Pattern for straight tube of-.-138 

miters, Eaves, patterns _ 142 

Sizes of, conductors_____337 

Troy weight_._______422 

True angle of leader pipe elbow, pnttern-126 

Trueing bodies of oval articles on boiler blocks.. 70 

T-shapes, Carnegie, safe loads and weights—--287 

Tube pattern. Flaring for eaves trough___139 

for leader head___... .131 

Straight, for eaves trough ...... 137 

stiffener for automobiles, diagram_ 219 

Tubes, iron, Cement for —._246 

Seamless brass, weight per foot—....300 

Twist drill and steel wire gauge. Decimal equivalents 

of numbers of _____394 

Two-piece, Square elbow, patterns —.--- 76 


U 

Undecagon, Angle, table--- - -. 6 

United States and foreign weights and measures, 

comparison---425 

gallons, capacity of, rules and tables._358-360 

standard gallons, Contents of, in frustum of cone 17 
wire and black sheet iron gauge_265 


V 

Valleys, Open and close, in slate roofing—..227 

Various materials. Melting points of._____ 427 

substances, Weights of_.___ _ 429 

Varnish for iron work ___ _ _392 

Verrill dust collectors. Proportions of standard_336 

Vessel, flaring, describing, pattern _______ 44 

square, or frustum of pyramid, pattern_.__ 51 

Three-piece pattern of circle of___ 9 

Oval flartng. Patterns -JS7-59 

Versed sine and any chord given. To find diameter of circle 9 
Volume or cubic measure, metric and U.S. equivalent.... 421 















































INDEX 


457 


w 

Wash bowls, table for tinware sizes_ 

Weight of ___.____ 

Water, acid, oil, etc., Boiling point of.... 

pressure due to different heads_ 

Watering pot breasts, pattern..._. 


PAGE 

.. 356 
.. 428 
.. 427 
.. 428 
.. 46 
.. 248 
. 253 
.. 243 
.. 343 
.. 339 
.. 284 


Waterproof and non-combustible cement paint.... 

putties, four receipts _____ 

Watertight cement for cisterns and tanks.... 

Weight and caliber of pure block-tin pipeL..__ 

and sizes of sheet lead....._______ 

length and strength of steel wire—__ 

Net, of bright tin plates, number and sizes of sheets 340 
of aluminum and approximate B.&S. sheet metal gauge 314 

of brass, copper and Tobin bronze rods ._.-...308-309 

of cedar and pine shingles ......... 372 

o f c li i 1111 ................................................................................................... 360 

of flat head copper rivets ______ 352 

of drawn copper bars ......... 294 

of lead wire, B. & S. gauge, per lineal foot... 339 

of liquids per gallon __________428 

per foot and caliber of lead pipe___,__ 353 

per foot of seamless brass tubes...—. 300 

of metal shingles ........ 354 

of round zinc rods per lineal foot .-. 315 

of sheet copper and tin.-_._350 

of sheets, wrought iron, steel, copper and brass . 312 

_ 359 

.. 339 

.. 342 

„. 428 

...—. 353 


of skylight glass ......—.. 

of slate for roofing ....... 

of standard gauge galvanized sheets. 

of terne plates ....—.-.. 

of water _____-.— 

of tiles .—......—.. 


Weight, working load and strength of rope— .. 371 

Weights and areas of square and round steel bars-282 

and gauges, standard, Tin plate..—.—. 342 

and measures, Comparison foreign and U.S.—. 425 

and measurements? of Star Brand seamless brass and 

copper tubes ...—...—.-.304-305 

and safe loads of Carnegie channels.— —.—. 286 

and safe loads of Carnegie angles...—. 286 

and safe loads of Carnegie T-shapes-.— .—• 287 

and thickness of sheet zinc— _. —.-.—• 357 

of aluminum and brass sheets and Stub’s gauge.. 315 

of clay tiles --—.—.—.—--- 353 

of corrugated sheets ....... 289 

of flat rolled iron per lin. ft.-.~.-.— 268 



















































458 


INDEX 



pAcr 


Weights of lend, copper and wrought pipe, rule & example 331 

of hot air and smoke pipe collars, bonnets, etc-330 

of rectangular or flat bars of copper and brass—.— 352 


of roof coverings--—. 

of sheet metal tiles and shingles—. 

of sheets and bnrs of lead, copj>er and brass. 

of square and round aluminum bars- 

of standard galvanized sheets- 

of various substances---- 

Welding aluminum - 

for butt senms--- 


oxy-ncetylene, discussion 
White solder formulas - 


354 

3S3 

312 

338 

339 
429 
229 
188 
180 




_232-233 

_ 265 


Wire and black sheet iron gauge... 

and sheet metal standard gauges, comparison- 266 

Lead, It. & S. gauge, weights— ---293 

slip joint for ducts___.___ 205. 

screws, Dimensions of --- 326 

screw thread_____ __ 320 

Wiring methods ____ 196 

Wood and metal®, cement for Joining _247 


Wood’s patent planished sheet iron, weight: Russian gauge 275 
equivalent Russian gauge, table---275 


taCkS . .ii« —■■■■■■■ . ...... . ..... . 

refined iron, Bundling table of- 

Working loads for slow speed hoisting.. 

for Manila rope _ 


316 

276 

371 

280 

331 


Wrought iron, copper and lead pipe, Weights_ 

steel, brass and copper plates. Weights of- 21*2 


Yellow solder for brass and copper, formulas 1 and 2.... 
Y fitting, pattern--------— 


... 232 

... Ill 


z 

Zinc chloride, borax and sal ammoniac flux..—__ 240 

rods. Weight of round_______ 315 

roofs, Paints for preserving_—,__263 


236 90 








































































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